1991 Perfect Storm
extratropical) | |
Overall effects | |
---|---|
Fatalities | 13 direct |
Damage | >$200 million (1991 USD) |
Areas affected | Mid-Atlantic states, Northeastern United States, Eastern Canada |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season |
The 1991 Perfect Storm, also known as The No-Name Storm (especially in the years immediately after it took place)[1] and the Halloween Gale/Storm, was a damaging and deadly nor'easter in October 1991. Initially an extratropical cyclone, the storm absorbed Hurricane Grace to its south and evolved into a small unnamed hurricane later in its life. Damage from the storm totaled over $200 million (1991 USD)[2] and thirteen people were killed in total, six of which were an outcome of the sinking of Andrea Gail, which inspired the book and later movie, The Perfect Storm. The nor'easter received the name, playing off the common expression, after a conversation between Boston National Weather Service forecaster Robert Case and author Sebastian Junger.
The initial
Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical, after waves up to 30 feet (10 m) struck the coastline from Nova Scotia to Florida and southeastward to Puerto Rico. In portions of New England, the damage was worse than that caused by
Meteorological history
The Perfect Storm originated from a cold front that exited the east coast of the United States. On October 28, the front spawned an extratropical low to the east of Nova Scotia. Around that time, a ridge extended from the Appalachian Mountains northeastward to Greenland, with a strong high pressure center over eastern Canada. The blocking ridge forced the extratropical low to track toward the southeast and later to the west. Hurricane Grace was swept aloft by its cold front into the warm conveyor belt circulation of the deep cyclone on October 29, with the storm completely absorbing Grace by the next day.[3] The cyclone significantly strengthened as a result of the temperature contrast between the cold air to the northwest, and the warmth and moisture from the remnants of Grace. The low-pressure system continued deepening as it drifted toward the United States.[3] It had an unusual retrograde motion for a nor'easter, beginning a set of meteorological circumstances that occur only once every 50 to 100 years.[4] Most nor'easters affect New England from the southwest.[5]
While situated about 390 miles (630 km) south of
Upon peaking in intensity, the nor'easter turned southward and gradually weakened; by November 1, its pressure had risen to 998 millibars (29.5 inHg). The low moved over warm waters of the
By around 14:00 UTC on November 1, an
Preparations and naming
For several days, weather models forecast the development of a significant storm off New England.[6] However, the models were inadequate in forecasting coastal conditions, which in one instance failed to provide adequate warning. In addition, a post-storm assessment found an insufficient number of observation sites along the coast.[13] On October 27, the Ocean Prediction Center noted that a "dangerous storm" would form within 36 hours, with its wording emphasizing the unusual nature of the storm.[14] The National Weather Service likewise issued warnings for the potential storm, providing information to emergency service offices as well as the media.[13] The public however was skeptical and did not recognize the threat.[4][13] The timely warnings ultimately lowered the death toll;[13] whereas the Perfect Storm caused 13 deaths, the blizzard of 1978 killed 99 people, and the 1938 New England hurricane killed 564 people.[6]
From Massachusetts to Maine, thousands of people evacuated their homes and sought shelter.[15] A state of emergency was declared for nine counties in Massachusetts, including Suffolk County, as well as two in Maine.[5][16] In North Carolina, the National Weather Service offices in Hatteras and Raleigh first issued a heavy surf advisory on October 27, more than eight hours before the first reports of high waves. That same day, a coastal flood watch and later a warning was issued, along with a gale warning. The Hatteras NWS office ultimately released 19 coastal flood statements, as well as media reports explaining the threat from the wind and waves, and a state of emergency was declared for Dare County, North Carolina.[15] The warnings and lead times in the region were described as "very good".[17]
In Canada, the threat from the storm prompted the cancellation of ferry service from Bar Harbor, Maine, to Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, as well as from Nova Scotia to Prince Edward Island and between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.[7]
In its
Beginning in 1950, the National Hurricane Center named officially recognized tropical storms and hurricanes. The unnamed hurricane was reported to have met all the criteria for a tropical cyclone, but it was purposefully left unnamed. This was done to avoid confusion among the media and the public, who were focusing on the damage from the initial nor'easter, as the hurricane itself was not expected to pose a major threat to land. It was the eighth nameable storm of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season.[9][19] Had the system been named instead, it would have received the name Henri, which was the next name on the 1991 list after Grace.[20]
