1994 Hong Kong electoral reform
The 1994 Hong Kong electoral reform was a set of significant constitutional changes in the last years of British colonial rule in Hong Kong before the
The reform became a political storm in Hong Kong politics and diplomatic row between China and Britain. Under the opposition of
Background
The decision of transfer of the sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 was finalised by the Chinese and British governments on 18 December 1984 in the Sino-British Joint Declaration. The Declaration stated that the Chinese government would resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories), effective on 1 July 1997, from the British government. Within these declarations, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be under the direct jurisdiction of the Central People's Government and shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except foreign and defense affairs. It shall be allowed to have executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication.
The colonial government published the
The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre sparked a great fear towards China among the Hong Kong people.[4] The British Government thus strengthened its resolve to quicken the pace of democratisation, in order to honour its obligation to the Hong Kong people and gracefully retreat from the colony.[5]
In 1992, British prime minister John Major decided that David Wilson should step down as governor of Hong Kong and removed Percy Cradock as foreign policy adviser; they had been criticised by Hong Kong pro-democrats for their appeasement policies toward Beijing. To some observers, these personnel changes signaled that the British government was unhappy with its two prominent officials on Hong Kong affairs and how Sino-British relationship was proceeding.[6]
Chris Patten, the recently defeated Conservative Party chairman was appointed as the 28th governor of Hong Kong and the first politician appointed to the post. The arrival of Chris Patten on 9 July 1992 marked a new phase of the democratic transition.[5]
Proposal
When Chris Patten arrived, the
The electoral method of the 1995 Legislative Council was fixed under the
On 7 October 1992 during his inaugural policy address to the Legislative Council, Chris Patten announced his 1994-95 electoral arrangements. The proposal included:[7]
- "Single seat, single constituency" measure should be applied in geographical constituency elections including the Legislative Council, Municipal Councils and District Boards;
- Lowering the minimum voting age from 21 to 18;
- Abolishing all appointed seats on the District Boards and Municipal Councils;
- Removing all the restrictions on local delegates to China's National People's Congress to stand for election;
- Broadening the franchise of certain existing functional constituencies by replacing corporate voting with individual voting;
- A total of 9 Contemporary functional constituency seats should be brought up so as to let about 2.7 million people have the right to vote; and
- Introducing an Election Committee of District Board members to return 10 members to the Legislative Council.
In this way, Patten extended the definition of functional constituencies and thus virtually every Hong Kong subject was able to vote for the so-called indirectly elected members of the Legislative Council.
The new nine functional constituencies with much larger eligible electorates that would be created with 2.7 million eligible voters as follows:
- Primary Production, Power and Construction
- Textiles and Garment
- Manufacturing
- Import and Export
- Wholesale and Retail
- Hotels and Catering
- Transport and Communication
- Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services
- Community, Social and Personal Services
The 2-year PR campaign of the reform was conducted by
Views
PRC government
The Chinese government treated Patten's unanticipated top-down reforms as a tactic by Western countries to subvert its political system incrementally.
Beijing made Patten the principal culprit for the trouble and the Chinese propaganda machine singled him out for attack. The Director of
Patten insisted on confrontation by putting forward his reform proposals. This affected and harmed the prosperity of Hong Kong. Chris Patten did not have any sincerity to cooperate with China. His attitude was thoroughly confrontational, Chris Patten completely ignored the effort and attitude of the Chinese government and he brought harmful effects to the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong. He should be the one who bears all the responsibility.[10]
Zhou Nan, the director of the Xinhua News Agency in Hong Kong called the Patten proposal "triple violations":
More and more Hong Kong people have realised that Patten's political reform package is in serious violation of the Joint Declaration, the Basic Law and the previous agreements reached by Chinese and Britain. They also realised that by walking along this wrong path, Patten has already jeopardised and will continue to jeopardise the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong and a smooth transition. We have already taken and shall take all the necessary measures to maintain the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong, to ensure a smooth transition in 1997 and to protect the long-term interests of Hong Kong people. The only way out for Patten is he should immediately abandon his so-called political reform package and stop playing political tricks.[11]
For the Chinese Communist Party, any significant expansion of the electorate base would render Hong Kong less controllable after 1997. That control had already declined after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre in which pro-democracy activists won a historic landslide victory in the 1991 legislative first direct elections on a wave of "anti-China" sentiment.[8]
Pro-democracy camp
The three pro-democratic parties in the Legislative Council, the
The pro-democratic parties had different suggestions for the details of the electoral methods. However, they also desired political stability and smooth transfer of sovereignty as well as to avoid direct confrontation with the Beijing government.
