1994 San Marino Grand Prix

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1994 San Marino Grand Prix
Race 3 of 16 in the 1994 Formula One World Championship
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Race details[1][2]
Date 1 May 1994
Official name 14º Gran Premio di San Marino
Location Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, Imola, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Course Permanent racing facility
Course length 5.040 km (3.144 miles)
Distance 58 laps, 292.320 km (182.351 miles)
Scheduled distance 61 laps, 307.440 km (191.784 miles)
Weather Sunny
Pole position
Driver Williams-Renault
Time 1:21.548
Fastest lap
Driver United Kingdom Damon Hill Williams-Renault
Time 1:24.335 on lap 10
Podium
First Benetton-Ford
Second Ferrari
Third McLaren-Peugeot
Lap leaders

The 1994 San Marino Grand Prix (formally the 14º Gran Premio di San Marino) was a Formula One motor race held on 1 May 1994 at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, located in Imola, Italy. It was the third race of the 1994 Formula One World Championship. Michael Schumacher, driving for Benetton, won the race. Nicola Larini, driving for Ferrari, scored the first points of his career when he finished in second position. Mika Häkkinen finished third in a McLaren.

Austrian driver Roland Ratzenberger and three-time world champion Ayrton Senna were killed in separate accidents during the event. In addition to the two fatalities, other incidents saw injuries to driver Rubens Barrichello plus several mechanics and spectators. The deaths were the first fatalities in the Formula One World Championship since the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix, and the first with two driver deaths since the 1960 Belgian Grand Prix. Senna was given a state funeral in his home town of São Paulo, Brazil, where around 500,000 people (some numbers say 2 million) lined the streets to watch the coffin pass. Italian prosecutors charged six people with manslaughter in connection with Senna's death, all of whom were later acquitted. The case took more than 11 years to conclude due to an appeal and a retrial following the original verdict of not guilty.

These tragedies proved to be a major turning point in both the 1994 season, and in the development of Formula One itself, particularly with regard to safety. This led to a reforming of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association after a 12-year hiatus, and the changing of many track layouts and car designs. Since the race, numerous regulation changes have been made to slow Formula One cars down and new circuits incorporate large run-off areas to slow cars before they collide with a wall. As a result of increased standards in safety subsequent to this race, there were no fatalities for a period of 20 years from the deaths of Ratzenberger and Senna, a period which ended with the crash of Jules Bianchi at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix which led to his death the following year.

Background

Heading into the third round of the season, Benetton driver Michael Schumacher was leading the World Drivers' Championship with 20 points; Jordan driver Rubens Barrichello was second on seven points, 13 points behind Schumacher. Behind Schumacher and Barrichello was Damon Hill in third place on six points, tied on points with Ferrari driver Gerhard Berger. Berger's teammate Jean Alesi was fifth on four points.[3] In the World Constructors' Championship, Benetton were leading on 20 points and Ferrari were second on ten points, with Jordan third on seven points.[3]

There were two driver changes heading into the race. JJ Lehto replaced Jos Verstappen at Benetton, the latter having replaced Lehto for the opening two races of the season due to an injury sustained by Lehto in pre-season testing. Jordan's Eddie Irvine, still serving a three-race suspension, was replaced with Andrea de Cesaris for this race.[4][5]

Launch control controversy

automatic gearshifts but the car was declared legal.[6]

Benetton sent an alternative suggestion to the company on 10 May 1994, which was accepted by LDRA five days later.[6] Tests on the car were to be carried out on 28 June 1994, but were cancelled.[6] The tests eventually took place on 6 July 1994. LDRA found the tests unsatisfactory.[6] Benetton therefore complied with the original request to supply the source code, on 18 July 1994.[6] Analysis of the software found that it included launch control.[6] Benetton stated that "it can only be switched on by recompilation of the code."[6] However, LDRA found this to be untrue; it could be switched on by connecting a computer to the gearbox control unit.[6] Benetton conceded that this was possible but claimed that it "came as a surprise to them".[6] To switch the system on, the user was presented with a menu with 10 visible options. "Launch Control" was not among them, but if the user scrolled down to option 13, it could be enabled.[6]

Qualifying

Friday

On Friday, 29 April, during the first qualifying session,

Williams-Renault team at the time, described the feeling after the crash: "We all brushed ourselves off and carried on qualifying, reassured that our cars were tough as tanks and we could be shaken but not hurt."[13]

Despite a spin,[14] Senna was the fastest driver at the end of Friday's session with a time of 1:21.548, almost five-tenths of a second faster than Schumacher and Berger.[15] Senna's teammate Damon Hill was seventh, having spun himself, over 1.6 seconds behind Senna.[16]

Saturday qualifying and death of Roland Ratzenberger

Roland Ratzenberger was fatally injured in qualifying after crashing due to a front-wing failure.

