1998 Pacific hurricane season
1998 Pacific hurricane season | |
---|---|
Seasonal boundaries | |
First system formed | June 11, 1998 |
Last system dissipated | October 26, 1998 |
Strongest storm | |
Name | Howard |
• Maximum winds | 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 932 mbar (hPa; 27.52 inHg) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total depressions | 16 |
Total storms | 13 |
Hurricanes | 9 |
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 6 |
Total fatalities | 54 total |
Total damage | $760 million (1998 USD) |
Related articles | |
The 1998 Pacific hurricane season was a fairly average
The most notable
Seasonal summary
Rank | Cost | Season |
---|---|---|
1 | ≥$13.07–17.07 billion | 2023 |
2 | $4.52 billion | 2013 |
3 | $3.15 billion | 1992 |
4 | $1.62 billion | 2010 |
5 | ≥$1.52 billion | 2014 |
6 | ≥$1.46 billion | 2018 |
7 | $834 million | 1982 |
8 | $760 million | 1998 |
9 | $735 million | 1994 |
10 | $566 million | 2015 |
The season produced 13
Systems
Tropical Storm Agatha
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 11 – June 16 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min); 993 mbar (hPa) |
A poorly defined tropical wave crossed Central America into the eastern Pacific Ocean on June 8. As it tracked westward under the influence of a ridge to its north, a broad circulation developed. Gradually, the dominant center of circulation became better defined, with increasingly organized convection and developing banding features.[1] By early on June 11, the center became sufficiently associated with the convection for the National Hurricane Center (NHC) to classify the system as Tropical Depression One-E. This occurred while the area of unsettled weather was about 460 miles (740 km) south-southwest of Acapulco, Mexico.[6]
The center of the depression was not initially well defined, with restricted
Tropical Depression Two-E
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 19 – June 22 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min); 1003 mbar (hPa) |
A few days later, another westward-moving tropical disturbance paralleled the southern coast of Central America and
Hurricane Blas
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 22 – June 30 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min); 943 mbar (hPa) |
On June 8, a
Tropical Storm Blas continued to organize as it moved parallel to the
Tropical Storm Celia
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 17 – July 21 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 997 mbar (hPa) |
On July 1, another tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa. It moved westward due to strong wind shear without further organization, and crossed Central America into the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 11. An area of organizing convection developed along the wave axis, and Dvorak classifications began on July 13, while the tropical wave was south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. The cloud pattern soon became disorganized, and the area of disturbed weather continued west-northwestward. On July 16, convection increased and organized into banding features; early on July 17, the system developed into Tropical Depression Four-E about 150 miles (240 km) south of Manzanillo, Mexico. Soon after becoming a tropical depression, the storm rapidly organized and intensified into Tropical Storm Celia six hours after becoming a tropical depression. The tropical storm initially moved northwestward, and briefly threatened southern Baja California. As a result, the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning on July 18 for La Paz southward. Shortly thereafter, a mid- to upper-level anticyclone turned Celia to the west-northwest and forced it to pass about 150 miles (240 km) south-southwest of Cabo San Lucas. On July 19, Celia attained maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) before moving over cooler waters and diminishing in convection. The storm degenerated into a tropical depression on July 20, and Celia dissipated early on July 21, well away from the Mexican coastline.[15]
The precursor tropical disturbance produced locally heavy rainfall along the south coast of Mexico.[15] Authorities in Mexico closed the port at Acapulco to small fishing and recreational boats, and advised larger craft to use caution.[16] Damage from the storm, if any, is unknown.
