1999 Odisha cyclone

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1999 Odisha cyclone
The cyclone on 29 October at its record peak intensity, as it made landfall on Odisha
Meteorological history
Formed25 October 1999 (1999-10-25)
Remnant low31 October 1999 (1999-10-31)
Dissipated4 November 1999 (1999-11-04)
Super cyclonic storm
3-minute sustained (IMD)
Highest winds260 km/h (160 mph)
Lowest pressure912 hPa (mbar); 26.93 inHg
(Record low in North Indian Ocean)
Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds260 km/h (160 mph)
Overall effects
Fatalities9,887
(Using IMD figure.[1] Some estimates range up to 30,000[2])
Damage$4.44 billion (1999 USD)
Areas affectedThailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India (particularly Odisha)
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata

Part of the 1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The 1999 Odisha cyclone (

mbar (hPa; 26.93 inHg). The storm maintained this intensity as it made landfall on Odisha on 29 October. The cyclone steadily weakened due to persistent land interaction and dry air, remaining quasi-stationary for two days before slowly drifting offshore as a much weaker system; the storm dissipated on 4 November over the Bay of Bengal
.

Although its primary effects were felt in a localized area of India, the outer fringes of the super cyclone impacted

sugar cane, rice, and other winter-time harvests. Although estimates of the death toll varied significantly—at times suggesting 30,000 fatalities—the Government of India enumerated 9,887 fatalities in the country, of which a majority were caused by storm surge; over 8,000 deaths occurred in Jagatsinghpur. The total damage cost of the destruction wrought by the super cyclone amounted to US$4.44 billion.[note 2]

Recovery efforts were extensive following the storm's passage. The

aid agencies
concurrently participated in relief efforts in the storm's aftermath.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Although the storm organized into a

Rangoon, Myanmar.[2]

Under the steering influence of an upper-level

North Indian Ocean by pressure with sustained winds at the time matched by only two other known cyclones in the Bay of Bengal.[2][6][10] At the time, the 1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone was the only storm in the region of comparable intensity.[1] Although the storm's organization and appearance deteriorated as it neared land, BOB 06's intensity held steady up until it made landfall on the Odisha coast between Puri and Kendrapara at 06:00 UTC on 29 October.[1][2]

Rather than moving inland as forecast, the tropical cyclone became quasi-stationary over the coastal Jajpur area as it laid within a weak steering region between two upper-level anticyclones.[6] Remaining situated over land, the storm steadily weakened as it began to advect dry air into its circulation,[2] deteriorating into a cyclonic storm on 30 October.[1] The entraining of dry air limited thunderstorm activity to a single rainband to the system's northeast.[2] Soon, the weakening storm became caught in a mid-tropospheric wind flow, inducing a southward drift that brought BOB 06 back over the Bay of Bengal. The cyclone continued to weaken over water, and the IMD stopped monitoring the storm on 31 October;[1] the JTWC followed suit a day later. The remnant low-pressure system continued to meander around the area for a few more days before eventually dissipating.[2]

Preparations

Image of a cyclone whose center is slightly above center. The storm's clouds appear white with a bluish tinge. An eye is visible in gray shades at the storm's center. While the thicker clouds are opaque and clustered around the cyclone's center, sprawling, transparent clouds span the length of the image.
Cyclone 05B as it was rapidly intensifying on 28 October. At the time, it was classified as a 'Very Severe Cyclonic Storm.'
Forecasted track of Cyclone 05B on October 29th, 1999, forecasted to turn towards Bangladesh after landfall.

The India Meteorological Department periodically issued cyclone warning bulletins during the storm's lifetime, with the first being directed to the Chief Secretary of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands on 26 October; the first bulletin noted potential impacts and advised fishermen not to venture out to sea. Six warnings were issued for the islands, with the last being issued on 27 October once the storm passed to the north and west. Due to initial uncertainty in the storm's forecast track, the first warnings for the coast of mainland India on 27 October concerned northern Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal. Hourly dissemination of cyclone bulletins were carried out by Doordarshan and All India Radio beginning on 28 October. These warnings eventually narrowed in scope to the eventually affected areas, with the last warning being issued for Odisha on 31 October.[6]

The Indian

Paradip Port, twelve docked ships were evacuated out to sea to avoid the cyclone.[6] In neighboring West Bengal, 200,000 people were evacuated from the state's vulnerable low-lying islands.[11] The Indian Army was placed on stand-by, and food supplies were stocked up in prone regions. Train service was cancelled for the areas expected to be impacted by the cyclone.[12]

Impact

Myanmar and Bangladesh

In Myanmar, 10 people were killed and 20,000 families were displaced.[13]

Passing south of Bangladesh, the 1999 Odisha super cyclone's northern fringes swept across the country, killing two people and initially causing 200 fishermen to go missing. Substantial damage to housing was reported.[12]

India

Effects in Odisha[1][14]
Casualties
District Deaths Affected population Houses damaged
Balasore 51 1,228,000 96,830
Bhadrak 98 1,347,000 116,880
Cuttack 471 2,367,000 433,000
Dhenkanal 55 70,000 62,230
Jagatsinghpur 8,119 1,200,000 284,337
Jajpur 188 1,550,000 249,893
Kendrapada 469 1,400,000 279,091
Keonjhar 91 2,500,000 55,200
Khurda 91 1,311,000 95,540
Puri 301 1,500,000 134,841
Mayurbhanj 10 198,000 9,500
Nayagarh 3 11,190 11,190
Totals 9,887 12,571,000 1,828,532

The state of Odisha sustained the most catastrophic damage associated with Cyclone BOB 06, which was considered the state's severest cyclone of the 20th century.

sugar cane crop was destroyed alongside other kharif and rabi crops.[16] About 2 million tonnes (2.2 million tons) of the winter rice crop was destroyed.[17] Total damage caused by the destructive cyclone amounted to US$4.4444 billion.[18]

Along the Odisha coast, the cyclone generated a 5–6 m (16–20 ft) storm surge that brought water up to 35 km (20 mi) inland, inundating a large swath of coastal areas.[1] The Indian Ministry of Urban Development estimated a peak storm surge height of 6.7 m (22 ft).[6] One visually estimated storm surge of 9 m (30 ft) was reported; however, this estimate was determined to have been too high.[1] Regardless, no in-situ measurement of the peak storm surge exists as all potential instruments were destroyed by the storm. Storm surge was responsible for a majority of the fatalities linked to the 1999 Odisha cyclone, accounting for around 7,000 deaths.[6] The intense wave action sank 9,085 fishing boats and caused the loss of 22,143 fishing nets. Some fishing trawlers were carried and deposited 1.5–2.0 km (0.9–1.2 mi) inland. A 4 km (2.5 mi) stretch of road leading out of Paradip was covered by sand dunes measuring 1 m (3.3 ft) in height and 0.5 km (0.3 mi) in width.[1] Paradip Port sustained severe damage to several components including various warehouses and its power transmission system, though its core infrastructure remained intact.[6] Damage at the port was estimated at around ₹300 million (US$6.9 million).[19][note 5] The storm surge destroyed nearly every house in Paradip near the point of landfall.[2] In Gopalpur, 27 villages were submerged by the surge.[20] To the south in southern Andhra Pradesh, 48 trawlers sank.[21] To the north in West Bengal, Substantial damage to housing was reported, causing injuries to 30 people in Midnapore.[12]