Eighteen minutes into the final qualifying session, Austrian driver

basal skull fracture
. Ratzenberger, in his first season as a Formula One driver, had run over a kerb at the Acque Minerali chicane on his previous lap, the impact of which is believed to have damaged his front wing. Rather than return to the pit lane, he continued on another fast lap.

As Ratzenberger's Simtek racer accelerated past 300 km/h for the first time since he went off on the previous lap, the front wing gave way to the air pressure (most likely due to failure of two bolts attaching the wing to the nose's underside) and snapped off. It went under the car where it was wedged, thus lifting the front wheels off the asphalt. Raztenberger could neither steer the car nor brake more than superficially with the rear wheels. Completely out of control, the car went straight ahead in the Villeneuve corner at a speed of 314 km/h (195 mph).[17][18] There were no tyre barriers or any other impact absorbing installations in place at the Villeneuve curva, and the Simtek hit the bare concrete wall with a resulting g-force measured to be 500 g, the highest ever registered in F1.[19][20]

The session was immediately stopped, doctors were on the spot within a minute, and chief doctor Sid Watkins quickly joined them. After initially being taken by ambulance to the on-circuit medical centre, Ratzenberger was airlifted to the anaesthesia and resuscitation unit of Maggiore Hospital at 2:07 pm local time, the second driver to be admitted there during the weekend. He was found to have suffered three separate fatal injuries due to the enormity of the impact: a basilar skull fracture, blunt trauma from the front-left tyre penetrating the survival cell and a ruptured aorta. He died immediately on impact.[21][22]

The session was restarted 48 minutes later,[20] but several teams—including Williams and Benetton—took no further part.[23] Ratzenberger was confirmed dead as a result of his multiple injuries at 2:15 pm local time.[20] His death marked the first Formula One race weekend fatality since the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix when Riccardo Paletti was killed. It had been eight years since Elio de Angelis died testing a Brabham car at the Circuit Paul Ricard.[12] Professor Sid Watkins, then head of the Formula One on-track medical team, recalled in his memoirs Ayrton Senna's reaction to the news, stating that "Ayrton broke down and cried on my shoulder."[24] Watkins tried to persuade Senna not to race the following day, asking "What else do you need to do? You have been world champion three times, you are obviously the quickest driver. Give it up and let's go fishing." Senna replied, "Sid, there are certain things over which we have no control. I cannot quit, I have to go on."[24]

Senna had qualified on pole position, having not set a lap time following Ratzenberger's death.[25] He was joined on the front row by Schumacher and Berger qualified in 3rd. Damon Hill was able to improve on his disastrous Friday session before the red flag, improving his time by one second and qualifying fourth as a result. A time posted by Ratzenberger before his fatal crash would have been sufficient for entry into the race starting from the 26th and final position on the grid. Two drivers did not qualify: Pacific's Paul Belmondo, and the injured Barrichello, who was unable to race.[4] ESPN SpeedWorld's race coverage on race day reported that Belmondo was offered the final position on the grid, but that he declined to take it out of respect for Ratzenberger, and on the grounds that he had not earned that race spot and Ratzenberger had.[26]

The Villeneuve kink, location of Ratzenberger's fatal crash.