Hurricane Darby
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 23 – August 1 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min); 958 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on July 4. It tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean with little increase in convection, and crossed Central America into the Pacific Ocean on July 16. Three days later, convection began to increase along the wave axis while the wave was well to the south of Acapulco, Mexico. On July 21, Dvorak classifications began as the cloud pattern displayed curvature on satellite images. Convective banding features gradually developed, and it is estimated that the system organized into Tropical Depression Five-E early on July 23 about 720 miles (1,160 km) south of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. Under the influence of a mid- to upper-level ridge to its north, the depression tracked west-northwestward. Convection became more concentrated as outflow organized further, and 18 hours after the depression first developed, it intensified into Tropical Storm Darby.[17]
Located in an area conducive to further development, Darby attained hurricane status on July 24, subsequent to the development of a 17-mile (27 km)-wide
Hurricane Estelle
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 29 – August 8 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min); 948 mbar (hPa) |
On July 18, a tropical wave exited the western coast of Africa, and moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean with sporadic convection but no development. The wave moved across the Caribbean Sea and the southern Gulf of Mexico before crossing Central America into the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 28. Early on July 29, Dvorak classifications began on the system, and subsequent to the formation of banding features and a surface circulation, the system developed into Tropical Depression Six-E about 170 miles (270 km) southeast of Manzanillo, Mexico. The depression continued to organize, with increasing convection and distinct upper-level outflow, and early on July 30 the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Estelle.[20]
Tropical Storm Estelle gradually intensified as it tracked west-northwestward, a motion caused by a large
Tropical Storm Frank
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 6 – August 10 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1001 mbar (hPa) |
On July 19, a
On August 8, the government of Mexico issued a
Hurricane Georgette
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 11 – August 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min); 960 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave was first observed in the eastern Pacific Ocean on August 4 in association with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. It tracked westward, and by August 9 a low-level circulation formed well to the south of Mexico. Banding features increased as the system detached from the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and on August 11, the system developed into Tropical Depression Eight-E about 730 miles (1,170 km) southwest of Acapulco.[30] On becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression maintained an area of concentrated deep convection near the center. The National Hurricane Center initially predicted that the depression would slowly intensify and reach winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) within 72 hours. For much of the rest of the storm's duration, the National Hurricane Center underestimated the intensity of the cyclone.[31]
The depression tracked steadily northwestward, caused by its location along the western periphery of a
Tropical Depression One-C
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 16 – August 18 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min); 1010 mbar (hPa) |
An area of convection developed in association with a northward bulge of the near-equatorial convergence zone. It tracked west-northwestward under the influence of a ridge to its north, and organized into Tropical Depression One-C on August 19, about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of the Hawaiian Islands. The depression failed to organize significantly as it turned westward. High wind shear from an upper-level trough continually weakened the system, and on August 19, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center issued the final advisory on the tropical depression about 365 miles (587 km) south of Hilo on the island of Hawaii. It never affected land.[22]
Hurricane Howard
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 20 – August 30 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min); 932 mbar (hPa) |
A
Shortly after peaking in intensity, the eye of Hurricane Howard gradually became larger, resulting in a slight weakening trend. After weakening to winds of 125 mph (201 km/h),
Hurricane Isis
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 1 – September 3 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 988 mbar (hPa) |
Isis developed on September 1 out of the interaction between a
In Mexico, Isis destroyed more than 700 houses and killed 14 people,[34] primarily due to heavy rainfall of more than 20 inches (510 mm) in southern Baja California Sur.[35] The rainfall caused widespread damage to roads and railways, stranding thousands of people.[36] Moisture from the remnants of Isis extended into the southwestern United States, resulting in light rainfall, dozens of traffic accidents, and power outages for thousands of residents in San Diego County.[37]
Tropical Storm Javier
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 6 – September 14 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 995 mbar (hPa) |
Javier is believed to have originated from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on August 22. A convective disturbance along the northern portion of the wave developed into Atlantic Hurricane Danielle on August 24, while the southern portion of the wave axis continued westward. The wave remained inactive and difficult to track as it crossed the Atlantic. On September 3, an area of convection began to develop near Acapulco, at the same time and location where the wave would have been based on extrapolation. The disturbance became better defined on September 5 as it tracked west-northwestward, and on September 6 the convection became sufficiently organized and persistent for the National Hurricane Center to classify it as Tropical Depression Eleven-E, while it was located about 200 miles (320 km) southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico.[38]
Easterly
The National Hurricane Center advised small craft along coastal areas of Mexico to monitor the progress of the storm. Javier produced moderate rainfall along coastal regions of Mexico, including a 24-hour peak of 7.36 inches (187 mm) in Colima, 6.69 inches (170 mm) in Michoacán, and 3.34 inches (85 mm) in Jalisco. Puerto Vallarta reported the highest total rainfall, at 17.33 inches (440 mm).[40] Damage, if any, is unknown.[41]
Tropical Depression Twelve-E
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 1 – October 3 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min); 1003 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical disturbance developed persistent convection in association with a low-level circulation, and organized into Tropical Depression Twelve-E late on October 1 about 350 miles (560 km) west-northwest of Manzanillo, Mexico. Within an environment of weak steering currents, the depression was initially forecast to track slowly west-northwestward and reach winds of 60 mph (97 km/h), but instead it drifted eastward before turning slowly to the west.[42][43] The depression failed to organize and gradually worsened in appearance. Early on October 2, two ships reported southwest winds much further to the north, with the National Hurricane Center indicating that either the center was exceedingly small, that no center existed at the time, or that the center was located far to the north of the thunderstorm activity. Operationally, the center was relocated further to the north,[44] then relocated about 115 miles (185 km) to the south six hours later based on visible satellite images,[45] then again relocated to the north, coinciding with officials issuing the last advisory on the system. By early October 3, the depression possessed only intermittent convection,[46] and later that day it dissipated to the southwest of the Baja California peninsula.[43] Heavy rains from its eastern periphery fell across southwest Mexico, with a maximum total of 6.34 inches (161 mm) at Las Gaviotas/Compostela.[47]
