1 Samuel 24
| 1 Samuel 24 | |
|---|---|
 The pages containing the Books of Samuel (1 & 2 Samuel) in Leningrad Codex (1008 CE). | |
| Book | First book of Samuel |
| Hebrew Bible part | Nevi'im |
| Order in the Hebrew part | 3 |
| Category | Former Prophets |
| Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 9 |
1 Samuel 24 is the twenty-fourth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.[1] According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan,[2] but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE.[3][4] This chapter contains the account of David's escape from Saul's repeated attempts to kill him.[5][6] This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.[7]
Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 22 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[8] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 3–5, 8–10, 14–23.[9][10][11][12]
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[13][a]
Places
David spared Saul (24:1–15)
1 Samuel 23:29 (24:1 in the Hebrew Bible) reports David's move to Engedi in the hilly area around the Dead Sea, while Saul, returning from a battle with the Philistines, was pursuing.[15] The section emphasizes two points: (1) David could have easily killed Saul and thereby seized the kingship, but (2) he resisted the temptation to kill 'the LORD'S anointed', even prevented his men from harming Saul (verse 7).[15] David elaborated in his speech (verses 8–15) that instead of taking vengeance on Saul (for 'treating him like an insignificant dog or flea'), he duly acknowledged Saul's position as a God-chosen king (verse 8) while entrusted vengeance to God (verse 12).[15] Another similar account of sparing Saul's life is found in 26:1–25.[15]
Verse 3
- And he came to the sheepcotes by the way, where was a cave; and Saul went in to cover his feet: and David and his men remained in the sides of the cave.[16]
- "Sheepcotes": or ""sheepfolds" are 'simple walled enclosures' (Numbers 32:16; Judges 5:16; 2 Chronicles 32:28; Psalms 78:70; Zechariah 2:6; John 10:1) into where the sheep are driven at night to protect them from robbers or wild beasts, could be in the form of caves in winter time (1 cf. Zechariah 2:6).[17]
- "Cover his feet": an idiom (euphemism) for 'relieving oneself'.[18][19]
David’s oath to Saul (24:16–22)
This section contrasts David's uprightness in submitting to the will of God and not taking matters into his own hands against Saul's pitiful figure.[20] All three parts of Saul's speech reflects his weak position: (1) Saul conceded that his actions had been evil and that David was more 'righteous' than he (verse 17); (2) Saul acknowledged that David would become king (cf. Jonathan's words to David at Horesh in 1 Samuel 23:17); (3) Saul pled that David would preserve his name and not cut off his descendants (echoing Jonathan's pact with David concerning the house of Saul in 1 Samuel 20:14–15).[21]
Verse 22
- And David swore this to Saul. Then Saul went home, but David and his men went up to the stronghold.[22]
Commonly a new king (of a new dynasty) killed all the descendants of the king he replaced to get rid of potential rivals, but David swore an oath not to wipe out Saul's dynasty, which he fulfilled by his treatment of Mephibosheth, son of Jonathan (2 Samuel 9).[23] When Saul went home, David wisely knew Saul's double dealing ways not to follow Saul, but to remain as a fugitive in the wilderness.[24]
See also
Notes
- ^ The whole book of 1 Samuel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[14]
References
- ^ Halley 1965, p. 182.
- ^ Hirsch, Emil G. "SAMUEL, BOOKS OF". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
- ^ Knight 1995, p. 62.
- ^ Jones 2007, p. 197.
- ^ Jones 2007, p. 209.
- ^ Coogan 2007, p. 433 Hebrew Bible.
- ^ Jones 2007, p. 207.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
- ^ Ulrich 2010, pp. 283–284.
- ^ Dead sea scrolls - 1 Samuel
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
- ^ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
- ^
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ a b c d Jones 2007, p. 211.
- ^ 1 Samuel 24:3 KJV
- ^ Patch, James A. (1915) "Entry for 'SHEEPCOTE; SHEEPFOLD'". In: "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor.
- ^ Note on 1 Samuel 24:3 in NET Bible
- ^ Coogan 2007, p. 436 Hebrew Bible.
- ^ Jones 2007, p. 212.
- ^ Jones 2007, pp. 211–212.
- ^ 1 Samuel 24:22 ESV
- ^ Coogan 2007, p. 437 Hebrew Bible.
- ^ Evans 2018, p. 249.
Sources
Commentaries on Samuel
- Auld, Graeme (2003). "1 & 2 Samuel". In James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson (ed.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
- Bergen, David T. (1996). 1, 2 Samuel. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401073.
- Chapman, Stephen B. (2016). 1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1467445160.
- Evans, Paul (2018). Longman, Tremper (ed.). 1-2 Samuel. The Story of God Bible Commentary. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0310490944.
- Gordon, Robert (1986). I & II Samuel, A Commentary. Paternoster Press. ISBN 9780310230229.
- Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964). I & II Samuel, A Commentary (trans. from German 2nd edition 1960 ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0664223182.
- Tsumura, David Toshio (2007). The First Book of Samuel. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802823595.
General
- Breytenbach, Andries (2000). "Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy (ed.). Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.
- ISBN 978-0195288810.
- ISBN 9780802862419.
- ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
- Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300188271.
- Jones, Gwilym H. (2007). "12. 1 and 2 Samuel". In ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- Klein, R.W. (2003). "Samuel, books of". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837844.
- Knight, Douglas A (1995). "Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists". In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards (ed.). Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567292896.
- Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
- ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
External links
- Jewish translations:
- Shmuel I - I Samuel - Chapter 24 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
- Christian translations:
- Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
- 1 Samuel chapter 24. Bible Gateway
