Kofi Annan
Chancellor of the University of Ghana | |
---|---|
In office 2008–2018 | |
Preceded by | Emmanuel Noi Omaboe |
Succeeded by | Mary Chinery-Hesse |
Personal details | |
Born | Colony of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) | 8 April 1938
Died | 18 August 2018 Bern, Switzerland | (aged 80)
Spouses | Titi Alakija
(m. 1965; div. 1983)Nane Lagergren
(m. 1984) |
Children | 3, including Kojo |
Relatives |
|
Education | |
Occupation |
|
Signature | |
Website | Foundation |
Kofi Atta Annan (
Annan joined the United Nations in 1962, working for the
As secretary-general, Annan reformed the UN bureaucracy, worked to combat
Early life and education
Kofi Annan was born in
In the Akan names tradition, some children are named according to the day of the week they were born, sometimes in relation to how many children precede them. Kofi in Akan is the name that corresponds with Friday, the day on which Annan was born.[15] The last name Annan in Fante means fourth-born child. Annan said that his surname rhymes with "cannon" in English.[16]
From 1954 to 1957, Annan attended the elite
In 1958, Annan began studying economics at the Kumasi College of Science and Technology, now the
Annan was fluent in English, French,
Diplomatic career
In 1962, Annan started working as a budget officer for the
When Secretary-General
He was appointed a
Criticism
In 2003, retired Canadian general
External videos | |
---|---|
After Words interview with Annan on Interventions, 9 September 2012, C-SPAN |
In his book Interventions: A Life in War and Peace, Annan again argued that the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations could have made better use of the media to raise awareness of the violence in Rwanda and put pressure on governments to provide the troops necessary for an intervention. Annan explained that the events in Somalia and the collapse of the UNOSOM II mission fostered a hesitation among UN member states to approve robust peacekeeping operations. As a result, when the UNAMIR mission was approved just days after the battle, the resulting force lacked the troop levels, resources and mandate to operate effectively.[30]
United Nations Secretary-General (1997–2006)
Appointment
In 1996, Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for a second term. Although he won 14 of the 15 votes on the Security Council, he was vetoed by the United States.[31] After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy, becoming the only secretary-general ever to be denied a second term. Annan was the leading candidate to replace him, beating Amara Essy by one vote in the first round. However, France vetoed Annan four times before finally abstaining. The UN Security Council recommended Annan on 13 December 1996.[32][33] Confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly,[34] he started his first term as secretary-general on 1 January 1997.
Due to Boutros-Ghali's overthrow, a second Annan term would give Africa the office of Secretary-General for three consecutive terms. In 2001, the
Activities
Recommendations for UN reform
Soon after taking office in 1997, Annan released two reports on management reform. On 17 March 1997, the report Management and Organisational Measures (A/51/829) introduced new management mechanisms through the establishment of a cabinet-style body to assist him and the UN's activities in accordance with four core missions. A comprehensive reform agenda was issued on 14 July 1997 titled Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform (A/51/950). Key proposals included the introduction of
On 31 January 2006, Annan outlined his vision for a comprehensive and extensive reform of the UN in a policy speech to the
On 7 March 2006, he presented to the General Assembly his proposals for a fundamental overhaul of the United Nations Secretariat. The reform report is titled Investing in the United Nations, For a Stronger Organization Worldwide.[40]
On 30 March 2006, he presented to the General Assembly his analysis and recommendations for updating the entire work programme of the United Nations Secretariat. The reform report is titled Mandating and Delivering: Analysis and Recommendations to Facilitate the Review of Mandates.[41]
Regarding the
In March 2000, Annan appointed the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations
Millennium Development Goals
In 2000, Annan issued a report titled We the Peoples: the Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century.[49] The report called for member states to "put people at the centre of everything we do":[50] "No calling is more noble, and no responsibility greater, than that of enabling men, women and children, in cities and villages around the world, to make their lives better."[51]: 7
In the final chapter of the report, Annan called to "free our fellow men and women from the abject and dehumanizing poverty in which more than 1 billion of them are currently confined".[51]: 77
At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, national leaders adopted the
United Nations Information Technology Service
Within the We the Peoples document, Annan suggested the establishment of a United Nations Information Technology Service (UNITeS), a consortium of high-tech volunteer corps, including
United Nations Global Compact
In an address to the World Economic Forum on 31 January 1999, Annan argued that the "goals of the United Nations and those of business can, indeed, be mutually supportive" and proposed that the private sector and the United Nations initiate "a global compact of shared values and principles, which will give a human face to the global market".[55]
On 26 July 2000, the United Nations Global Compact was officially launched at UN headquarters in New York. It is a principle-based framework for businesses which aims to "[c]atalyse actions in support of broader UN goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)".[56] The Compact established ten core principles in the areas of human rights, labour, the environment and anti-corruption. Under the Compact, companies commit to the ten principles and are brought together with UN agencies, labour groups and civil society to implement them effectively.
Establishment of The Global Fund
Towards the end of the 1990s, increased awareness of the destructive potential of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS pushed public health issues to the top of the global development agenda. In April 2001, Annan issued a five-point "Call to Action" to address the
Responsibility to Protect
Following the failure of Annan and the international community to intervene in the
In the March 2000 Millennium Report to the UN, Annan asked: "If humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we respond to a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica – to gross and systematic violations of human rights that affect every precept of our common humanity?"[63]
In September 2001, the Canadian government established an
In 2005, Annan included the doctrine of "
Iraq
In the years after 1998, when
During the build-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Annan called on the United States and the United Kingdom not to invade without the support of the United Nations. In a September 2004 interview on the BBC, when questioned about the legal authority for the invasion, Annan said he believed it was not in conformity with the UN charter and was illegal.[69][70]
Other diplomatic activities
In 1998, Annan was deeply involved in supporting the transition from military to civilian rule in Nigeria. The following year, he supported the efforts of East Timor to secure independence from Indonesia. In 2000, he was responsible for certifying Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon, and in 2006, he led talks in New York between the presidents of Cameroon and Nigeria, which led to a settlement of the dispute between the two countries over the Bakassi peninsula.[71]
Annan and Iranian president
Annan supported sending a UN peacekeeping mission to Darfur, Sudan.[73] He worked with the government of Sudan to accept a transfer of power from the African Union peacekeeping mission to a UN one.[74] Annan also worked with several Arab and Muslim countries on women's rights and other topics.[75]
Beginning in 1998, Annan convened an annual UN "Security Council Retreat" with the 15 states' council representatives. It was held at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF) Conference Center at the Rockefeller family estate in Pocantico Hills, New York, and was sponsored by both the RBF and the UN.[76]
Lubbers sexual-harassment investigation
In June 2004, Annan was given a copy of the
Oil-for-Food scandal
In December 2004, reports surfaced that the Secretary-General's son Kojo Annan received payments from the Swiss company Cotecna Inspection SA, which had won a lucrative contract under the UN Oil-for-Food Programme. Kofi Annan called for an investigation to look into the allegations.[80] On 11 November 2005, The Sunday Times agreed to apologise and pay a substantial sum in damages to Kojo Annan, accepting that the allegations were untrue.[81]
Annan appointed the
Nobel Peace Prize
In 2001, its centennial year, the
Soon after Annan was awarded the Peace Prize, he was given a chieftaincy title by the
Relations between the United States and the UN
Annan defended his deputy secretary-general Mark Malloch Brown,[87] who openly criticised the United States in a speech on 6 June 2006: "[T]he prevailing practice of seeking to use the UN almost by stealth as a diplomatic tool while failing to stand up for it against its domestic critics is simply not sustainable. You will lose the UN one way or another. [...] [That] the US is constructively engaged with the UN [...] is not well known or understood, in part because much of the public discourse that reaches the US heartland has been largely abandoned to its loudest detractors such as Rush Limbaugh and Fox News."[88] Malloch later said his talk was a "sincere and constructive critique of U.S. policy toward the U.N. by a friend and admirer".[89]
The talk was unusual because it violated the unofficial policy of not having top officials publicly criticise member nations.[89] The interim US ambassador John Bolton, appointed by President George W. Bush, was reported to have told Annan on the phone: "I've known you since 1989 and I'm telling you this is the worst mistake by a senior UN official that I have seen in that entire time."[89] Observers from other nations supported Malloch's view that conservative politicians in the US prevented many citizens from understanding the benefits of US involvement in the UN.[90]
Farewell addresses
External videos | |
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Farewell Address by Kofi Annan, 11 December 2006, C-SPAN |
On 19 September 2006, Annan gave a farewell address to world leaders gathered at the
On 11 December 2006, in
Post-UN career
After he served as UN secretary-general, Annan took up residence in Geneva and worked in a leading capacity on various international humanitarian endeavours.[94]
Kofi Annan Foundation
In 2007, Annan established the Kofi Annan Foundation, an independent,
The organisation was founded on the principles that fair and peaceful societies rest on three pillars: peace and security, sustainable development, and human rights and the rule of law, and they have made it their mission to mobilise the leadership and the political resolve needed to tackle threats to these three pillars ranging from violent conflict to flawed elections and climate change, to achieve "a fairer, more peaceful world".[96]
The Foundation provides the analytical, communication and co-ordination capacities needed to ensure that these objectives are achieved.[
Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation Process
Following the outbreak of violence after the 2007 presidential elections in Kenya, the African Union (AU) established the Panel of Eminent African Personalities to assist in finding a peaceful solution to the crisis.[99] Annan was appointed as chair of the panel, to lead it with Benjamin Mkapa, former president of Tanzania; and humanitarian Graça Machel, the former first lady of Mozambique and South Africa.[100]
The panel managed to convince the two principal parties to the conflict, Kenyan president Mwai Kibaki's Party of National Unity (PNU) and Raila Odinga's Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), to participate in the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation Process (KNDR).[99] Over the course of 41 days of negotiations, several agreements regarding taking actions to stop the violence and to remedy its consequences were signed. On 28 February, President Kibaki and Prime Minister Odinga signed a coalition government agreement.[101][102]
Joint Special Envoy for Syria
On 23 February 2012, Annan was appointed as the UN and Arab League joint special envoy to Syria in an attempt to end the civil war taking place.[7] He developed a six-point plan for peace:[103]
- commit to work with the Envoy in an inclusive Syrian-led political process to address the legitimate aspirations and concerns of the Syrian people, and, to this end, commit to appoint an empowered interlocutor when invited to do so by the Envoy;
- commit to stop the fighting and achieve urgently an effective United Nations supervised cessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties to protect civilians and stabilise the country.
- To this end, the Syrian government should immediately cease troop movements towards, and end the use of heavy weapons in, population centres, and begin pullback of military concentrations in and around population centres.
- As these actions are being taken on the ground, the Syrian government should work with the Envoy to bring about a sustained cessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties with an effective United Nations supervision mechanism.
- Similar commitments would be sought by the Envoy from the opposition and all relevant elements to stop the fighting and work with him to bring about a sustained cessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties with an effective United Nations supervision mechanism;
- ensure timely provision of humanitarian assistance to all areas affected by the fighting, and to this end, as immediate steps, to accept and implement a daily two-hour humanitarian pause and to co-ordinate exact time and modalities of the daily pause through an efficient mechanism, including at local level;
- intensify the pace and scale of release of arbitrarily detained persons, including especially vulnerable categories of persons, and persons involved in peaceful political activities, provide without delay through appropriate channels a list of all places in which such persons are being detained, immediately begin organizing access to such locations and through appropriate channels respond promptly to all written requests for information, access or release regarding such persons;
- ensure freedom of movement throughout the country for journalists and a non-discriminatory visa policy for them;
- respect freedom of association and the right to demonstrate peacefully as legally guaranteed.
On 2 August, he resigned as envoy to Syria,
Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security
Annan served as the chair of the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security.[107] The commission was launched in May 2011 as a joint initiative of the Kofi Annan Foundation and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. It comprised 12 eminent individuals from around the world, including Ernesto Zedillo, Martti Ahtisaari, Madeleine Albright and Amartya Sen, and aimed to highlight the importance of the integrity of elections to achieving a more secure, prosperous and stable world. The Commission released its final report, Deepening Democracy, a Strategy to Improve the Integrity of Elections Worldwide,[108] in September 2012.
Rakhine Commission (Myanmar)
In September 2016, Annan was asked to lead the Advisory Commission on Rakhine State, Myanmar,[109][110][111][112] an impoverished region beset by ethnic conflict and extreme sectarian violence, particularly by Myanmar's Buddhist majority against the Rohingya Muslim minority, further targeted by government forces.[113][114][115][116] The commission, widely known simply as the "Annan Commission", was opposed by many Myanmar Buddhists as unwelcome interference in their relations with the Rohingya.[109]
When the Annan commission released its final report, but failed.
Annan died a week before the first anniversary of the report, shortly after an announcement by a replacement commission that it would not "point fingers" at the guilty parties – leading to widespread concern that the new commission was just a sham to protect culpable Myanmar government officials and citizens from accountability.[112][119][117][120]
In 2018, before Annan's death, Myanmar's civilian government, under the direction of State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, made a gesture of acceptance of the Annan commission's recommendations by convening another board – the advisory board for the Committee for Implementation of the Recommendations on Rakhine State – ostensibly to implement the Annan commission's proposed reforms, but never actually implemented them. Some of the international representatives resigned – notably the panel's secretary, Thailand's former foreign minister Surakiart Sathirathai, and former US ambassador to the UN Bill Richardson – decrying the "implementation" committee as ineffective, or a "whitewash".[110][121]
Other activities
Corporate boards
In March 2011,[122] Annan became a member of the advisory board for Investcorp Bank B. S. C.[123] Europe,[124] an international private equity firm and sovereign wealth fund owned by the United Arab Emirates. He held the position until 2018.
Annan became a member of the Global Advisory Board of Macro Advisory Partners LLP, a risk and strategic consulting firm based in London and New York City for business, finance and government decision-makers, with some operations related to Investcorp.[125]
Non-profit organisations
In addition to the above, Annan also became involved with several organisations with both global and African focuses, including the following:
- United Nations Foundation, member of the board of directors (2008–2018)[126]
- University of Ghana, chancellor (2008–2018)[127]
- School of International and Public Affairs of Columbia University, global fellow (2009–2018)[128]
- The Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University, fellow[129]
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore (NUS), Li Ka Shing Professor (2009–2018)[130]
- Global Centre for Pluralism, member of the board of directors (2010–2018)[131][132]
- Mo Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership, chairman of the prize committee (2007–2018)[133]
- Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), chairman (2007–2018)[134]
- Global Humanitarian Forum, founder and president (2007–2018)[135]
- Global Commission on Drug Policy, founding commissioner.[136] The commission had declared in a 2011 report that the war on drugs was a failure.[137] Annan believed that, since drug use represents a health risk, it should be regulated, comparing it to the regulation of tobacco which reduced smoking in many countries.[138]
Annan served as chair of The Elders, a group of independent global leaders who work together on peace and human rights issues.[139][140] In November 2008, Annan and fellow elders Jimmy Carter and Graça Machel attempted to travel to Zimbabwe to make a first-hand assessment of the humanitarian situation in the country. Refused entry, the Elders instead carried out their assessment from Johannesburg, where they met Zimbabwe- and South Africa-based leaders from politics, business, international organisations, and civil society.[141] In May 2011, following months of political violence in Côte d'Ivoire, Annan travelled to the country with elders Desmond Tutu and Mary Robinson to encourage national reconciliation.[142] On 16 October 2014, Annan attended the One Young World Summit in Dublin. During a session with fellow elder Mary Robinson, Annan encouraged 1,300 young leaders from 191 countries to lead on intergenerational issues such as climate change and the need for action to take place now, not tomorrow:[143][144]
We don't have to wait to act. The action must be now. You will come across people who think we should start tomorrow. Even for those who believe action should begin tomorrow, remind them tomorrow begins now, tomorrow begins today, so let's all move forward.[145]
Annan chaired the
Memoir
On 4 September 2012, Annan with Nader Mousavizadeh wrote a memoir, Interventions: A Life in War and Peace.[149] Published by Penguin Press, the book has been described as a "personal biography of global statecraft".[150]
Prioritisation of snakebite in the WHO
Kofi Annan played a pivotal role in getting a WHO resolution on halving the burden of snakebite in late 2020's [151]
Personal life
In 1965, Annan married Titi Alakija, a Nigerian woman from an aristocratic family. Several years later, they had a daughter, Ama, and a son, Kojo. The couple separated in the late 1970s,[152] and divorced in 1983.[12]
In 1984, Annan married Nane Lagergren , a Swedish lawyer at the UN and a maternal half-niece of diplomat Raoul Wallenberg.[153] She has a daughter, Nina, from a previous marriage.[154]
In 2002, Annan was
Death and state funeral
Annan died on the morning of 18 August 2018 in
On 13 September, a
Memorials and legacy
The United Nations Postal Administration released a new stamp in memory of Annan on 31 May 2019.[170] His portrait on the stamp was designed by artist Martin Mörck.[170] The Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre and the Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT, both in Accra, are named in his honour. The Kofi Annan University of Guinea is named after him.[citation needed]
See also
References
Citations
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Bibliography
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Further reading
- Bauer, Friederike (2005). Kofi Annan: Ein Leben (in German). S. Fischer. ISBN 978-3-10-009647-0.
- Maurel, Chloé (2019). "ANNAN, Kofi Atta" (PDF). In Bob Reinalda; Kent J. Kille; and Jaci Eisenberg (eds.). IO BIO, Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International Organizations. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
External links
- Kofi Annan Foundation
- Kofi Annan papers Archived 4 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine at the United Nations Archives
- Kofi Annan on Nobelprize.org (including Nobel Lecture, 10 December 2001)
Speeches
- Statements of Secretary-General Kofi Annan at the Wayback Machine (archived 7 July 2004)
- Nobel Peace Prize lecture
Lectures