1994 Pacific hurricane season
1994 Pacific hurricane season | |
---|---|
Seasonal boundaries | |
First system formed | June 18, 1994 |
Last system dissipated | October 26, 1994 |
Strongest storm | |
By maximum sustained winds | John |
• Maximum winds | 175 mph (280 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 929 mbar (hPa; 27.43 inHg) |
By central pressure | Gilma |
• Maximum winds | 160 mph (260 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 920 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total depressions | 22 official, 2 unofficial |
Total storms | 20 |
Hurricanes | 10 |
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 5 |
Total fatalities | 4 total |
Total damage | $720 million (1994 USD) |
Related articles | |
The 1994 Pacific hurricane season was the final season of the eastern north Pacific's consecutive active hurricane seasons that started in
Of note in this season is an unusual spree of very intense storms; the season was the first on record to see three Category 5 hurricanes, later tied in
Season summary
This season, twenty-two
In the
The only named storm to make landfall this year was
This season marked the end of the Northeastern Pacific's most recent active period, which began in 1982,[9] and at the time, included the five most active Pacific hurricane seasons.[1][9] Beginning in 1995, multi-decadal factors switched to a phase that suppressed Pacific hurricane activity.[10] After 1994, Pacific hurricane seasons were generally below normal,[11] with the exception of 1997,[9] until 2014.[12]
The 1994 Pacific hurricane season set several records. First, three hurricanes reached Category 5 intensity on the
Rank | Cost | Season |
---|---|---|
1 | ≥$13.07–17.07 billion | 2023 |
2 | $4.52 billion | 2013 |
3 | $3.15 billion | 1992 |
4 | $1.62 billion | 2010 |
5 | ≥$1.52 billion | 2014 |
6 | ≥$1.46 billion | 2018 |
7 | $834 million | 1982 |
8 | $760 million | 1998 |
9 | $735 million | 1994 |
10 | $566 million | 2015 |
The season began with the formation of Tropical Depression One-E on June 18 and ended with the dissipation of Tropical Depression Nona on October 26.[1] No named systems formed in May, three in June, four in July, five in August, six in September, two in October, and none in November.[1] The total length of the season, from the formation of the first depression to the dissipation of the last, was 130 days.[14]
Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is a measure of how active a hurricane season is. It is calculated by squaring the windspeed of a cyclone with at least tropical storm-force winds every six hours, summing the results, and dividing that total by 104. As a tropical cyclone does not have gale-force winds until it becomes a tropical storm, tropical depressions are not included in these tables. For all storms, ACE is given to three significant figures. The ACE in the east Pacific proper (140°W to North America) is given; the ACE in the central Pacific (the International Date Line to 140°W) is given in brackets. The table includes the ACE for Li and John only during those storm's time east of the dateline. Their ACE west of the dateline is part of the totals of the 1994 typhoon season. The National Hurricane Center uses ACE to rank hurricane seasons as above-normal, near-normal, and below-normal. It defines below-normal as having an ACE less than 95*104 kt2 kt2; It defines above normal as having an ACE above 150*104 kt2 along with the numbers of any two of the following above average: tropical storms (15), hurricanes (9), or major hurricanes (4); It defines near-normal as having an ACE between 100*104 kt2 and 150*104 kt2, or an ACE above 150*104 kt2 with fewer than two of the numbers of the following above average: tropical storms (15), hurricanes (9), or major hurricanes (4).[2] Excluding the central Pacific, there were a total of seventeen tropical storms, nine hurricanes, and five major hurricanes. Altogether, the total ACE of this season was 185*104 kt2. This qualifies this season as above-normal.[2]
Systems
Tropical Storm Aletta
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 18 – June 23 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 999 mbar (hPa) |
Tropical Depression One-E formed from an area of disturbed weather on June 18. It strengthened to Tropical Storm Aletta the next day. It continued intensifying and reached its peak intensity on June 20. Vertical wind shear began to weaken the storm thereafter. The weakening trend continued, weakening Aletta to a depression on June 21. The system dissipated June 23. Aletta's remnant low, however, could be tracked on satellite images for days following the storm. The low finally dissipated north of Hawaii.[15] Aletta never affected land, and no damage or casualties were reported.[16]
Tropical Storm Bud
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 27 – June 29 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1003 mbar (hPa) |
Tropical Depression Two-E formed on June 27 about 575 miles (925 km) south-southwest of the tip of the
Hurricane Carlotta
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 28 – July 5 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min); 967 mbar (hPa) |
The tropical depression that would be Carlotta formed on June 28. It quickly became Tropical Storm Carlotta, and a large eye became visible. Because of this, the NHC upgraded the storm to a hurricane. Carlotta peaked in intensity on July 1, as a 105 mph (169 km/h) hurricane. It gradually weakened as it moved into cooler waters, dissipating on July 5. Carlotta did not threaten land.[19]
Carlotta buffeted Socorro Island with sustained winds of 39 mph (63 km/h) on June 30.[19][20] Other than there, Carlotta caused no damage or deaths.[20]
Tropical Storm Daniel
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 8 – July 14 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min); 993 mbar (hPa) |
On July 8, a disturbance located about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southwest of the southern tip of the
When Daniel was approaching Hawaii, moderate surf of 4 to 6 feet (1.2 to 1.8 m) impacted the south and southeast shores of the Big Island on July 13 and 14. Daniel's remnants also passed about 100 miles (160 km) south of
Hurricane Emilia
Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 16 – July 25 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 160 mph (260 km/h) (1-min); 926 mbar (hPa) |
On July 16, an
Emilia passed south of the Hawaiian Islands, producing swells of 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3.0 m) in height near the
Tropical Storm Fabio
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 19 – July 24 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1002 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical depression formed on July 19. Later that day, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Fabio. Fabio headed generally west or northwestward.[25] It entered the central Pacific as a tropical depression, and dissipated on July 24.[8]
Fabio's remnants brought locally heavy rainfall to Hawaii, reaching 3 to 4 inches (76 to 102 mm).[8] No one was killed and there was no damage.[26]
Hurricane Gilma
Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 21 – July 31 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 160 mph (260 km/h) (1-min); 920 mbar (hPa) |
Part of a
Hurricane Gilma was the second most-intense Pacific hurricane at the time. As of 2019, it is tied with Hurricane Walaka as the tenth-most intense. Gilma is also the strongest July storm in the Eastern or Central Pacific.[1]
Hurricane Li
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 31 – August 12 (Exited basin) |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 1007 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical disturbance southwest of
Hurricane Li is one of only eight tropical cyclones to exist on all three North Pacific Ocean tropical cyclone basins.[1]
Tropical Storm Hector
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 7 – August 10 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min); 993 mbar (hPa) |
On August 7, a tropical depression formed from a tropical wave a few hundred miles south of Baja California. It became Tropical Storm Hector quickly, and as it paralleled the coast of Mexico, it began to weaken, dissipating on August 10. No damage was reported anywhere.[37]
Tropical Storm Hector was forecast to approach the
Tropical Depression One-C
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 9 – August 14 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min); |
An area of disturbed weather organized into a tropical depression on August 9 while located 740 miles (1,190 km) southeast of Hilo, Hawaii. The depression moved westward without organizing, and dissipated on August 14.[8]
Moisture from the system produced heavy rainfall over the island of
Hurricane Ileana
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 10 – August 14 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 986 mbar (hPa) |
A disturbance that was part of the
Hurricane John
Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 11 – September 10 (Out of basin between August 28-September 8) |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 175 mph (280 km/h) (1-min); 929 mbar (hPa) |
Tropical Depression Ten-E formed on August 11 south of Mexico. It headed generally westward, and was upgraded into a tropical storm twelve hours after it formed and was named John. John fluctuated in strength as it headed west, always managing to stay at tropical storm strength. On August 20, steady intensification began, and John was a major hurricane when it entered the central Pacific. It continued westward, reaching Category 5 intensity on August 23. It passed around 245 miles (394 km) south of Hawaii, and passed just north of Johnston Atoll on August 26.[46] John stayed at hurricane intensity until it crossed the dateline on August 28, becoming a typhoon of the 1994 Pacific typhoon season.[8] After weakening into a tropical storm, John recurved, looped, and recurved again.[47] It reintensified, and was a hurricane when it recrossed the dateline to reenter the central Pacific. John headed north-northeast until it went extratropical on September 10,[8] thirty one days after it formed.[1]
Ahead of the hurricane, the 1100 people at Johnston Atoll evacuated. On the atoll, John caused $15 million (1994 USD; $30.8 million 2024 USD) in damage. No deaths were reported. Other than on Johnston, Hurricane John had minor effects in Hawaii. Its remnants also affected Alaska.[8]
Hurricane John was the longest lasting, until it was surpassed by Cyclone Freddy in 2023 and farthest traveling tropical cyclone on Earth in recorded history.[13][48] It is also one of six tropical cyclones to exist in all three North Pacific Ocean tropical cyclone basins, and one of the few tropical cyclones to cross the International Dateline more than once.[1]
Hurricane Kristy
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 28 – September 5 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min); ≤992 mbar (hPa) |
On August 28, Tropical Depression Thirteen-E formed about 1,300 miles (2,100 km) southwest of
As it approached the Hawaiian Islands, a high surf advisory and a high wind
Hurricane Lane
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 3 – September 10 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min); 948 mbar (hPa) |
The same tropical wave that spawned
Tropical Storm Mele
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 6 – September 9 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); |
A tropical disturbance became Tropical Depression Two-C on September 6. It reached tropical storm strength the next day, being named Mele.[8] The name Mele means "song" in the Hawaiian language and is also the Hawaiian form of "Mary".[52] Mele headed west-northwest and weakened back into a tropical depression on September 9. It dissipated later that day without incident.[8]
Tropical Storm Miriam
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 15 – September 21 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1002 mbar (hPa) |
Miriam formed from a weak disturbance on September 15. It strengthened slightly into Tropical Storm Miriam, and dissipated on September 21, having led an uneventful life without impact. In an interesting occurrence, the low-level remnants of Miriam were still visible for weeks after the storm dissipated near 140°W.[53]
Tropical Storm Norman
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 19 – September 22 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); 1004 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical depression formed on September 19, and became Tropical Storm Norman the next day. After tracking northwest, it began to turn north in response to a trough, and convection began to diminish. Norman dissipated on September 22 without having ever affected land.[54]
Hurricane Olivia
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 22 – September 29 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min); 923 mbar (hPa) |
Hurricane Olivia ultimately formed from a disturbance that had separated from the
At the time, Olivia was the third-most intense Pacific hurricane on record; it has since dropped to eleventh. The storm also had the lowest
Tropical Storm Paul
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 24 – September 30 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1003 mbar (hPa) |
A nearly stationary cluster of thunderstorms and convection that had been hanging around since September 15 and escaped destruction by Tropical Storm Miriam organized into Tropical Depression Eighteen-E on September 24. It was located between Miriam's remnants and the developing Olivia. It became Tropical Storm Paul on the afternoon of September 25. It peaked in intensity on September 27. Then, upper outflow from the nearby Olivia started shearing the tropical cyclone. Paul had been completely destroyed by September 30.[57] The tropical cyclone never threatened land, and consequently, no damage or deaths were reported.[58]
Hurricane Rosa
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 8 – October 15 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min); 974 mbar (hPa) |
An area of disturbed weather organized into a tropical depression at midday on October 8. It had trouble organizing, and advisories were discontinued for a while. The cyclone finally became a tropical storm on October 11 and was named Rosa. It moved glacially, but eventually a trough steered Rosa north and then northeast. Rosa intensified quickly, peaking at Category 2 intensity just before landfall near La Concepción on the morning of October 14. Rosa quickly decayed over the mountains of Mexico, and its cloud shield rapidly accelerated northward through the United States, spreading moisture.[59]
On October 12, a
Four deaths, two in each of
Tropical Storm Nona
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 21 – October 26 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); |
Tropical Depression Three-C formed on October 21 in the Central Pacific basin. It traveled westward for about 4 days before strengthening to Tropical Storm Nona on October 25.[8] The name "Nona" is Hawaiian for the Latin name spelled the same way.[64][65] Nona immediately weakened back into a tropical depression. Upper-level westerlies from a nearby trough destroyed the depression on October 26. No deaths or damage were reported.[8] Nona was a tropical storm for six hours,[1] the minimum possible time.[66]
Other systems
On August 14, an area of convection organized enough to be considered a tropical depression. It was steered by John's circulation, and it was never expected to strengthen much because it was close to cool waters.[67] The cyclone drifted north, then northeast, north again, northwest, and then west.[68] The National Hurricane Center declared the depression dissipated on August 15.[69] The depression had no effects anywhere.[68]
According to the
Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W in 1994.[72] This is the same list used for the 1988 season,[73] except for Ileana, which replaced Iva, and which was used for the first time in 1994.[74] No names were retired from this list following the season,[75] and it was used again for the 2000 season.[76]
|
|
For storms that form in the North Pacific from 140°W to the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list.[72] Three named storms, listed below, formed in the central North Pacific in 1994. Named storms in the table above that crossed into the area during the year are noted (*).[8]
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|
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Season effects
This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 1994 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration (within the basin), peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1994 USD.
Storm name |
Dates active | Storm category at peak intensity |
Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) |
Min. press. (mbar) |
Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Ref(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aletta | June 18 –23 | Tropical storm | 50 (80) | 999 | None | None | None | |||
Bud | June 27–29 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1003 | None | None | None | |||
Carlotta | June 28 – July 5 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 (165) | 967 | Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Islands | None | None | |||
Daniel | July 8–14 | Tropical storm | 65 (100) | 993 | Hawaiian Islands | None | None | |||
Emilia | July 16–25 | Category 5 hurricane | 160 (260) | 926 | Hawaii | None | None | |||
Fabio | July 19–24 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1002 | Hawaii | None | None | |||
Gilma | July 21–31 | Category 5 hurricane | 160 (260) | 920 | Johnston Atoll | Minimal | None | |||
Li | July 31 – August 18 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 1007 | Hawaiian Islands, Johnston Atoll | None | None | |||
Hector | August 7–10 | Tropical storm | 65 (100) | 993 | Revillagigedo Islands, Baja California Peninsula
|
Minimal | None | |||
One-C | August 9–14 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | N/A | Hawaii | $5 million | None | |||
Ileana | August 10–14 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 986 | Baja California Peninsula | None | None | |||
John | August 11 – September 10 | Category 5 hurricane | 175 (280) | 929 | Hawaii, Johnston Atoll | $15 million | None | |||
Twelve-E | August 12–15 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1006 | None | None | None | |||
Kristy | August 28 – September 5 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 (165) | 992 | Hawaii | None | None | |||
Lane | September 3–10 | Category 4 hurricane | 130 (215) | 948 | None | None | None | |||
Mele | September 6–9 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | N/A | None | None | None | |||
Miriam | September 15–21 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1002 | None | None | None | |||
Norman | September 19–22 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1004 | None | None | None | |||
Olivia | September 22–29 | Category 4 hurricane | 150 (240) | 923 | None | None | None | |||
Paul | September 24–30 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1003 | None | None | None | |||
Rosa | October 8–15 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 (165) | 974 | Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico, Southwestern United States, Texas | $700 million | 4–30 | |||
Nona | October 21–26 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | N/A | None | None | None | |||
Season aggregates | ||||||||||
22 systems | June 18 – October 26 | 175 (280) | 920 | $720 million | 4-30 |
Notes
See also
- List of Pacific hurricanes
- Pacific hurricane season
- 1994 Atlantic hurricane season
- 1994 Pacific typhoon season
- 1994 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season: 1993–94, 1994–95
- Australian region cyclone season: 1993–94, 1994–95
- South Pacific cyclone season: 1993–94, 1994–95
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