1999 Odisha cyclone
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | 25 October 1999 |
Remnant low | 31 October 1999 |
Dissipated | 4 November 1999 |
Super cyclonic storm | |
3-minute sustained (IMD) | |
Highest winds | 260 km/h (160 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 912 hPa (mbar); 26.93 inHg (Record low in North Indian Ocean) |
Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
Highest winds | 260 km/h (160 mph) |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 9,887 (Using IMD figure.[1] Some estimates range up to 30,000[2]) |
Damage | $4.44 billion (1999 USD) |
Areas affected | Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India (particularly Odisha) |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season |
The 1999 Odisha cyclone (
Although its primary effects were felt in a localized area of India, the outer fringes of the super cyclone impacted
Recovery efforts were extensive following the storm's passage. The
Meteorological history
Although the storm organized into a
Under the steering influence of an upper-level
Rather than moving inland as forecast, the tropical cyclone became quasi-stationary over the coastal Jajpur area as it laid within a weak steering region between two upper-level anticyclones.[6] Remaining situated over land, the storm steadily weakened as it began to advect dry air into its circulation,[2] deteriorating into a cyclonic storm on 30 October.[1] The entraining of dry air limited thunderstorm activity to a single rainband to the system's northeast.[2] Soon, the weakening storm became caught in a mid-tropospheric wind flow, inducing a southward drift that brought BOB 06 back over the Bay of Bengal. The cyclone continued to weaken over water, and the IMD stopped monitoring the storm on 31 October;[1] the JTWC followed suit a day later. The remnant low-pressure system continued to meander around the area for a few more days before eventually dissipating.[2]
Preparations
The India Meteorological Department periodically issued cyclone warning bulletins during the storm's lifetime, with the first being directed to the Chief Secretary of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands on 26 October; the first bulletin noted potential impacts and advised fishermen not to venture out to sea. Six warnings were issued for the islands, with the last being issued on 27 October once the storm passed to the north and west. Due to initial uncertainty in the storm's forecast track, the first warnings for the coast of mainland India on 27 October concerned northern Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal. Hourly dissemination of cyclone bulletins were carried out by Doordarshan and All India Radio beginning on 28 October. These warnings eventually narrowed in scope to the eventually affected areas, with the last warning being issued for Odisha on 31 October.[6]
The Indian
Impact
Myanmar and Bangladesh
In Myanmar, 10 people were killed and 20,000 families were displaced.[13]
Passing south of Bangladesh, the 1999 Odisha super cyclone's northern fringes swept across the country, killing two people and initially causing 200 fishermen to go missing. Substantial damage to housing was reported.[12]
India
|
The state of Odisha sustained the most catastrophic damage associated with Cyclone BOB 06, which was considered the state's severest cyclone of the 20th century.
Along the Odisha coast, the cyclone generated a 5–6 m (16–20 ft) storm surge that brought water up to 35 km (20 mi) inland, inundating a large swath of coastal areas.[1] The Indian Ministry of Urban Development estimated a peak storm surge height of 6.7 m (22 ft).[6] One visually estimated storm surge of 9 m (30 ft) was reported; however, this estimate was determined to have been too high.[1] Regardless, no in-situ measurement of the peak storm surge exists as all potential instruments were destroyed by the storm. Storm surge was responsible for a majority of the fatalities linked to the 1999 Odisha cyclone, accounting for around 7,000 deaths.[6] The intense wave action sank 9,085 fishing boats and caused the loss of 22,143 fishing nets. Some fishing trawlers were carried and deposited 1.5–2.0 km (0.9–1.2 mi) inland. A 4 km (2.5 mi) stretch of road leading out of Paradip was covered by sand dunes measuring 1 m (3.3 ft) in height and 0.5 km (0.3 mi) in width.[1] Paradip Port sustained severe damage to several components including various warehouses and its power transmission system, though its core infrastructure remained intact.[6] Damage at the port was estimated at around ₹300 million (US$6.9 million).[19][note 5] The storm surge destroyed nearly every house in Paradip near the point of landfall.[2] In Gopalpur, 27 villages were submerged by the surge.[20] To the south in southern Andhra Pradesh, 48 trawlers sank.[21] To the north in West Bengal, Substantial damage to housing was reported, causing injuries to 30 people in Midnapore.[12]