Stations in Paradip and Bhubaneswar each recorded sustained winds of 150 km/h (95 mph) before their instruments failed. Winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) were measured in Puri as the cyclone passed to the north.[1] The strong winds damaged electric lines and uprooted trees over 50 years old in Puri and Kendrapada. Downed power lines across the state cut off communications between Odisha and the rest of the world for over 24 hours and caused widespread power outages.[6] According to the Southern Electricity Supply Corporation, damage to the power grid caused by the cyclone totaled ₹330 million (US$4.4 million).[22] Stalling over land, the Odisha cyclone dropped torrential rainfall, with 24-hour rainfall rates at times exceeding 20 cm (7.9 in); Paradip documented 53 cm (20.9 in) over one 24-hour period. Over the course of the storm's passage, total rainfall amounts over 60 cm (23.6 in) occurred over a large swath of Odisha.[1] The highest recorded rainfall total was documented in Oupada, which measured 95.5 cm (37.60 in) of rain over a three-day period. Flooding caused by the storm was estimated to have killed approximately 2,000 people.[6] The heavy rains flattened thatched huts and damaged roads and other infrastructure.[1] Within the seven worst affected districts, over 70% of homes were destroyed; most of these were thatched homes, though 10–15% of non-thatch roofed homes were also destroyed.[22] Approximately 11,000 schools were either significantly damaged or destroyed.[22] All major district roads in the area were either washed out or blocked by felled trees.[16] In Bhubaneswar, 60% of trees were flattened by the winds and rain;[1] aerial surveys revealed that the entire city was submerged by floodwaters.[23] Adjacent areas were nearly stripped of all tree cover.[16] Until 8 November, the city remained without power. The inundation induced by the far-reaching storm surge and heavy rain kept Konark submerged in knee-deep water for six days after landfall.[1] Over the course of four days, the excessive rainfall caused the flooding of the Baitarani, Brahmani, Budhabalanga, Kharasua, and Salandi rivers, resulting in 20,005 flood embankment breaches and the damaging of 6 headworks.[6] Thousands of people suffered chemical burns after the flooding mixed industrial chemicals into bathing ponds.[2] Oswal Chemicals and Fertilisers, which maintained the world's largest diammonium phosphate plant, reported severe damage to the facility.[21] In the five districts most affected, all electric water pumps were disabled, though hand pumps remained operable.[22]

Aftermath

Foreign government contributions
Country Contribution
(USD)[note 6]
Source(s)
Australia $191,700 [24]
Canada $203,964 [25]
Denmark $64,361 [26][note 7]
European Union $2,102,000 [27]
Finland $176,955 [26][note 7]
Germany $234,447 [26][note 7]
Netherlands $238,554 [26][note 7]
New Zealand $99,823 [26][note 7]
Sweden $121,959 [26][note 7]
Switzerland $845,236 [26][28]
United Kingdom $1,300,000 [29]
United States $7,482,000 [22]
Total $13,060,999

The Government of India declared a national disaster in the aftermath of the cyclone, though international appeals were initially unanticipated.[30] The destruction wrought by the cyclone was expected to cause a six-month-long total loss of normal livelihood.[16] Damage sustained to various sanitation infrastructure led to a heightened risk of communicable disease outbreaks; indeed, diarrhea and cholera saw increased incidences following the storm's impact. Within a month of the cyclone's landfall, the Odisha state government reported 22,296 cases of diarrheal disorders. The area's vulnerability to disease was also compounded by a lack of pre-storm vaccinations, raising fears of a potential measles outbreak.[22] The outbreak of diseases caused by the storm's effects stabilized by February 2000.[31] For most locations, the initial loss of telecommunication and rail operation was restored within a few days.[32]

Dalits from New Delhi and 500 from Odisha to carry out the carcass removal.[36]

On 2 November, the

United Nations Children's Fund allocated more than US$100,000 to help supply basic health and shelter needs,[30] while the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs made a similar allocation through an emergency grant and with reserves from an earlier grant from Norway.[33]

Between 12 and 14 international

Calcutta, with initial supplies valued at CHF 20,000 (US$19,491). In addition to the Indian society of the Red Cross, a joint Indian and International Federation assessment team was assembled to survey the damage.[13] CARE carried over its preexisting relief operations from the early October cyclone, routing food supplies by train to hard-hit locations in Odisha.[43] The Odisha state branch of the Red Cross extended the emergency relief phase to a three-month relief operation and a six-month rehabilitation program with the help of the Federation. The overall humanitarian response spanned well into late 2000.[26] Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha dispatched aid to 91 villages greatly affected by the storm in the Jagatsinghpur and Kendrapada districts; medical camps were established in 32 villages. Three villages were "adopted" by BAPS Charities in January 2000 to rebuild in Jagatsinghpur: Chakulia, Banipat, and Potak. A total of 200 concrete homes were constructed, as well as two concrete schools and two village tube-wells. The project was finally completed in May 2002, two and a half years after the cyclone hit.[44] Similarly, Oxfam facilitated various restoration projects in the Ganjam district, including in the communities of Denotified Tribes.[31][45]