Aftermath

Ratzenberger's death the previous day had one lasting legacy. On 1 May 1994, during the customary drivers' briefing, the remaining drivers agreed to the reformation of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association, with Senna, Gerhard Berger and Michael Schumacher as its first directors. The association subsequently pressed for improvements to car and circuit safety in the wake of Imola and other serious crashes during the 1994 season; for 2003, the FIA mandated the use of the HANS device, designed to prevent the type of injury suffered by Ratzenberger.[27]

Qualifying classification

Pos No Driver Constructor Q1 Time Q2 Time Gap Grid
1 2 Brazil Ayrton Senna Williams-Renault 1:21.548 no time 1
2 5 Germany Michael Schumacher Benetton-Ford 1:22.015 1:21.885 +0.337 2
3 28 Austria Gerhard Berger Ferrari 1:22.113 1:22.226 +0.565 3
4 0 United Kingdom Damon Hill Williams-Renault 1:23.199 1:22.168 +0.620 4
5 6 Finland JJ Lehto Benetton-Ford 1:22.717 1:24.029 +1.169 5
6 27 Italy Nicola Larini Ferrari 1:22.841 1:23.006 +1.293 6
7 30 Germany Heinz-Harald Frentzen
Sauber-Mercedes
1:23.119 no time +1.571 7
8 7 Finland Mika Häkkinen McLaren-Peugeot 1:23.611 1:23.140 +1.592 8
9 3 Japan Ukyo Katayama Tyrrell-Yamaha 1:24.000 1:23.322 +1.774 9
10 29 Austria Karl Wendlinger
Sauber-Mercedes
1:23.788 1:23.347 +1.799 10
11 10 Italy Gianni Morbidelli Footwork-Ford 1:23.663 1:24.682 +2.115 11
12 4 United Kingdom Mark Blundell Tyrrell-Yamaha 1:23.703 1:23.831 +2.155 12
13 8 United Kingdom Martin Brundle McLaren-Peugeot 1:24.443 1:23.858 +2.310 13
14 23 Italy Pierluigi Martini Minardi-Ford 1:24.078 1:24.423 +2.530 14
15 24 Italy Michele Alboreto Minardi-Ford 1:24.276 1:24.780 +2.728 15
16 9 Brazil Christian Fittipaldi Footwork-Ford 1:24.655 1:24.472 +2.924 16
17 25 France Éric Bernard
Ligier-Renault
1:24.678 1:40.411 +3.130 17
18 20 France Érik Comas Larrousse-Ford 1:26.295 1:24.852 +3.304 18
19 26 France Olivier Panis
Ligier-Renault
1:24.996 1:25.160 +3.448 19
20 12 United Kingdom Johnny Herbert
Mugen-Honda
1:25.114 1:25.141 +3.566 20
21 15 Italy Andrea de Cesaris Jordan-Hart 1:25.234 1:25.872 +3.686 21
22 11 Portugal Pedro Lamy
Mugen-Honda
1:26.453 1:25.295 +3.747 22
23 19 Monaco Olivier Beretta Larrousse-Ford 1:27.179 1:25.991 +4.443 23
24 31 Australia David Brabham Simtek-Ford 1:27.607 1:26.817 +5.269 24
25 34 France Bertrand Gachot Pacific-Ilmor 1:27.732 1:27.143 +5.595 25
26 32 Austria Roland Ratzenberger Simtek-Ford 1:27.657 1:27.584 +6.036 DNS1
DNQ 33 France Paul Belmondo Pacific-Ilmor 1:28.361 1:27.881 +6.333
DNQ 14 Brazil Rubens Barrichello Jordan-Hart 14:57.323 no time +13:35.775
Source:[28][29]
  • ^1Roland Ratzenberger did not take the start on the grid after suffering a fatal accident during qualifying.[4]

Race

First start crash

Lotus 107C after hitting JJ Lehto's stalled Benetton B194
, causing an early safety car.

The race took place in the afternoon from 2:00 pm

UTC+2), in dry and sunny weather. Michele Alboreto was supposed to start 15th but started from the pit lane in the spare Minardi due to his race car developing a problem. At the start of the race, JJ Lehto stalled his Benetton on the grid. Pedro Lamy, starting from further back on the grid, had his view of the stationary Benetton blocked by other cars and his Lotus hit the back of Lehto's Benetton, causing bodywork and tyres to fly into the air. Parts of the car went over the safety fencing designed to protect spectators at the startline causing minor injuries to a police officer and eight spectators.[30] Gachot narrowly avoided striking Lamy's car. Lamy was uninjured and quickly exited his car unaided.[31] Further back, Martin Brundle overtook two cars as well as Lehto to move from thirteenth to tenth place.[32]