Stations in Paradip and Bhubaneswar each recorded sustained winds of 150 km/h (95 mph) before their instruments failed. Winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) were measured in Puri as the cyclone passed to the north.[1] The strong winds damaged electric lines and uprooted trees over 50 years old in Puri and Kendrapada. Downed power lines across the state cut off communications between Odisha and the rest of the world for over 24 hours and caused widespread power outages.[6] According to the Southern Electricity Supply Corporation, damage to the power grid caused by the cyclone totaled ₹330 million (US$4.4 million).[22] Stalling over land, the Odisha cyclone dropped torrential rainfall, with 24-hour rainfall rates at times exceeding 20 cm (7.9 in); Paradip documented 53 cm (20.9 in) over one 24-hour period. Over the course of the storm's passage, total rainfall amounts over 60 cm (23.6 in) occurred over a large swath of Odisha.[1] The highest recorded rainfall total was documented in Oupada, which measured 95.5 cm (37.60 in) of rain over a three-day period. Flooding caused by the storm was estimated to have killed approximately 2,000 people.[6] The heavy rains flattened thatched huts and damaged roads and other infrastructure.[1] Within the seven worst affected districts, over 70% of homes were destroyed; most of these were thatched homes, though 10–15% of non-thatch roofed homes were also destroyed.[22] Approximately 11,000 schools were either significantly damaged or destroyed.[22] All major district roads in the area were either washed out or blocked by felled trees.[16] In Bhubaneswar, 60% of trees were flattened by the winds and rain;[1] aerial surveys revealed that the entire city was submerged by floodwaters.[23] Adjacent areas were nearly stripped of all tree cover.[16] Until 8 November, the city remained without power. The inundation induced by the far-reaching storm surge and heavy rain kept Konark submerged in knee-deep water for six days after landfall.[1] Over the course of four days, the excessive rainfall caused the flooding of the Baitarani, Brahmani, Budhabalanga, Kharasua, and Salandi rivers, resulting in 20,005 flood embankment breaches and the damaging of 6 headworks.[6] Thousands of people suffered chemical burns after the flooding mixed industrial chemicals into bathing ponds.[2] Oswal Chemicals and Fertilisers, which maintained the world's largest diammonium phosphate plant, reported severe damage to the facility.[21] In the five districts most affected, all electric water pumps were disabled, though hand pumps remained operable.[22]
Aftermath
Country | Contribution (USD)[note 6] |
Source(s) |
---|---|---|
Australia | $191,700 | [24] |
Canada | $203,964 | [25] |
Denmark | $64,361 | [26][note 7] |
European Union | $2,102,000 | [27] |
Finland | $176,955 | [26][note 7] |
Germany | $234,447 | [26][note 7] |
Netherlands | $238,554 | [26][note 7] |
New Zealand | $99,823 | [26][note 7] |
Sweden | $121,959 | [26][note 7] |
Switzerland | $845,236 | [26][28] |
United Kingdom | $1,300,000 | [29] |
United States | $7,482,000 | [22] |
Total | $13,060,999 |
The Government of India declared a national disaster in the aftermath of the cyclone, though international appeals were initially unanticipated.[30] The destruction wrought by the cyclone was expected to cause a six-month-long total loss of normal livelihood.[16] Damage sustained to various sanitation infrastructure led to a heightened risk of communicable disease outbreaks; indeed, diarrhea and cholera saw increased incidences following the storm's impact. Within a month of the cyclone's landfall, the Odisha state government reported 22,296 cases of diarrheal disorders. The area's vulnerability to disease was also compounded by a lack of pre-storm vaccinations, raising fears of a potential measles outbreak.[22] The outbreak of diseases caused by the storm's effects stabilized by February 2000.[31] For most locations, the initial loss of telecommunication and rail operation was restored within a few days.[32]
On 2 November, the
Between 12 and 14 international
Runoff caused by the cyclone enhanced available nutrients in the Bay of Bengal, supplementing the already present equatorward ocean current and resulting in an increase in chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon in the region.[46]
See also
- Cyclone Gonu – The most powerful tropical cyclone recorded in the Arabian Sea
- Cyclone Nargis – The sixth-deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide, also the second costliest tropical cyclone recorded in the North Indian Ocean
- Cyclone Phailin – a powerful Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone that made landfall near the same location as the 1999 Odisha cyclone
- Cyclone Hudhud – costly and powerful Category 4 tropical cyclone, with impacts extending from Visakhapatnam into Nepal
- 1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone – considered India's first confirmed super cyclonic storm
- 1970 Bhola cyclone – The deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide
- Cyclone Fani – Another cyclone that also impacted Odisha 20 years later
- Kathantara – an Odia disaster film based on the 1999 Odisha cyclone.