Runoff caused by the cyclone enhanced available nutrients in the Bay of Bengal, supplementing the already present equatorward ocean current and resulting in an increase in chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon in the region.[46]

See also

  • Cyclone Gonu – The most powerful tropical cyclone recorded in the Arabian Sea
  • Cyclone Nargis – The sixth-deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide, also the second costliest tropical cyclone recorded in the North Indian Ocean
  • Cyclone Phailin – a powerful Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone that made landfall near the same location as the 1999 Odisha cyclone
  • Cyclone Hudhud – costly and powerful Category 4 tropical cyclone, with impacts extending from Visakhapatnam into Nepal
  • 1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone – considered India's first confirmed super cyclonic storm
  • 1970 Bhola cyclone – The deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide
  • Cyclone Fani – Another cyclone that also impacted Odisha 20 years later
  • Kathantara – an Odia disaster film based on the 1999 Odisha cyclone.

Notes

  1. Parliament.[4]
  2. ^ Monetary figures are in their originally reported currency. Conversions to United States dollar were made through Oanda using 29 October 1999 exchange rates unless otherwise noted.
  3. ^ All dates are based on Coordinated Universal Time unless otherwise noted.
  4. ^ This identification convention is established by the World Meteorological Organization. The designation BOB 06 indicates that the storm was the sixth to form in the Bay of Bengal that year.[7] This was the primary system used by the IMD to identify cyclones until 2004, when names were introduced.[8]
  5. ^ This conversion from rupees to United States dollars was included in original reporting.[19]
  6. ^ Values converted to United States dollar via Oanda using 29 October 1999 exchange rates
  7. ^ a b c d e f Contribution through respective country's branch of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 1999 (PDF). India Meteorological Department (Report). RSMC-Tropical Cyclones New Delhi. February 2000. pp. 50–64. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Padgett, Gary (4 January 2007). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary October 1999". Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary. Australiansevereweather.com. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  3. ^ a b c McPherson, Terry; Stapler, Wendell (2000). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF). Naval Oceanography Operations Command (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, United States: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 154–159. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  4. ^ "Orissa's new name is Odisha". The Times of India. New Delhi. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  5. ^ "India - Cyclone Fact Sheet #1, Fiscal Year (FY) 2000 - India". 16 November 1999.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kalsi, S. R. (January 2006). "Orissa super cyclone – A Synopsis" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Meteorology, Hydrology & Geophysics. 57 (1). New Delhi, Delhi, India: India Meteorological Department: 1–20. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  7. ^ "Terminologies used in the region of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea". Severe Weather Information Centre. World Meteorological Organization. 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  8. ^ "How are cyclones named?". India Today. 12 October 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2017. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  9. ^ IMD Cyclone Warning Division. Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean (PDF) (Report). New Delhi, Delhi, India: India Meteorological Department. p. 5. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  10. ^ "Best Tracks Data (1990–2015)" (XLS). New Delhi, Delhi, India: India Meteorological Department. 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  11. ^ "Indian Army Evacuates People Ahead of Cyclone". New Delhi, Delhi, India: ReliefWeb. Reuters. 29 October 1999. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  12. ^ a b c United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs (29 October 1999). Bangladesh/India – Cyclone OCHA Situation Report No. 2 (Situation Report). Geneva, Switzerland: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  13. ^ a b c International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (30 October 1999). Orissa, India: Cyclone Information Bulletin No. 1 (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  14. ^ UN Disaster Management Team (2 December 1999). "Orissa Super Cyclone Situation Report 9". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  15. ^ Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (17 November 1999). "EM-DAT". Brussels, Belgium: Université catholique de Louvain. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  16. ^ a b c d Oxfam (5 November 1999). "Black Friday: An Oxfam programme officer's report from Orissa". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  17. ^ Mohanty, Sambit (3 November 1999). "India relief teams battle cyclone calamity". Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India: ReliefWeb. Reuters. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  18. ^ Francis, Simon; Gunturi, Prassad V. S. K.; Arora, Munish (2001). "Performance of Built Environment in the Oct 1999 Orissa Super Cyclone" (PDF). Pilani, Rajasthan, India: Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ a b "India Minister Mobbed As Storm Victims Demand Food". Paradip, Odisha, India: ReliefWeb. Reuters. 2 November 1999.