No stoppage of the race was declared as a result of the accident between Lehto and Lamy,

formation lap, rather than letting the race leader dictate the pace of the formation lap.[6] The procedure was removed for this race. The safety car chosen for the event, an Opel Vectra,[33] traveled very slowly on the track, even when the reduced speeds of a safety car period were factored in, and Senna pulled alongside it several times, urging the driver to increase his speed. It was later learned the safety car's brakes had been overwhelmed and started fading on the first lap, and thus the driver had to reduce his speed to avoid the possibility of the safety car itself causing an accident.[34] During the safety car drive through, Érik Comas and Éric Bernard made contact such that Comas' car experienced a vibration. Comas made a pit stop to have the problem evaluated by his Larrousse pit crew.[9]

Restart, Senna crash and red flag

Once the track was reported clear of debris, the safety car was withdrawn and the race restarted at the conclusion of lap five.[31] Jonathan Palmer, commentating alongside Murray Walker for the BBC, remarked how quick Schumacher was, as his time in the warm-up session on Sunday morning gave rise to speculation that he was going to make one pit stop and, therefore, race with a heavier car than Senna, who was planning to make two, as was conventional. Martin Brundle had told BBC Grandstand presenter Steve Rider that McLaren were going to make two pit stops.[32] Senna and Schumacher immediately pulled away from Berger, who in turn, was ahead of Hill after Hill made a poor restart.[31]

On the seventh lap, the second lap at racing speeds after the stoppage, Senna was leading Michael Schumacher. Going at a speed of 305 km/h (190 mph), Senna's car could not take the turn at the Tamburello left corner, and, continuing in a straight line, struck the unprotected concrete barrier at a speed of 211 km/h (131 mph), reduced as a result of the driver's effort to brake.[35] As was subsequently ascertained, Senna was killed instantly.[36] When track officials examined the wreckage of Senna's racing car, they found a furled Austrian flag. Senna had planned to raise it after the race, in honour of Ratzenberger.[37]

At 2:17 pm local time, a red flag was shown to indicate the race was stopped and FIA race doctor Sid Watkins arrived at the scene to treat Senna. When a race is stopped under a red flag, cars must slow down and make their way back to the pit lane or starting grid unless notified of a restart. This protects race marshals and medical staff at the crash scene, and allows easier access for medical cars to the incident. Approximately 10 minutes after Senna's crash, the Larrousse team, which had been "concentrating on fixing [Comas's] car and didn't realise Senna had crashed",[9] sent Comas to the end of the pit lane for release despite the circuit being closed under red flags.[38] Comas described "a big confusion about whether (he) could rejoin", and that eventually the pit lane marshal allowed him onto the race course.[9] Marshals frantically waved him down as he approached the scene of the accident travelling at close to full speed.[39] Comas was able to stop his Larrousse racer before reaching the emergency vehicles and marshals on the track. Commentators Allard Kalff and Eurosport commentator John Watson were both appalled. Kalff commented: "Now this is ridiculous! I mean, how can that Larrousse get out of the pits when there's a red flag?!", and Watson supplemented: "I'm gobsmacked! I think that's the most ridiculous thing I have ever seen at any time in my life!".[39] After seeing Senna's accident scene, Comas was so distressed that he withdrew from the race, and did not speak of what he witnessed for more than ten years.[9]

The pictures shown on the world feed, supplied by host broadcaster RAI, of Senna being treated were considered by the BBC, the corporation responsible for broadcasting the San Marino Grand Prix live to viewers in the United Kingdom, to be too upsetting for general viewing at the time (around 1:20 pm BST), and the BBC abandoned RAI's feed to focus on their own camera in the pit lane.[40] Other broadcasters including ESPN and Nine Network took the BBC feed from the pit lane. BBC commentator Murray Walker has frequently talked about how upsetting it was to have to talk to viewers whilst avoiding mentioning the images shown on RAI. Referring to the number of times the incident was replayed on the world feed, Ferrari team principal Jean Todt stated that "even if you didn't want to watch it, you could barely fail to".[41] Waiting on pit lane, Martin Brundle reported that shortly after Senna's crash, televisions in garages were being switched off, but that reports were that Senna was okay.[9] Senna was lifted from the wrecked Williams, and after approximately fifteen minutes of on-site medical attention, was airlifted directly to Maggiore Hospital, becoming the third and final driver to be admitted there during the weekend. Commentating for the Australian telecast, former world champion Alan Jones remarked "that the local hospital [Maggiore Hospital] might think they're a MASH unit because that helicopter has been coming in quite frequently".[42] Medical teams continued to treat him during the flight. Thirty-seven minutes after Senna's fatal crash, at 2:55 pm local time, the race was restarted.[43]

Second start

The race was restarted from the beginning of lap 6. The first five laps would be added to the second part of the race and the overall result would be decided on aggregate. The race ran to a total of 58 laps, five from the first section and 53 from the second section.[32]

On the second formation lap, Heinz-Harald Frentzen stalled the engine fitted to his Sauber whilst attempting to leave the grid and was forced to start from the pit lane. The other cars started from the grid in the order they were at the point the race was stopped. Michael Schumacher had a poor start because of wheelspin and Gerhard Berger took the lead on track — Schumacher still led the race overall due to the amount of time he was ahead of Berger before the race was stopped.[44] Hill, from third, made contact attempting to overtake Schumacher at the Tosa corner, dropping Hill to the back of the field and was forced to make a pit stop in order to fit a new nose cone. Hill battled back to finish in sixth position.[45]

Schumacher took the lead on track on lap 12 when Berger ran wide, before relinquishing the race lead overall to Berger when he made his first pit stop, confirming that his pace both before and after the red flag was down to his running a three-stop strategy, therefore racing with a lighter car. Berger made a pit stop at the end of lap 15 for his first of two scheduled stops, before retiring a lap later with handling problems. Häkkinen led his first ever laps of a Formula One World Championship race, before he made a pit stop at the conclusion of lap 18. Following the first series of pit stops, Schumacher resumed the race lead on aggregate, overtaking Nicola Larini on track at Tosa. Schumacher's extra pace as a result of his lighter fuel loads meant he was able to pull out enough of a gap to Häkkinen which enabled him to make an extra pit stop. Häkkinen's pace was very slow, allowing Larini to leapfrog him when drivers who planned to make two pit stops made their final pit stops.[32]

A further three retirements occurred during this stage of the race: Gachot abandoned his car in the gravel at Acque Minerale turn following a reduction of oil pressure on the 25th lap, Brabham retired due to steering failure four laps later and Gianni Morbidelli retired from seventh position when his overheating Ford engine cut out exiting Tosa corner on lap 41.[31][44] On lap 48, Michele Alboreto came in for a pit stop, but as he left, the rear-right wheel came loose from the Minardi as it left the pit lane, striking two Ferrari and two Lotus mechanics, who were left needing hospital treatment.[32] Although Berger, Bernie Ecclestone and Niki Lauda went to race control to make a request for the event to be stopped,[44] the request was rejected and the race was permitted to continue. Christian Fittipaldi, battling for fifth position with Ukyo Katayama's Tyrrell and Damon Hill's Williams, would eventually retire his Footwork due to an hardening brake pedal that saw him become beached in the gravel on lap 55.[31]

Towards the end of the race, Häkkinen's pace was so slow that

1994 Formula One season. It was the only podium finish of Larini's career, and the first of just two occasions when he scored world championship points. Wendlinger rode back to the pits on Häkkinen's McLaren after Wendlinger's car broke down on the slowing-down lap. At the podium ceremony, out of respect for Roland Ratzenberger, who had died the day before, no champagne was sprayed.[9]

Race classification

Pos No Driver Constructor Laps Time/Retired Grid Points
1 5 Germany Michael Schumacher Benetton-Ford 58 1:28:28.642 2 10
2 27 Italy Nicola Larini Ferrari 58 + 54.942 6 6
3 7 Finland Mika Häkkinen McLaren-Peugeot 58 + 1:10.679 8 4
4 29 Austria Karl Wendlinger
Sauber-Mercedes
58 + 1:13.658 10 3
5 3 Japan Ukyo Katayama Tyrrell-Yamaha 57 + 1 lap 9 2
6 0 United Kingdom Damon Hill Williams-Renault 57 + 1 lap 4 1
7 30 Germany Heinz-Harald Frentzen
Sauber-Mercedes
57 + 1 lap 7
8 8 United Kingdom Martin Brundle McLaren-Peugeot 57 + 1 lap 13
9 4 United Kingdom Mark Blundell Tyrrell-Yamaha 56 + 2 laps 12
10 12 United Kingdom Johnny Herbert
Mugen-Honda
56 + 2 laps 20
11 26 France Olivier Panis
Ligier-Renault
56 + 2 laps 19
12 25 France Éric Bernard
Ligier-Renault
55 + 3 laps 17
13 9 Brazil Christian Fittipaldi Footwork-Ford 54 Brakes/Spun off 16
Ret 15 Italy Andrea de Cesaris Jordan-Hart 49 Spun off 21
Ret 24 Italy Michele Alboreto Minardi-Ford 44 Wheel 15
Ret 10 Italy Gianni Morbidelli Footwork-Ford 40 Engine 11
Ret 23 Italy Pierluigi Martini Minardi-Ford 37 Spun off 14
Ret 31 Australia David Brabham Simtek-Ford 27 Spun off 24
Ret 34 France Bertrand Gachot Pacific-Ilmor 23 Engine 25
Ret 19 Monaco Olivier Beretta Larrousse-Ford 17 Engine 23
Ret 28 Austria Gerhard Berger Ferrari 16 Suspension 3
Ret 2 Brazil Ayrton Senna Williams-Renault 5 Fatal accident 1
Ret 20 France Érik Comas Larrousse-Ford 5 Vibration/Withdrew 18
Ret 6 Finland JJ Lehto Benetton-Ford 0 Collision 5
Ret 11 Portugal Pedro Lamy
Mugen-Honda
0 Collision 22
Source:[2][46]

Post-race

In the press conference following the race, Schumacher said "I can't feel satisfied, I can't feel happy" with his win following the events that had occurred during the race weekend.[47] Two hours and 20 minutes after Schumacher crossed the finish line, at 6:40 pm local time, Dr. Maria Teresa Fiandri announced that Senna had died. The official time of death was given as 2:17 pm local time, meaning that he had been killed instantly.[48] The autopsy recorded the cause of death as head injuries likely caused by an impact from a wheel and suspension.[49] BBC Television commentator Murray Walker described it as "the blackest day for Grand Prix racing that I can remember".[50]

On 3 May, the FIA called a meeting at the request of the Italian Automobile Club to review the events of the weekend.[51] Later on, the governing body announced new safety measures for the next round in Monaco which included the entry and exit of the pit lane to be controlled by a curve to force cars to run at a reduced speed, no team mechanic would be allowed onto the pit lane surface except for pit stops and a draw would be arranged to determine the order in which cars make pit stops and be limited to emergencies with cars not taking on new tyres or allowed to refuel.[52]

Senna was given a state funeral in São Paulo, Brazil on 5 May 1994. Approximately 500,000 people lined the streets to watch the coffin pass.[50] Senna's arch-rival Alain Prost was among the pallbearers.[53] The majority of the Formula One community attended Senna's funeral; however the president of the sport's governing body, the FIA, Max Mosley attended the funeral of Ratzenberger instead which took place on 7 May 1994 in Salzburg, Austria.[54] Drivers Gerhard Berger and Johnny Herbert were present as well.[9] Mosley said in a press conference ten years later, "I went to (Ratzenberger's) funeral because everyone went to Senna's. I thought it was important that somebody went to his."[55]

The layout of the circuit was changed after the two fatal accidents at the 1994 event.

The 1994 Imola layout, which had been in place since 1981,[56] was never again used for a Formula One race. The circuit was heavily modified following the race, including a change at Tamburello—also the scene of major accidents for Gerhard Berger (1989) and Nelson Piquet (1987)—from a high speed corner to a much slower chicane. The FIA also changed the regulations governing Formula One car design, to the extent that the 1995 regulations required all teams to create completely new designs, as their 1994 cars could not be adapted to them.[57] The concern raised at the drivers briefing the morning of the race, by Senna and Berger, would lead to the Grand Prix Drivers' Association reforming at the following race, the 1994 Monaco Grand Prix. The GPDA, which was founded in 1961, had previously disbanded in 1982. The primary purpose of it reforming was to allow drivers to discuss safety issues with a view to improve standards following the incidents at Imola. The front two grid slots at the Monaco Grand Prix that year, which were painted with Brazilian and Austrian flags, were left clear in memory of the two drivers who had lost their lives, while both Williams and Simtek entered only one car each. Additionally, a minute of silence was observed before the race.[58]

Severe injuries to F1 drivers in May 1994 did not end with the San Marino Grand Prix. Two weeks after Imola, Karl Wendlinger suffered a shunt in practice at Monaco that left him comatose for several weeks with brain injuries and ended his 1994 season. Pedro Lamy suffered season ending broken bone injuries in a crash during a testing session at Silverstone on 24 May.[59] On 28 May, during the second qualifying session for the Spanish Grand Prix, Ratzenberger's replacement Andrea Montermini crashed heavily and broke his ankles.

In October 1996 the FIA set about researching a driver restraint system for head-on impacts, in conjunction with McLaren and Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes contacted the makers of the

HANS (Head and Neck Support) device, with a view to adapting it for Formula One. The HANS device was first released in 1991 and was designed to restrain the head and neck in the event of an accident to avoid basal skull fracture, the injury which killed Ratzenberger. Initial tests proved successful, and at the 2000 San Marino Grand Prix the final report was released which concluded that the HANS should be recommended for use. Its use was made compulsory from the start of the 2003 season.[60]

Senna was the last driver for twenty years to die in a Formula One accident, until the death of

Trial

Italian prosecutors brought legal proceedings against six people in connection with

Williams; Fedrico Bendinelli representing the owners of the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari; Giorgio Poggi as the circuit director and Roland Bruynseraede who was race director and sanctioned the circuit.[63] The trial verdict was given on 16 December 1997, clearing all six defendants of manslaughter charges.[64] The cause of Senna's accident was established by the court as the steering column breaking.[65] The column had been cut and welded back together at Senna's request in order for him to be more comfortable in the car.[66]

Following the court's decision, an appeal was lodged by the state prosecutor against Patrick Head and Adrian Newey. On 22 November 1999, the appeal absolved Head and Newey of all charges, stating that no new evidence had come to light (there was missing data from the black box recorder on Senna's car due to damage, and 1.6 seconds of video from the onboard camera of Senna's car was unavailable because the broadcaster switched to another car's camera just before the accident), and so under Article 530 of the Italian Penal Code, the accusation had to be declared as "non-existent or the fact doesn't subsist".

Court of Cassation believed that Article 530 was misinterpreted,[68] and a retrial was ordered. On 27 May 2005, Newey was acquitted of all charges while Head's case was "timed out" under a statute of limitations.[69] The Italian Court of Appeal, on 13 April 2007, stated the following in the verdict numbered 15050: "It has been determined that the accident was caused by a steering column failure. This failure was caused by badly designed and badly executed modifications. The responsibility of this falls on Patrick Head, culpable of omitted control". Even being found responsible for Senna's accident, Patrick Head was not arrested, as the verdict was delivered past the Italian statute of limitation for manslaughter.[70]

Championship standings after the race

See also

References

  1. ^ "1994 San Marino GP". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b "San Marino Grand Prix 1994 results". ESPN. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d "F1 points tables – 1994 driver, constructor standings". crash.net. Crash Media Group. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d "Grand Prix Results: San Marino GP, 1994". GP Encyclopedia. grandprix.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
  5. ^ Henry, Alan (12 April 1994). "Fittipaldi's Phoenix Win Points to Difficult Season for Mansell". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ .
  7. ^ Longmore, Andrew (31 October 1994). "Ayrton Senna: The Last Hours". The Times. UK: News International. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
  8. .
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Kulta, Anthony Rowlinson, Gary Watkins, Edd Straw, Heikki. "Imola 1994: Memories from Senna's rivals – F1 – Autosport Plus". Autosport.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Jones, Dylan (22 April 2011). "The last 96 hours of Ayrton Senna". 8wforix. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  11. ^ David Tremayne; Mark Skewis; Stuart Williams; Paul Fearnley (5 April 1994). "Barrichello's great escape". Motoring News. News Publications Ltd.
  12. ^ a b Linden, Julian (30 April 1994). "Driver killed in Grand Prix qualifying". United Press International. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  13. ^ Hill, Damon (17 April 2004). "Had Ayrton foreseen his death?". The Times. London: News International. Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
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