Notes
- Parliament.[4]
- ^ Monetary figures are in their originally reported currency. Conversions to United States dollar were made through Oanda using 29 October 1999 exchange rates unless otherwise noted.
- ^ All dates are based on Coordinated Universal Time unless otherwise noted.
- ^ This identification convention is established by the World Meteorological Organization. The designation BOB 06 indicates that the storm was the sixth to form in the Bay of Bengal that year.[7] This was the primary system used by the IMD to identify cyclones until 2004, when names were introduced.[8]
- ^ This conversion from rupees to United States dollars was included in original reporting.[19]
- ^ Values converted to United States dollar via Oanda using 29 October 1999 exchange rates
- ^ a b c d e f Contribution through respective country's branch of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 1999 (PDF). India Meteorological Department (Report). RSMC-Tropical Cyclones New Delhi. February 2000. pp. 50–64. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Padgett, Gary (4 January 2007). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary October 1999". Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary. Australiansevereweather.com. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ a b c McPherson, Terry; Stapler, Wendell (2000). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF). Naval Oceanography Operations Command (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, United States: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 154–159. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "Orissa's new name is Odisha". The Times of India. New Delhi. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "India - Cyclone Fact Sheet #1, Fiscal Year (FY) 2000 - India". 16 November 1999.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kalsi, S. R. (January 2006). "Orissa super cyclone – A Synopsis" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Meteorology, Hydrology & Geophysics. 57 (1). New Delhi, Delhi, India: India Meteorological Department: 1–20. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "Terminologies used in the region of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea". Severe Weather Information Centre. World Meteorological Organization. 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "How are cyclones named?". India Today. 12 October 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
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ignored (help) - ^ IMD Cyclone Warning Division. Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean (PDF) (Report). New Delhi, Delhi, India: India Meteorological Department. p. 5. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "Best Tracks Data (1990–2015)" (XLS). New Delhi, Delhi, India: India Meteorological Department. 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "Indian Army Evacuates People Ahead of Cyclone". New Delhi, Delhi, India: ReliefWeb. Reuters. 29 October 1999. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ a b c United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs (29 October 1999). Bangladesh/India – Cyclone OCHA Situation Report No. 2 (Situation Report). Geneva, Switzerland: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ a b c International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (30 October 1999). Orissa, India: Cyclone Information Bulletin No. 1 (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ UN Disaster Management Team (2 December 1999). "Orissa Super Cyclone Situation Report 9". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
- ^ Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (17 November 1999). "EM-DAT". Brussels, Belgium: Université catholique de Louvain. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ a b c d Oxfam (5 November 1999). "Black Friday: An Oxfam programme officer's report from Orissa". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^ Mohanty, Sambit (3 November 1999). "India relief teams battle cyclone calamity". Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India: ReliefWeb. Reuters. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^ Francis, Simon; Gunturi, Prassad V. S. K.; Arora, Munish (2001). "Performance of Built Environment in the Oct 1999 Orissa Super Cyclone" (PDF). Pilani, Rajasthan, India: Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
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(help) - ^ a b "India Minister Mobbed As Storm Victims Demand Food". Paradip, Odisha, India: ReliefWeb. Reuters. 2 November 1999.