  20. ^ a b Save the Children (1 November 1999). SCF: Statement India Cyclone (Report). London, United Kingdom: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  21. ^ a b Watts, Himangshu (1 November 1999). "Relief reaches India's battered east coast". Paradip, Odisha, India: ReliefWeb. Reuters. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i United States Agency for International Development (16 November 1999). "India Cyclone Factsheet #1, FY 2000". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  23. ^ World Vision (1 November 1999). "Aid rush to victims of India's 'Supercyclone'". Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  24. ^ a b Government of Australia (12 November 1999). "Australia to assist Indian cyclone victims". Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  25. ^ a b Canadian International Development Agency (12 November 1999). "Maria Minna Increases CIDA's Contribution for Victims of the Cyclone in India to $300,000". Ottawa, Quebec, Canada: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (13 November 2002). "India: Orissa Cyclone Appeal No. 28/1999 Final Report". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  27. ^ a b European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (4 November 1999). Cyclone in Orissa : humanitarian aid worth euro 2 million (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  28. ^ a b Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (25 November 1999). La Confédération soutient les victimes du cyclone en Inde (Report) (in French). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  29. ^ a b Department for International Development (5 November 1999). "From the Department for International Development: Assistance for Orissa, India". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  30. ^ a b c d United Nations Children's Fund (31 October 1999). Cyclone in Orissa: UNICEF Situation Report 3 (Report). New York, United States: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  31. ^ a b Oxfam (1 February 2000). "Orissa cyclone emergency update 01 Feb 2000". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  32. ^ "Indian Cyclone chaos hampers rescue efforts". Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India: ReliefWeb. Reuters. 2 November 1999. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  33. ^ a b c "India – Cyclone OCHA Situation Report No. 3". Geneva, Switzerland: ReliefWeb. 1 November 1999. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  34. ^ "Cyclone-hit areas suffering from medicine, milk shortage". New Delhi: ReliefWeb. Reuters. 8 November 1999. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  35. ^ Government of India (10 November 1999). "Constitution of a High Powered Task Force on 10.11.99 for rehabilitation and Reconstruction in the cyclone affected areas of Orissa". New Delhi, Delhi, India: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  36. ^ "India villages refuse to clear dead". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio, United States. Associated Press. 12 November 1999. p. 21. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  37. ^ Canadian International Development Agency (2 November 1999). Maria Minna Announces $150,000 CIDA Contribution to Help Victims of Cyclone in India (Report). Ottawa, Quebec, Canada: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  38. ^ Department for International Development (7 January 2000). Britain helps to "get Orissa back on its feet" minister announces new aid package in wake of cyclone (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  39. ^ Oxfam (29 October 1999). Orissa cyclone emergency update 29 Oct 99 (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  40. ^ Oxfam (5 November 1999). "Oxfam Orissa cyclone appeal". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  41. ^ a b Action by Churches Together International (1 November 1999). "ACT Alert: India – No 2/99 – A second, "super" Cyclone hits Orissa". Geneva, Switzerland: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  42. ^ Lutheran World Relief (30 October 1999). India Cyclone (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  43. ^ CARE (1 November 1999). CARE Provides Food and Shelter for Cyclone Victims in India (Report). Atlanta, Georgia, United States: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  44. ^ "1999 Cyclone Orissa, India". BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha. Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  45. ^ Iveson, Gary (7 July 2000). "Orissa cyclone: Reconstruction in Ganjam". Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  46. ^ Madhu, N. V.; Maheswaran, P. A.; Jyothibabu, R.; Sunil, V.; Revichandran, C.; Balasubramanian, T.; Gopalakrishnan, T. C.; Nair, K. K. C. (25 June 2002). "Enhanced biological production off Chennai triggered by October 1999 super cyclone (Orissa)". Current Science. 82 (12). National Institute of Oceanography: 1472–1479. Retrieved 3 January 2017.

External links