The United Democrats and Meeting Point (later merged into the Democratic Party in 1994) favoured the single-member system. The United Democrats even called for the abolition of 10 seats of the Election Committee and direct election of the 30 legislators, and expanding the franchise of the functional constituencies to cover non-working women, students and retired persons.[13]
Different from the UDHK's suggestion of each vote for the Election Committee and functional constituencies, the ADPL suggested that each citizen should cast one vote for either the functional constituencies or the Election Committee. To avoid a clash with the Beijing government, the party later joined the Beijing-controlled Preparatory Committee and was criticised by some pro-democracy supporters.
Independent legislator Emily Lau and other some other pro-democracy activists was dissatisfied with the relatively conservative stance of the three political parties. She demanded a more radical blueprint of having a full directly elected legislature installed in 1995.[14]
Meeting Point later abstained in the amendment moved by Emily Lau as it thought any infringement of the Basic Law would enrage the PRC government and result in instability and the dismantling of the installed political structure. Although Meeting Point would have liked increased democracy, it did not want to antagonise Beijing unduly.[13]
Pro-business faction
The pro-business party led by Allen Lee in the Legislative Council, who formed the Liberal Party in 1993, followed Beijing's line of opposing the Patten proposals. The party sought to resolve the Sino-Hong Kong confrontation through negotiations.
The conservative Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong, led by tycoon Vincent Lo issued a statement in favour of "convergence" with the Basic Law and against the proposals.[12]
British community
Although
Cradock stood firmly against Patten and criticised him on many occasions, blaming him for damaging the planned road-map which had been endorsed by both the British and Chinese governments. In 1995, Cradock publicly said in an interview that "He [referring to Patten] has made himself so obnoxious to the Chinese",[16] and on a subsequent occasion he described Patten as the "incredible shrinking Governor".[17][18] Yet, Patten did not remain silent and struck back in a Legislative Council meeting, publicly ridiculing him as a "dyspeptic retired ambassador".[19] From 1992 to 1997, both Cradock and Patten criticised each other on many occasions, putting them on very bad terms.
Public opinions
Amid the Chinese government's threats, public support for Patten's reform declined intermittently and a polarised public emerged. Opinion surveys revealed that although the majority of the public supported the reform, public support for Chris Patten was stifled by the Chinese government's persistent threats to demolish Hong Kong's political structure in 1997 if the reforms were implemented.[8]
Sino-British negotiations
In February 1993, Douglas Hurd wrote to Qian Qichen for proposing negotiation "without preconditions". On 22 April 1993, the two sides reached an agreement that negotiations would start in Beijing. Jiang Enzhu, the deputy foreign minister represented the PRC side, and Robin McLaren, the British ambassador to China, represented the British side. The two sides held seventeen rounds of talk on the electoral arrangements of the 1994 District Boards and 1995 Legislative Council but failed to reach agreement.[20]
The Sino-British negotiations effectively came to an end when Douglas Hurd wrote to Qian Qichen that Britain had decided to present the Patten proposals to the Hong Kong Legislative Council for scrutiny. Qian replied that it was a matter of principle to China that the opinions of the Hong Kong legislature could not supersede the discussion between the two governments and that if the British did indeed put the Patten proposals to the legislature it would mean a breakdown in bilateral negotiations.[20]
Legislative voting
The Electoral Provisions (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Bill 1993 which gives effect to the first four proposed reforms, and the Legislative Council (Electoral Provisions) (Amendment) Bill 1994 which gives effect to the last three proposed reforms in the Legislative Council, were passed on 24 February 1994 and 29 June 1994 respectively,[20] despite Lu Ping making phone calls to lobby legislators to abstain or vote against the Patten proposals.[21]
There were fourteen amendments to Patten's bill.
Emily Lau's amendment of a universal suffrage for the 1995 Legislative Council Election, supported by the United Democrats and ADPL, was also defeated by 20 to 21 votes, with the margin of one vote after four Meeting Point legislators abstained.
The details of the legislative voting on the Liberal Party's amendment, Emily Lau's universal suffrage amendment, and Chris Patten's electoral bill are listed as follows, the name order is in accordance to the LegCo precedence list:
Selection method |
Capacity or Constituency |
Member | Party | Liberal amendment[25] |
Lau amendment[25] |
Patten bill[25] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AP | President | John Joseph Swaine | Independent |
Present | Present | Present | |
EO | Chief Secretary |
Anson Chan | Nonpartisan |
No | No | Yes | |
EO | Financial Secretary |
Nathaniel W. H. Macleod |
Nonpartisan |
No | No | Yes | |
EO | Attorney General |
Jeremy Fell Mathews | Nonpartisan |
No | No | Yes | |
AP | Appointed | Allen Lee | Liberal |
Yes | No | No | |
AP | Appointed | Selina Chow | Liberal |
Yes | No | No | |
FC | Social Services | Hui Yin-fat | Independent |
No | Yes | Yes | |
GC | Hong Kong Island East | Martin Lee | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
FC | Finance | David Li | Independent |
Yes | Absent | Absent | |
FC | Industrial (Second) | Ngai Shiu-kit | Liberal |
Yes | Absent | No | |
FC | Labour | Pang Chun-hoi | TUC | No | Yes | Yes | |
GC | Kowloon East |
Szeto Wah | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
FC | Labour | Tam Yiu-chung | FTU |
Yes | Absent | No | |
GC | New Territories East |
Andrew Wong | Independent |
No | No | Yes | |
FC | Rural | Lau Wong-fat | Liberal |
Yes | Absent | No | |
FC | Architectural, Surveying and Planning |
Edward Ho | Liberal |
Yes | No | No | |
FC | Real Estate and Construction | Ronald Joseph Arculli |
Liberal |
Yes | No | No | |
AP | Appointed | Martin Gilbert Barrow | Breakfast |
Abstain | Abstain | Abstain | |
AP | Appointed | Peggy Lam | Independent |
Yes | Absent | Abstain | |
AP | Appointed | Miriam Lau | Liberal |
Yes | No | No | |
AP | Appointed | Lau Wah-sum | Liberal |
Yes | No | No | |
FC | Medical | Leong Che-hung |
Breakfast |
No | Abstain | Yes | |
FC | Commercial (First) | James David McGregor |
HKDF | No | Yes | Yes | |
FC | Urban Council | Elsie Tu | Independent |
Yes | No | No | |
FC | Accountancy | Peter Wong | Liberal |
Yes | No | No | |
GC | New Territories South |
Albert Chan | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
AP | Appointed | Vincent Cheng | Independent |
Yes | No | Yes | |
AP | Appointed | Moses Cheng | Liberal |
Yes | No | No | |
AP | Appointed | Marvin Cheung | Breakfast |
Yes | No | No | |
FC | Teaching | Cheung Man-kwong | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
FC | Financial Services | Chim Pui-chung | Independent |
Yes | Absent | No | |
GC | New Territories North |
Fung Chi-wood | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
GC | Kowloon West | Frederick Fung | ADPL |
No | Yes | Yes | |
AP | Appointed | Timothy Ha | Independent |
No | Absent | Yes | |
FC | Health | Michael Ho | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
GC | Hong Kong Island West | Huang Chen-ya | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
FC | Legal | Simon Ip | Breakfast |
Abstain | No | Yes | |
AP | Appointed | Lam Kui-chun | Liberal |
Yes | Absent | No | |
GC | Kowloon Central | Conrad Lam | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
GC | Kowloon Central | Lau Chin-shek | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
GC | New Territories East |
Emily Lau | Independent |
No | Yes | No | |
GC | New Territories South |
Lee Wing-tat | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
AP | Appointed | Eric Li | Breakfast |
Yes | No | Yes | |
GC | Kowloon East |
Fred Li | Meeting Point | No | Abstain | Yes | |
GC | Hong Kong Island East | Man Sai-cheong | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
AP | Appointed | Steven Poon | Liberal |
Yes | No | No | |
AP | Appointed | Henry Tang | Liberal |
Yes | Absent | No | |
GC | New Territories North |
Tik Chi-yuen | Meeting Point | No | Abstain | Yes | |
GC | Kowloon West | James To | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
FC | Engineering | Samuel Wong | Breakfast |
Yes | Absent | Yes | |
FC | Commercial (Second) | Philip Wong | NHKA | Yes | No | No | |
GC | Hong Kong Island West | Yeung Sum | United Democrats | No | Yes | Yes | |
FC | Tourism | Howard Young | Liberal |
Yes | No | No | |
GC | New Territories West |
Wong Wai-yin | Meeting Point | No | Abstain | Yes | |
GC | New Territories West |
Tang Siu-tong | Independent |
Yes | Absent | No | |
AP | Appointed | Christine Loh | Independent |
No | Yes | Yes | |
AP | Appointed | Roger Luk | Independent |
Absent | No | No | |
AP | Appointed | Anna Wu | Independent |
No | Yes | Yes | |
FC | Industrial (First) | James Tien | Liberal |
Yes | Absent | No | |
FC | Regional Council | Alfred Tso | LDF | Yes | Absent | No | |
Result | Fail (28–29) | Fail (20–21) | Pass (32–24) |
Aftermath
The
After the Patten proposals were passed, Beijing decided to create the Preliminary Working Committee (PWC) on 16 July 1993. Although it was seen by some that such a body was necessary in order to prepare for the transition of sovereignty, the row over the Patten proposals enabled Beijing to issue a warning that unilateral action would result in the setting-up of a "second stove" and, when it was formed, to say it was an unfortunate product of British confrontation.[26]
The Preliminary Working Committee was dissolved in December 1995 and succeeded by the Preparatory Committee in 1996. The Preparatory Committee was responsible for implementation work related to the establishment of the HKSAR, including the establishment of the Selection Committee, which in turn was responsible for the selection of the first chief executive and the members of the Provisional Legislative Council which replaced the Legislative Council elected in 1995.[27] The Provisional Legislative Council reverted most of the Patten's reform, by resuming appointed seats to the District Councils, Urban Council and Regional Council, reintroducing corporate voting in some functional constituencies, narrowing the franchise of the nine new functional constituencies to about 20,000 voters, and changed the "single seat, single constituency" method to the proportional representation system for the Legislative Council elections.[28]
Despite the eventual reversal of the electoral system, Patten's reform significantly impacted the Hong Kong political landscape by polarising Hong Kong politics.
Timeline
The events related to the electoral reform went on as follows:[29][30]
1992
- 9 July – Chris Patten arrives in Hong Kong as the last colonial governor.
- 7 October – The Governor announces plans for the 1994-95 electoral arrangements in his inaugural policy address to the Legislative Council, provoking severe criticism from Beijing.
- 16 October – Premier Li Peng criticises Governor Patten's electoral reform proposal.
- 23 October – Basic Law.
- 16 November – The British cabinet expresses full support for the Patten reform. PRC vice premier Zhu Rongji comments in London that if Patten proceeds with reform, China might as well abandon the 1984 Joint Declaration.
- 30 November – Beijing threatens to invalidate all Hong Kong government contracts extending beyond July 1997 if they lack prior Chinese approval.
1993
- 1 February – Zhou Nan, chief PRC representative in Hong Kong denounces the British for "triple violations" of bilateral agreements on electoral reform and transitional matters.
- 12 March – After four postponements, Governor Patten announces the new electoral bill when Beijing fails to set a time for bilateral talks on electoral arrangements.
- 15–16 March – Li Peng in his NPC report attacks Patten for violating Sino-British accords. Lu Ping condemns Patten as the "sinner of a millennium" and warns that China will set up its own separate organs for the new HKSAR.
- 22 April – Sino-British talks begin in Beijing on the arrangements for the 1994-95 elections in Hong Kong. The talks last for 17 rounds until December 1993.
- 22 June – Beijing names 27 mainland officials and 30 Hong Kong residents to the Preliminary Working Committee (PWC) as a predecessor to the HKSAR Preparatory Committee to be set up in 1996 to oversee final phase of sovereignty transfer and HKSAR establishment.
- 16 July – The PWC is inaugurated in Beijing by its chair, PRC foreign minister Qian Qichen.
- 19 October – Lu Ping reiterates Beijing's warning that Hong Kong should not become a political city but must remain only an economic hub.
- 27 November – Sino-British talks on Hong Kong elections end without agreement.
- 10 December – Patten announces the first part of his electoral bill, which is later presented to the LegCo, provoking condemnation from PRC officials.
- 27 December – Beijing announces it will dismantle colonial Hong Kong's three tiers of elected representation in July upon the HKSAR's establishment.
1994
- 18 February – Sino-British dispute breaks out over London's publication of its account of the unsuccessful 17 rounds of talks on Hong Kong electoral reform.
- 23 February – The LegCo approves the first part of Patten reforms: voting age at 18, single-seat, single-vote for all elections, no more appointed District Board or LegCo members.
- 13 March – Zhou Nan claims that even without British cooperation, China will be able to maintain Hong Kong's prosperity and ability beyond 1997 but will not tolerate its "internationalisation."
- 30 June – The Legislative Council (Electoral Provisions) (Amendment) Bill 1994 is passed in the Legislative Council in a 32 to 24 vote.
- 18 September – District Board elections are held under Patten's reform rules. The Democratic Party wins the largest block with 75 seats in 18 District Boards.
- 23 December – Zhou Nan denounces Governor Patten for his refusal to cooperate with the PWC, which has no legal standing under the Basic Law.
1995
- 1 February – PRC officials in Hong Kong urge local patriots to stand for the September LegCo elections in preparation for the 1997 retrocession.
- 9 March – The Democratic Party wins 23 of the 59 seats in the Urban and Regional Council elections.
- 17 September – Elections for Hong Kong's first fully elected Legislative Council are held; 26 percent of the 2.57 million registered voters turn out at the poll.
- 8 December – Beijing dissolved the PWC and appoints a Preparatory Committee (94 Hong Kong residents among 150 members) to establish HKSAR organs.
1996
- 26 January – The HKSAR Preparatory Committee holds its first full session in Beijing.
- 4 March 1996 – The Preparatory Committee votes to replace the LegCo with an appointed Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) on 1 July 1997.
- 25 September – Beijing releases the full list of 5,791 candidates for the 400 seats on the Selection Committee, holding a first ballot for the chief executive.
- 11 December – Shipping tycoon and former ExCo member Tung Chee-hwa gains 320 votes from the 400-strong Selection Committee to become the first HKSAR chief executive. A week later, Premier Li Peng confirms Tung's appointment as HKSAR chief executive for a five-year term from 1 July 1997.
- 21 December – The Selection Committee meets in Shenzhen to decide the membership of the 60-seat PLC.
1997
- 25 January – The PLC meets in Shenzhen; as an extraconstitutional body, it cannot legally function in Hong Kong before 1 July 1997.
- 27 June – Last meeting of the LegCo is held. The LegCo is dissolved and replaced by PLC after 30 June 1997.
- 30 June–1 July – The Ceremonies of the handover of Hong Kong is held and the HKSAR established.
See also
- 2010 Hong Kong electoral reform
- Democratic development in Hong Kong
- 1995 Hong Kong legislative election
- 1994 Hong Kong local elections
- 1995 Hong Kong municipal elections
- Legislative Council of Hong Kong
- Provisional Legislative Council
- Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong
References
- ^ a b Jonathan Dimbleby (director and presenter) (24 June 2007). The Last Governor. Episodes 1-5. BBC Parliament (TV documentary). Later the documentary is compiled into a book, Dimbleby, Jonathan (2018). The Last Governor: Chris Patten and the Handover of Hong Kong. Pen and Sword History.
- ^ a b Gittings, Danny (30 October 1994). "I've trodden on a lot of toes". South China Morning Post.
- ^ a b Patten, Chris (1998). East and West. Macmillan. p. 65.
The seven Hurd-Qian letters, in telegram form, principally concerned the number of directly elected seats in the legislature.
- ISSN 0959-2296.
- ^ a b Sing 2004, p. 123.
- ^ Loh 2010, p. 180.
- ^ a b Loh 2010, p. 181.
- ^ a b c Sing 2004, p. 124.
- ^ "彭定康:寬宏對待中國罵名". BBC News. 4 April 2002. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- ^ Loh 2010, p. 181-182.
- ^ Loh 2010, p. 182.
- ^ a b c Kwok, R. Yin-Wang; So, Alvin Y. (1995). The Hong Kong-Guangdong Link: Partnership in Flux. Hong Kong University Press. p. 262.
- ^ a b Sing 2004, p. 145.
- ^ Chiu, Stephen Wing-Kai; Lü, Dale; Lui, Tai-Lok (2000). The Dynamics of Social Movement in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 43.
- ^ McMillen, Donald Hugh; Man, Si-wai. The Other Hong Kong Report, 1994. p. xxiii.
- ^ "Sir Percy Cradock dies", RTHK English News, 29 January 2010.
- ^ "Sir Percy Cradock", Telegraph, 28 January 2010.
- ^ 〈英前駐華大使柯利達病逝〉,《蘋果日報》,2010年1月30日。
- ^ OFFICIAL RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS, Hong Kong Legislative Council, 13 July 1995.
- ^ a b c Loh 2010, p. 183.
- ^ Dimbleby 1997, p. 258-260.
- ^ Dimbleby 1997, p. 254.
- ^ Dimbleby 1997, p. 258-259.
- ^ Chung, Sze Yuen (2001). Hong Kong's Journey to Reunification: Memoirs of Sze-yuen Chung. Chinese University Press. p. 210.
- ^ a b c "Hansard" (PDF). Legislative Council of Hong Kong. 29 June 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ^ Loh 2010, p. 187.
- ^ Loh 2010, p. 188.
- ^ Sing 2004, p. 158.
- ^ Liu, Eva; Yue, S.Y. (1996). Political Development in Hong Kong since the 1980s (PDF). Research and Library Services Division Legislative Council Secretariat.
- ^ Chan, Ming K.; Lo, Shiu-hing (2010). The A to Z of the Hong Kong SAR and the Macao SAR. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 11–14.
Bibliography
- Dimbleby, Jonathan (1997). The last governor: Chris Patten & the handover of Hong Kong. London: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316640182.
- Loh, Christine (2010). Underground front. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622099968.
- Sing, Ming (2004). Hong Kong's Tortuous Democratization: A Comparative Analysis. Routledge. ISBN 0203180402.
External links
- Hong Kong Constitutional Reform MAR 3, 1994 – C-SPAN Video Library
- The Last Governor of Hong Kong 1 - A Democratic Time-Bomb – YouTube: BBC documentary series of the last governor of Hong Kong
- The Last Governor of Hong Kong 2 - Restraint in Difficult Circumstances – YouTube: BBC documentary series of the last governor of Hong Kong
- The Last Governor of Hong Kong 3 - Lewis Carroll Country – YouTube: BBC documentary series of the last governor of Hong Kong
- The Last Governor of Hong Kong 4 - Loosening the Screws – YouTube: BBC documentary series of the last governor of Hong Kong
- The Last Governor of Hong Kong 5 - Another Balls-Aching Week – YouTube: BBC documentary series of the last governor of Hong Kong