- ^ a b Save the Children (1 November 1999). SCF: Statement India Cyclone (Report). London, United Kingdom: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ a b Watts, Himangshu (1 November 1999). "Relief reaches India's battered east coast". Paradip, Odisha, India: ReliefWeb. Reuters. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i United States Agency for International Development (16 November 1999). "India Cyclone Factsheet #1, FY 2000". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ World Vision (1 November 1999). "Aid rush to victims of India's 'Supercyclone'". Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ a b Government of Australia (12 November 1999). "Australia to assist Indian cyclone victims". Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ a b Canadian International Development Agency (12 November 1999). "Maria Minna Increases CIDA's Contribution for Victims of the Cyclone in India to $300,000". Ottawa, Quebec, Canada: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (13 November 2002). "India: Orissa Cyclone Appeal No. 28/1999 Final Report". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ a b European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (4 November 1999). Cyclone in Orissa : humanitarian aid worth euro 2 million (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ a b Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (25 November 1999). La Confédération soutient les victimes du cyclone en Inde (Report) (in French). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ a b Department for International Development (5 November 1999). "From the Department for International Development: Assistance for Orissa, India". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ a b c d United Nations Children's Fund (31 October 1999). Cyclone in Orissa: UNICEF Situation Report 3 (Report). New York, United States: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ a b Oxfam (1 February 2000). "Orissa cyclone emergency update 01 Feb 2000". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^ "Indian Cyclone chaos hampers rescue efforts". Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India: ReliefWeb. Reuters. 2 November 1999. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^ a b c "India – Cyclone OCHA Situation Report No. 3". Geneva, Switzerland: ReliefWeb. 1 November 1999. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ "Cyclone-hit areas suffering from medicine, milk shortage". New Delhi: ReliefWeb. Reuters. 8 November 1999. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^ Government of India (10 November 1999). "Constitution of a High Powered Task Force on 10.11.99 for rehabilitation and Reconstruction in the cyclone affected areas of Orissa". New Delhi, Delhi, India: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ "India villages refuse to clear dead". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio, United States. Associated Press. 12 November 1999. p. 21. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^ Canadian International Development Agency (2 November 1999). Maria Minna Announces $150,000 CIDA Contribution to Help Victims of Cyclone in India (Report). Ottawa, Quebec, Canada: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ Department for International Development (7 January 2000). Britain helps to "get Orissa back on its feet" minister announces new aid package in wake of cyclone (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ Oxfam (29 October 1999). Orissa cyclone emergency update 29 Oct 99 (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ Oxfam (5 November 1999). "Oxfam Orissa cyclone appeal". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^ a b Action by Churches Together International (1 November 1999). "ACT Alert: India – No 2/99 – A second, "super" Cyclone hits Orissa". Geneva, Switzerland: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ Lutheran World Relief (30 October 1999). India Cyclone (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ CARE (1 November 1999). CARE Provides Food and Shelter for Cyclone Victims in India (Report). Atlanta, Georgia, United States: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ "1999 Cyclone Orissa, India". BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha. Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ Iveson, Gary (7 July 2000). "Orissa cyclone: Reconstruction in Ganjam". Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ^ Madhu, N. V.; Maheswaran, P. A.; Jyothibabu, R.; Sunil, V.; Revichandran, C.; Balasubramanian, T.; Gopalakrishnan, T. C.; Nair, K. K. C. (25 June 2002). "Enhanced biological production off Chennai triggered by October 1999 super cyclone (Orissa)". Current Science. 82 (12). National Institute of Oceanography: 1472–1479. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
External links
- Damage photos
- Damage video from CNN Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine