1st Marine Division

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For other uses, see 1st Marine Division (disambiguation).

1st Marine Division
Founded1 February 1941
Country United States
Branch United States Marine Corps
TypeGround combat element
SizeDivision (approximately 22,000)[1]
Part ofI Marine Expeditionary Force
Garrison/HQMarine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
Nickname(s)The Old Breed
Blue Diamond
Motto(s)No Better Friend, No Worse Enemy
March"Waltzing Matilda"
Engagements
Commanders
MajGen
Benjamin T. Watson
Notable
commanders

The 1st Marine Division (1st MARDIV) is a

Marine division of the United States Marine Corps headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. It is the ground combat element of the I Marine Expeditionary Force
(I MEF).

It is the oldest and largest active duty division in the United States Marine Corps, representing a combat-ready force of 22,000 personnel. It is one of three active duty divisions in the Marine Corps today and is a multi-role, expeditionary ground combat force. It is nicknamed "The Old Breed".

Mission

The division is employed as the ground combat element (GCE) of the I Marine Expeditionary Force or may provide task-organized forces for assault operations and such operations as may be directed. The 1st Marine Division must be able to provide the ground amphibious forcible entry capability to the naval expeditionary force (NEF) and to conduct subsequent land operations in any operational environment.[2]

Organization

The 1st Marine Division currently comprises a headquarters battalion, four regiments and five separate battalions as follows:

1st Marine Division organization March 2024 (click to enlarge)

History

Inter-War Years

The lineal forebear of the 1st Marine Division is the

2nd Regiments, 1st Brigade, respectively. In 1916, while deployed in Haiti, the two regiments were again redesignated, exchanging numerals, to then become the 2nd and 1st Regiments, 1st Brigade. Between April 1914 and August 1934, elements of the 1st Brigade participated in operations in Mexico, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba, receiving campaign credit for service in each nation. While the 1st Brigade did not serve ashore in the European theater during the First World War, the brigade was awarded the World War I Victory Medal Streamer, with one bronze star, in recognition of the brigade's service during that conflict.[4]
On 16 September 1935, the brigade was redesignated as the 1st Marine Brigade and deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in October 1940.

World War II

A Marine of the 1st Marine Regiment on Guadalcanal.
a black and white image of two Marines in their combat uniforms. One Marine is providing cover fire with his M1 Thompson submachinegun as the other with a Browning Automatic Rifle, prepares to break cover to move to a different position. There are bare sticks and rocks on the ground.
Marines of 1st Marine Division fighting on Okinawa, 1945.

The 1st Marine Division was activated aboard the

USATs Ericsson, Barnett and Elliott from Naval Reserve Air Base Oakland to New Zealand,[6] and later were landed on the island of Guadalcanal, part of the Solomon Islands
, on 7 August 1942.

Initially, only the 7th Marine Regiment was in

10th Marines battalion would rendezvous at Fiji.[8]

Due to the change in orders and shortage of attack and combat cargo vessels, all of the division's 2.5-ton trucks, M1918 155-mm howitzers[9] and the sound and flash-ranging equipment needed for counter-battery fire had to be left in Wellington. Also, because the Wellington dock workers were on strike at the time, the Marines had to do all the load reconfiguration from administrative to combat configuration.[10]

After 11 days of logistical challenges, the division, with 16,000 Marines, departed Wellington in eighty-nine ships embarked for the Solomon Islands with a 60-day combat load which did not include tents, spare clothing or bedrolls, office equipment, unit muster rolls, or pay clerks. Other things not yet available to this first wave of Marine deployments were insect repellent and mosquito netting.[11] Attached to the division was the 1st Parachute Battalion, which along with the rest of the division, conducted landing rehearsals from 28 to 30 July on Koro Island, which Major General Alexander Vandegrift described as a "disaster".[12]

On 31 July the entire Marine task force was placed under the command of Vice Admiral

Presidential Unit Citations (PUC). The battle would cost the division 650 killed in action, 1,278 wounded in action with a further 8,580 contracting malaria and 31 missing in action.[13] Others were awarded for the battles of Peleliu and Okinawa.[2]

Following the Guadalcanal Campaign, the division's Marines were sent to Melbourne, Australia for rest and refit.[15] It was during this time that the division took the traditional Australian folk song "Waltzing Matilda" as its battle hymn. To this day, 1st Division Marines still ship out to this song being played.[16]

The division would next see action during Operation Cartwheel which was the codename for the campaigns in Eastern New Guinea and New Britain. They came ashore at the Battle of Cape Gloucester on 26 December 1943[17] and fought on New Britain until March 1944 at such places as Suicide Creek and Ajar Ridge. During the course of the battle the division had 310 killed and 1,083 wounded. Following the battle they were sent to Pavuvu in the Russell Islands for rest and refitting.[18]

The next battle for the 1st Marine Division would be the bloodiest yet at the Battle of Peleliu. They landed on 15 September 1944 as part of the III Amphibious Corps assault on the island. The division's commanding general, Major General William H. Rupertus had predicted the fighting would be, "...tough but short. It'll be over in three or four days – a fight like Tarawa. Rough but fast. Then we can go back to the rest area."[19] Making a mockery of the prediction, the first week of the battle alone cost the division 3,946 casualties, during which time they secured the key airfield sites.[20] The division fought on Peleliu for one month before being relieved.[21] Some of the heaviest fighting of the entire war took place in places such as Bloody Nose Ridge and the central ridges of the island that made up the Umurbrogol Pocket.[22] The month of fighting against the 14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army) on Peleliu cost the 1st Marine Division 1,252 dead and 5,274 wounded.[23]

The final campaign the division would take part in during World War II would be the

6th Marine Division, to clear the northern half of the island – that they were able to do expeditiously. The Army's XXIV Corps met much stiffer resistance in the south, and on 1 May 1945 the Marine division was moved south where it relieved the Army's 27th Infantry Division. The division was in heavy fighting on Okinawa until 22 June 1945, when the island was declared secure. The 1st Marine Division slugged it out with the Japanese 32nd Army at such places as Dakeshi Ridge, Wana Ridge, "Sugarloaf Hill" and Shuri Castle
. Fighting on Okinawa cost the division 1,655 killed in action.

During the war, the division had five Seabee Battalions posted to it. The 6th NCB was attached to the 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal. They were followed by the 19th Naval Construction Battalion (NCB) which was assigned to the

Seabees) On Peleliu, the 17th Special NCB(segregated) was assigned to the 1st Pioneers as shore party. Together with the 16th Marines Field Depot(segregated) they helped evacuate wounded and bury the dead for the 7th Marines. On the first night of the assault, nearly all of the 17th Seabees volunteered to hump ammo to the frontlines. They also reinforced the Marines in sections where directed, were used to crew a 37mm, and were utilized for several days. For their efforts, they received an official "well done".[24][25][26][27]
The 33rd NCB also had 202 Men assigned to the shore party.[28]

Following the

Hebei Province in the cities of Tianjin and Beijing, and also on the Shandong Peninsula,[30] with the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party raging around them. Most Marines in the division would be charged with guarding supply trains, bridges, and depots to keep food and coal moving into the cities. During this time they increasingly fought skirmishes with soldiers from the People's Liberation Army who raided ambushed, and harassed the railways and other infrastructure.[31][32]

By the summer of 1946 the division was suffering the effects of demobilization and its combat efficiency had dropped below wartime standards; however, its commitments in China remained. As it became increasingly apparent that a complete collapse of truce negotiations among the Chinese factions was apparent, plans were laid for the withdrawal of all Marine units from Hebei. The last elements of the division finally left China on 1 September 1947.[31]

Korean War

Marines of 1st Marine Division at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.

Following the end of World War II and the postwar drawdown of forces, by 1950 the division only possessed the strength of a reinforced regimental combat team.[33] The division would be assembled on the battle field and would participate in the amphibious assault at Inchon under the orders of United Nations Command (UN) commander General MacArthur.[34] The division was the unit chosen to lead the Inchon landing on 15 September 1950. At Inchon, the division faced one of its most daunting challenges, deploying so hurriedly it still lacked its third infantry regiment and ordered to execute an amphibious assault under the worst tidal conditions they had ever faced. After the landing they moved north and after heavy fighting in Seoul they liberated the city.

After the liberation of Seoul, the division was put back on ships and taken to the eastern side of the Korean peninsula and

Pusan.[37][38]

Beginning in early 1951 the division participated in several UN offensives in east-central Korea. This was followed by defending against the

Chinese Spring Offensive. By June 1951 the 1st Marine Division had pushed northward and secured the Punchbowl and then settled into a defensive line 11 miles (18 km) long.[39]

In mid-March 1952 the

8th Army, to whom the Marines were attached, instituted Operation Bootdrop. The operation was a massive redeployment of UN forces designed to put more Republic of Korea Army units on the Jamestown Line, the UN's Main line of resistance (MLR).[40] The 1st Marine Division was reassigned to the far western end of the MLR defending a 35 miles (56 km) line that encompassed the Pyongyang to Seoul corridor. For much of the next year, in what would be termed the "Outpost War", action along this line consisted of small, localized actions because much of the fighting revolved around the holding and retaking of various combat outposts along the MLR, including the Battles of Bunker Hill, First Hook and Outpost Vegas. Fighting continued until the Armistice took effect on 27 July 1953.[39]
During the Korean War the division suffered combat casualties of 4,004 dead and 25,864 wounded.

In 1953 the division command post was established at Tonggu.[41] The site was later named Camp Howze by the US Army. A memorial to—US and ROK—Marine participation in the war is located at the adjoining district of Bongilcheon-ri (봉일천리) (37°43′52″N 126°49′59″E / 37.73111°N 126.83306°E / 37.73111; 126.83306).[42]

Vietnam War

3/3 Marines observe an airstrike during Operation Harvest Moon

In August 1965, the division's

Vietcong (VC) for American ground troops in South Vietnam.[43] This was followed in September by Operation Piranha.[44]: 69–83  In December Division elements conducted Operation Harvest Moon.[44]
: 101–11 

In March 1966 division elements conducted Operations

Quang Ngai.[45]: 128–31  In August the division conducted Operation Colorado.[45]: 213–20  Between March and October 1966 to May 1967, the division conducted 44 named operations. The division received its 7th Presidential Unit Citation for service from 29 March 1966 to 15 September 1967.[47]

From January to April 1967 the 7th Marines conducted

Quảng Trị Province to support the 3rd Marine Division which was engaged in heavy combat along the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone.[49]: 105–6  From 28 December 1967 to 3 January 1968 Division units conducted Operation Auburn on Go Noi Island south of Da Nang.[49]
: 91–7 

A wounded 2/5 Marine receives treatment during the Battle of Huế

On 11 January 1968 Task Force X-Ray headquarters was established at

1st Marine Regiment already based at Phu Bai.[49]: 105–6  When the 1968 Tet Offensive began at the end of January, the division was involved in fierce fighting with PAVN/VC throughout its TAOR and together with ARVN units would defend Da Nang and fight the Battle of Huế.[49]: 141–249  The 1st Marines would receive a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at Huế.[50] From May to August Division units conducted Operation Allen Brook on Go Noi Island.[49]: 328–43  From May to October Division units conducted Operation Mameluke Thrust in Happy Valley southwest of Da Nang.[49]: 417–7  From 1 to 19 October Division units conducted Operation Maui Peak to relieve Thường Ðức Camp.[49]: 418–21  From late October to early December the 5th Marines conducted Operation Henderson Hill in Happy Valley.[49]: 423  From 20 November to 9 December Division units conducted Operation Meade River south of Da Nang.[49]: 426–36  From 6 December to 8 March 1969 Division units conducted Operation Taylor Common in the An Hoa Basin west of Hội An.[49]: 437–42 [51]
: 88–94 

1/5 Marines await a helicopter during Operation Imperial Lake

From 31 March to 29 May 1969 Division and ARVN units conducted Operation Oklahoma Hills southwest of Da Nang.[51]: 103–16  From 26 May to 7 November Division, ARVN and Republic of Korea Marine Corps (ROKMC) units conducted Operation Pipestone Canyon on Go Noi Island.[51]: 175–87  On 7 June PFC Dan Bullock of 2/5 Marines was killed in a PAVN sapper attack on An Hoa Combat Base, having lied about his age to enlist, he was, at 15 years old, the youngest American killed in the war.[52]

From July to August 1970 Division units conducted

Quế Sơn District south of Da Nang.[53]
: 91–2 

On 13 January 1971 Operation Keystone Robin Charlie began with the standing down of the initial units supporting the division. The redeployment accelerated in mid-February but then slowed when

III Marine Amphibious Force transferred all remaining Marine forces to it.[53]: 238  On 30 April President Richard Nixon welcomed the division back to Camp Pendleton and awarded it a second Presidential Unit Citation for its service in South Vietnam.[53]
: 242 

The division lost 7,012 men killed in action in South Vietnam.[54]

In 1975, the division supported the resettlement of South Vietnamese refugees by providing food and temporary shelter at Camp Pendleton for Vietnamese refugees as they arrived in the United States.[55]

Desert Shield and Desert Storm

See also: Battle of Khafji

In 1990, the 1st Marine Division formed the nucleus of the massive force sent to the Middle East in response to

M60A1 RISE Passive Patton tanks destroyed about 100 Iraqi tanks and armored personnel carriers, including about 50 top-of-the-line Soviet T-72 tanks.[58]
These efforts were instrumental in the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi forces.

1992 Los Angeles riots

On 2 May 1992, the 1st Marine Division took part of Operation Garden Plot to help local and state law enforcement as well as the California Army National Guard in quelling the Rodney King riots in Los Angeles County, California. It was part of the 3,500 federal military force sent to Los Angeles. The Marine Corps contingent included the 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, commanded by Marine Corps General John F. Kelly. As part of the Joint Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force Los Angeles, Marines took up positions in Compton and Long Beach to prevent further rioting and disorder. No rioters or civilians were killed or injured by the Marines, nor did the Marines themselves suffer any casualties. On 10 May, six days after the riots ended, Marines formally withdrew from the city and returned to Camp Pendleton.[59]

1990s humanitarian relief

Letter by Gen Mattis distributed throughout division before the 2003 invasion of Iraq

Immediately following the Persian

Pakistani Armed Forces.[2]

Iraq War

The 1st Marine Division, then under the command of

I MEF the division was awarded its 9th Presidential Unit Citation.[2]

The division returned to Iraq in February 2004 and took control of the

2nd Marine Division concluding the largest relief in place in the history of the Marine Corps.[2] In 2006, the division again deployed to Iraq as the ground combat element for I MEF in the Al Anbar province. It returned to MCB Camp Pendleton in early 2007.[citation needed
]

Afghanistan War

Battalions from the 1st Marine Division have been regularly deployed to

Helmand province, Afghanistan, as part of the more than 30,000 troops into the country. While in Afghanistan, the Division served as the ground combat element for Task Force Leatherneck, leading a multinational coalition and working alongside Afghan National Security Forces.[63]

Insignia

Originally termed a battle blaze, the

battle jacket
.

The 2nd Marine Division originally had a similar battle blaze of the same design with a red snake in the shape of a "2" also reading GUADALCANAL.[66]

Marine Corps shoulder sleeve insignia were officially authorized on 15 March 1943.[67] Some in the division who served on Guadalcanal wore their "battle blaze" on the right shoulder to distinguish themselves from replacements who had not been on "The Canal".[citation needed]

Unit awards

A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 1st Marine Division has been presented with the following awards:[68]

Streamer Award Year(s) Additional Info
Presidential Unit Citation Streamer with one Silver and three Bronze Stars 1942, 1944, 1945, 1950, 1950, 1951, 1966–1967, 1967–1968, 2003 Guadalcanal, Peleliu-Ngesebus, Okinawa, Korea, Vietnam, Iraq
Joint Meritorious Unit Award Streamer 1992–1993 Somalia
Navy Unit Commendation Streamer with one Bronze Star 1952–1953, 1990–1991 Korea, Southwest Asia
Mexican Service Streamer April–November 1914 Vera Cruz
Dominican Campaign Streamer June–December 1916
Haitian Campaign Streamer with one Bronze Star August 1915 – August 1934
Marine Corps Expeditionary Streamer

World War I Victory Streamer with one Bronze Star

American Defense Service Streamer with one Bronze Star 1941 World War II
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Streamer
with one Silver and one Bronze Star
Guadalcanal, Eastern New Guinea, New Britain, Peleliu, Okinawa
World War II Victory Streamer
 1941–1945 Pacific War
Navy Occupation Service Streamer with "ASIA"

China Service Streamer with one Bronze Star September 1946 – June 1947 North China
National Defense Service Streamer with three Bronze Stars 1950–1954, 1961–1974, 1990–1995, 2001–present
War on Terrorism
Korean Service Streamer with two Silver Stars 1950–1953 Inchon-Seoul, Chosin Reservoir, East-Central Front, Western Front
Armed Forces Expeditionary Streamer 1992–1993 Somalia
Vietnam Service Streamer with two Silver and three Bronze Stars July 1965 – April 1971, April–December 1975 Chu Lai, Da Nang, Dong Ha, Qui Nhon, Huế, Phu Bai, Quang Tri, Operation New Arrival
Southwest Asia Service Streamer with two Bronze Stars September 1990 – February 1991 Desert Shield, Desert Storm
Iraq Campaign Streamer
March 2004 – March 2005, March 2006 – February 2007
Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Streamer
March–May 2003
Global War on Terrorism Service Streamer 2001–present
Korea Presidential Unit Citation Streamer

Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm Streamer

Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citation Civil Actions Streamer

See also

19th Naval Construction Battalion Plaque as the third Battalion 17th Marines with the 1st Marine Division Seabee Museum Archives

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.
Specific
  1. ^ "Camp Pendleton, California". www.1stmardiv.marines.mil. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "History of the 1st Marine Division". United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2007.. Accessed 9 June 2009. 10 June 2009.
  3. ^ 1st Marine Division: Lineage http://www.1stmardiv.marines.mil/About/Lineage/ Retrieved 6 May 2017.
  4. ^ 1st Marine Division: Honors http://www.1stmardiv.marines.mil/About/Honors/ Retrieved 6 May 2017.
  5. ^ Lowery, M. Trent (28 January 2008). "1st Marine Division welcomes veterans for 67th anniversary". Marine Corps News. United States Marine Corps.
  6. ^ Lane (2004), p. 44
  7. ^ It would be replaced by the 2nd Marine Regiment from San Diego sailing with the USS Wasp
  8. ^ a b Lane (2004), p. 51
  9. ^ Rottman (2002), p. 27
  10. ^ Lane (2004), p. 57
  11. ^ Lane (2004), p. 60
  12. ^ Lane (2004), p. 63
  13. ^ a b Frank (1990), p. 522
  14. ^ Cronin (1951), p. 47
  15. ^ Leckie Helmet for my Pillow, p. 147-208
  16. ^ Roger Clarke. "Roger Clarke's Waltzing Matilda Home-Page". Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 11 December 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  17. ^ Shaw, Henry I.; Kane, Douglas T. (1963). "History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II". Volume II: Isolation of Rabaul. Headquarters Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  18. ^ Turner (1997), p. 25-6
  19. ^ Sloane (2005), p. 65
  20. ^ Hastings (2007), p. 116
  21. ^ Sledge (1990), p. 151
  22. ^ Sledge (1990), p. 96, 127–158
  23. ^ Sledge (1990), p. 155
  24. ^ Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme, CA. 93043. 17th Special; NCB p. 29[1]
  25. ^ World War II Database World War II Database
  26. ^ 16th Field Depot
  27. ^ 17th Special, Seabee Museum
  28. ^ Peleliu Shore Party Group
  29. ISBN 0-415-36447-7
    . p. 338.
  30. ISBN 0-313-24308-5
    .
  31. ^ a b Frank, Benis; Henry I. Saw Jr. (1968). "Volume V: Victory and Occupation". History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  32. ^ Sledge (2002), pp. xx–xxi.
  33. ^ Chapin (2000), p. 5
  34. ^ Simmons (2003), p.200.
  35. ^ Halberstam (2008), p.432-33.
  36. ^ Fehrenbach (1963), p.233.
  37. ^ Russ (1999), p. 433-34
  38. ^ [USMC 1st Division Casualties from 8 Oct to 24 December 1950 were 604 KIA/114 WIA/192 MIA/3,485 WIA/7,338 Non Battle casualties "US Marine Operations on Korea" Vol. 3, pp. 381–382.]
  39. ^ a b "Brief History of the Marine Corps in the Korean War". United States of America – Korean War Commemoration. Marine Corps History and Museums Division. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  40. ^ Ballenger (2000), p.5.
  41. ^ "File 2828: 1st Marine Regiment - Headquarters Battalion - Command Diary". koreanwar.org. December 1953. Retrieved 9 January 2021. Headquarters—Headquarters Battalion—1st Marine Division (Reinf), FMF—c/o FPO, San Francisco, California—COMMAND DIARY FOR DECEMBER 1953—Map of Korea, AMS Series L751, L: 50,000—1. SUMMARY—This report covers the activities of Headquarters Battalion from 1 December to 31 December 1953 . . . the Division Command Post was located at TONGGU, Korea (CS083788), and operated thereat.
  42. ^ "Korean War Memorials in Pictures: Remembering UN Participation 60 Years Later" (PDF). p. 89.
  43. ^ Simmons US Marines History, p. 225
  44. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89839-259-3
    .
  45. ^ a b c Shulimson, Jack (1982). U.S. Marines in Vietnam: An Expanding War, 1966 (PDF). History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  46. ^ Simmons US Marines History, p. 229
  47. ^ "Presidential Unit Citation Awarded the 1st Marine Division (Reinforced), Fleet Marine Force, Pacific". Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
  48. ^
    ISBN 978-1494285449.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain
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  49. ^
    ISBN 0160491258.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain
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  50. ^ "Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Unit Citation to the First Marines (Reinforced)". Retrieved 30 March 2009.
  51. ^
    ISBN 978-1494287627.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain
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  52. ^ Brian Thomas Gallagher (7 June 2019). "He Enlisted at 14, Went to Vietnam at 15 and Died a Month Later". The New York Times.
  53. ^
    ISBN 978-1482384123.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain
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  54. ^ CDR Kenneth Davis, US Navy (ret), and associates of the Coffelt Database of Vietnam casualties.
  55. ^ FallOfSaigon (2008). "AFTER ACTION REPORT~ 17 April ~ 7 May 1975". Retrieved 14 March 2008.
  56. ^ U.S. Marines in the Persian Gulf: 1990-1991 - With the I Marine Expeditionary Force in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Col. Charles J. Quilter, Jr., USMC Reserve, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993.
  57. ^ Blitzkrieg in the Gulf by Yves Debay
  58. ^ Moore p.A01
  59. ^ Stephen Braun and Jim Newton (10 May 1992). "U.S. Army, Marine Troops Withdraw From Los Angeles: Disorder: Police officers reportedly demoralized by public bickering over their readiness and performance. National Guard units to remain for a while". Los Angeles Times.
  60. ^ Warren American Spartans, p. 426
  61. ^ Warren American Spartans, p. 425
  62. ^ Reynolds Basrah, Baghdad and Beyond, p. 170.
  63. ^ "1stmardiv". 1stmardiv.marines. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  64. ^ p.20 Rottman, Gordon L. US Marine Corps Pacific Theatre of Operations 2004 Osprey Publishing
  65. ^ p.Rill, James C. A Narrative History of the 11th Marines 2003 Merriam Press
  66. ^ p. 32 Thompson, James G Complete Guide to United States Marine Corps Medals, Badges, and Insignia: World War II to Present Medals of America Press, 2003
  67. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. & Chappell, Mike. US Marine Corps 1941–1945. Osprey Publishing. p. 54.
  68. ^ "Lineage and Honors of the 1st Marine Division". Retrieved 23 November 2018.
Bibliography
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