Impact
The Halloween Storm of 1991 left significant damage along the east coast of the United States, primarily in Massachusetts and southern New Jersey. Across seven states, damage totaled over $200 million (1991 USD).[2] Over a three-day period, the storm lashed the northeastern United States with high waves,[6] causing damage to beachfront properties from North Carolina to Maine.[13] The coastal flooding damaged or destroyed hundreds of homes and businesses and closed roads and airports.[3] In addition, high winds left about 38,000 people without power. The total without power was much less than for Hurricane Bob two months prior, and was fairly low due to little rainfall and the general lack of leaves on trees.[16] Overall there were thirteen confirmed deaths,[6][7] including six on board Andrea Gail, a swordfishing boat. The vessel departed Gloucester, Massachusetts, for the waters off Nova Scotia. After encountering high seas in the middle of the storm, the vessel made its last radio contact late on October 28, about 180 miles (290 km) northeast of Sable Island. Andrea Gail sank while returning to Gloucester, her debris washing ashore over the subsequent weeks. The crew of six was presumed killed after a Coast Guard search was unable to find them. The storm and the boat's sinking became the center-piece for Sebastian Junger's best-selling non-fiction book The Perfect Storm (1997), which was adapted to a major Hollywood film in 2000 as The Perfect Storm starring George Clooney.[3][21]
Despite the storm's severity, it was neither the costliest nor the strongest to affect the northeastern United States. It was weakening as it made its closest approach to land, and the highest tides occurred during the
Following the storm's damage, President George H. W. Bush declared five
New England and Atlantic Canada
Along the Massachusetts coastline, the storm produced 25 ft (7.6 m) wave heights on top of a 4 ft (1.2 m) high tide.[2] In Boston, the highest tide was 14.3 ft (4.4 m),[6] which was only 1 ft (30 cm) lower than the record from the blizzard of 1978.[2] High waves on top of the storm tide reached about 30 ft (9.1 m). The storm produced heavy rainfall in southeastern Massachusetts, peaking at 5.5 inches (140 mm).[6] Coastal floods closed several roads, forcing hundreds of people to evacuate. In addition to the high tides, the storm produced strong winds; Chatham recorded a gust of 78 mph (126 km/h). Damage was worst from Cape Ann in northeastern Massachusetts to Nantucket, with over 100 homes destroyed or severely damaged at Marshfield, Minot Beach in Scituate, and Brant Point. There were two injuries in the state, although there were no fatalities. Across Massachusetts, damage totaled in the hundreds of millions of dollars.[2]
Elsewhere in New England, waves up to 30 ft (9.1 m) reached as far north as Maine,[2] along with tides that were 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal.[22] Significant flooding was reported in that state, along with high winds that left areas without power. A total of 49 houses were severely damaged, 2 were destroyed,[2] and overall more than 100 were affected.[27] In Kennebunkport, the storm blew out windows and flooded the vacation home of then-President George H. W. Bush.[3] The home sustained significant damage to its first floor.[28] In Portland, tides were 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal, among the ten highest tides since record-keeping began in 1914. Along the coast, damage was worse than that caused by Hurricane Bob two months prior.[27] Across Maine, the storm left $7.9 million (1991 USD) in damage,[2] mostly in York County.[27] More than half of the damage total was from property damage, with the remainder to transportation, seawalls, and public facilities.[27] Although there were no deaths, there were two injuries in the state. In neighboring New Hampshire, coastal flooding affected several towns, destroying two homes. The storm destroyed three boats and damaged a lighthouse.[2] High waves destroyed or swept away over 50,000 lobster traps, representing $2 million in losses (1991 USD).[29] Damage was estimated at $5.6 million (1991 USD).[2] Further west, high winds and coastal flooding lashed the Rhode Island and Connecticut coasts, killing a man in Narragansett, Rhode Island. Winds reached 63 miles per hour (101 km/h) in Newport, Rhode Island, causing power outages.[2]
Off the coast of Atlantic Canada, the storm produced very high waves, flooding a ship near
Mid-Atlantic states
In New York and northern New Jersey, the storm system left the most coastal damage since the
Farther south
In North Carolina along the
See also
- North Atlantic tropical cyclone
- List of unnamed tropical cyclones
- List of New England hurricanes
- List of Canada hurricanes
- List of Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes
- 1991 Halloween blizzard
- Hurricane Juan (2003)
- Hurricane Sandy (2012)
- Tropical Storm Melissa (2019)
- Hurricane Henri (2021)
- October 2021 nor'easter – A similar nor'easter that developed into Tropical Storm Wanda several days after striking the Northeastern U.S.
References
- ^ Beegel, Susan F. "Journal of the No-Name Storm". Nantucket Historical Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s McCown, Sam (August 20, 2008). ""Perfect Storm" Damage Summary" (PDF). National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j National Climatic Data Center (August 20, 2008). "The Perfect Storm". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ a b c "NOAA Meteorologist Bob Case, the Man Who Named the Perfect Storm". National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration News. June 16, 2000. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Staff writer (October 31, 1991). "East battered by storm born off Canada; 4 lost". The Pittsburgh Press. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Drag, Walter (July 14, 2000). "A comparative retrospective on the Perfect Storm". Boston National weather Service Office. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Canadian Hurricane Centre (September 14, 2010). "1991-Unnamed "Perfect Storm"". Environment Canada. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
- ^ a b Pasch, Richard. "Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 1". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ a b c d National Climatic Data Center. "Unnamed Hurricane". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ Pasch, Richard; Avila, Lixion (March 26, 1992). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 2686. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2010. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ Pasch, Richard. "Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 2". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c d e "Executive Summary" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ a b Hoke, Jim (February 16, 2005). "The Ocean Prediction Center and "The Perfect Storm"". Oceanic Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ a b Rogers, John (October 31, 1991). "Atlantic Storm Wallops East Coast". The Item. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ a b c Staff writer (October 31, 1991). "Wind and water take toll along Connecticut Shore". Record-Journal. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ a b c Pelissier, Joseph (1991). "North Carolina Coastal Flood" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
- ^ Pasch, Richard (1991). "Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 4". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
- ^ "Canadian Tropical Cyclone Season Summary for 1991". Canadian Hurricane Centre. July 10, 2009. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ Staff Writer (June 2, 1991). "Ana, Bob, Claudette first hurricane names". Portsmouth Daily Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
- ^ Park, Paula (November 11, 1991). "Search Ended for Lost Fishermen". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Archived from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ a b c Staff writer (September 11, 2011). "Storms turn elements loose: waves, flood, snow, wind". Star-News. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ "Surviving The Perfect Storm - Air National Guard" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
- ^ Thiesen, William H. (November 4, 2010). "History – CGC Tamaroa and "The Perfect Storm"". Coastguard Compass. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ The Sunday Telegraph. Associated Press. Archivedfrom the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ ISBN 0-945582-51-X.
- ^ a b c d Hidlay, William C. (November 1, 1991). "Maine hit hard by storm". Bangor Daily News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ Staff writer (October 31, 1991). "Bush to assess damage to Kennebunkport home battered by sea". The Pittsburgh Press. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ Staff writer (November 2, 1991). "N.H. lobster industry says it was hit hard". The Telegraph. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ Pasch, Richard. "Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 3". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ Herzog, Carl (November 2, 1991). "Erosion is a sampling of hurricane's potential". Boca Raton News. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ Staff writer (November 1, 1991). "Wintry blast sends snow into Texas". The News-Journal. Archived from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2011.