Hurricane Kay
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 13 – October 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 987 mbar (hPa) |
A small, low-level circulation separated itself from the
The storm center was at first ill-defined,[49] and post-season analysis estimates that it intensified into Tropical Storm Kay about 6 hours after developing. After becoming a tropical storm, Kay rapidly organized as it tracked generally westward. A pinhole eye developed in the center of the convection, and Kay attained hurricane status late on October 13, about 18 hours after developing. After remaining a hurricane for about 12 hours, the eye disappeared and the convection weakened, and early on October 14 Kay degenerated into a tropical storm. Within an environment of weak steering currents, the storm turned to the southwest, then to the south, after weakening to a tropical depression on October 15. Convection sporadically redeveloped, but failed to persist. Kay turned to the southeast and later to the east, and the system dissipated on October 17, about 330 miles (530 km) south-southwest of its origin. Kay never affected land.[50]
Hurricane Lester
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 15 – October 26 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min); 965 mbar (hPa) |
A
Early in its lifetime, Lester produced heavy rainfall across southwestern Guatemala. The rainfall destroyed some houses and killed livestock, and a mudslide from the heavy precipitation killed two children.[52] In Honduras, rainfall from the hurricane destroyed a bridge in Tegucigalpa, affecting about 1,000 people.[53] Moisture brought around the northeast periphery of the Sierra Madre Occidental led to a narrow band of heavy rainfall along the upslope side of the mountain range, with a local precipitation maximum exceeding 14 inches (360 mm).[54] Though no surface reports are available, it is estimated that tropical-storm-force winds occurred along coastal areas of southern Mexico.[51]
Hurricane Madeline
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 16 – October 20 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min); 979 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 25, and remained disorganized while crossing the Atlantic Ocean before crossing Central America into the Pacific Ocean. It continued westward, and on October 15 began to steadily organize until developing into Tropical Depression Fifteen-E on October 16, about 230 miles (370 km) west-southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico. At the western end of a mid-level ridge, the depression tracked north-northwestward. 12 hours after first developing, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Madeline. Banding features gradually improved in organization, and late on October 17, Madeline attained hurricane status. On October 18, Madeline attained peak winds of 85 mph (137 km/h) about 95 miles (153 km) southwest of San Blas, Nayarit. Late on October 19, the hurricane degenerated into a tropical storm, and early on October 20, Madeline dissipated in the southern portion of the Gulf of California.[55]
Some of the rainbands from Madeline moved over portions of southwest Mexico, with close to 9 inches (230 mm) falling at Cabo Corrientes.[56] No damage or casualties were reported as a result of the storm in Mexico.[55] Moisture from Madeline contributed to heavy rainfall across southeastern Texas, reaching over 22 inches (560 mm) in some locations. Thirty-one people died due to the flooding, and damage totaled $750 million (1998 USD).[57]
Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W during 1998.[58] This is the same list used in the 1992 season.[59] No names were retired from the list following the season,[60] and it was used again for the 2004 season.[61]
|
|
For storms that form in the North Pacific between 140°W to the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list.[58] No named storms formed in the central North Pacific in 1998. Named storms in the table above that crossed into the area during the year are noted (*).[62]
Season effects
This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 1998 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration (within the basin), peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1998 USD.
Saffir–Simpson scale | ||||||
TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
Storm name |
Dates active | Storm category at peak intensity |
Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) |
Min. press. (mbar) |
Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Ref(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agatha | June 11–16 | Tropical storm | 65 (100) | 993 | None | None | None | |||
Two-E | June 19–22 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1003 | None | None | None | |||
Blas | June 22–30 | Category 4 hurricane | 140 (220) | 943 | Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands | Minimal | 4 | |||
Celia | July 17–21 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 997 | Baja California Peninsula, Revillagigedo Islands, California
|
Unknown | None | |||
Darby | July 23 – August 1 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 (185) | 958 | Hawaii | None | None | |||
Estelle | July 29 – August 8 | Category 4 hurricane | 130 (215) | 948 | None | None | None | |||
Frank | August 6–10 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1001 | Baja California Peninsula, Southwestern United States, Arizona
|
None | 3 | |||
Georgette | August 11–17 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 (185) | 960 | None | None | None | |||
One-C | August 16–19 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1010 | None | None | None | |||
Howard | August 20–30 | Category 4 hurricane | 150 (240) | 932 | None | None | None | |||
Isis | September 1–3 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 988 | Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico, Southwestern United States, Northwestern United States
|
$10 million | 14 | |||
Javier | September 6–14 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 995 | Revillagigedo Islands, Southwestern Mexico | Unknown | None | |||
Twelve-E | October 1–3 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1003 | None | None | None | |||
Kay | October 13–17 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 987 | None | None | None | |||
Lester | October 15–26 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 (185) | 965 | Southwestern Mexico | None | 2 | |||
Madeline | October 16–20 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 (140) | 979 | Southwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula, Texas | $750 million | 31 | |||
Season aggregates | ||||||||||
16 systems | June 11 – October 26 | 150 (240) | 932 | $760 million | 54 |
See also
- 1998 Atlantic hurricane season
- 1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- 1998 Pacific typhoon season
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 1997–98, 1998–99
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 1997–98, 1998–99
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1997–98, 1998–99
- List of Pacific hurricanes
- Pacific hurricane season
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External links
- NHC 1998 Pacific hurricane season archive
- HPC 1998 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall pages
- Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive