2002 Atlantic hurricane season
It has been suggested that Tropical Storm Cristobal (2002) be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2024. |
2002 Atlantic hurricane season | |
---|---|
Seasonal boundaries | |
First system formed | July 14, 2002 |
Last system dissipated | October 16, 2002 |
Strongest storm | |
By maximum sustained winds | Lili |
• Maximum winds | 145 mph (230 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 938 mbar (hPa; 27.7 inHg) |
By central pressure | Isidore |
• Maximum winds | 125 mph (205 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 934 mbar (hPa; 27.58 inHg) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total depressions | 14 |
Total storms | 12 |
Hurricanes | 4 |
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 2 |
Total fatalities | 50 total |
Total damage | $2.47 billion (2002 USD) |
Related articles | |
The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season was a near-average
The season was less destructive than normal, causing an estimated $2.47 billion (2002 USD) in property damage and 50 fatalities. Most destruction was due to Isidore, which caused about $1.28 billion (2002 USD) in damage and killed seven people in the Yucatán Peninsula and later the United States, and Hurricane Lili, which caused $1.16 billion (2002 USD) in damage and 15 deaths as it crossed the Caribbean Sea and eventually made landfall in Louisiana.
Seasonal forecasts
Source | Date | Named storms |
Hurricanes | Major hurricanes | |
CSU | Average (1950–2000)[1] | 9.6 | 5.9 | 2.3 | |
NOAA | Average (1950–2005)[2] | 11.0 | 6.2 | 2.7 | |
Record high activity[3] | 30 | 15 | 7 | ||
Record low activity[3] | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
CSU | December 7, 2001[1] | 13 | 8 | 4 | |
CSU | April 5, 2002[4] | 12 | 7 | 3 | |
NOAA | May 20, 2002[5] | 9–13 | 6–8 | 2–3 | |
CSU | August 7, 2002[6] | 9 | 4 | 1 | |
NOAA | August 8, 2002[7] | 7–10 | 4–6 | 1–3 | |
CSU | September 3, 2002[8] | 8 | 3 | 1 | |
Actual activity | 12 | 4 | 2 |
Noted hurricane expert William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University issue forecasts of hurricane activity each year, separately from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Gray's team determined the average number of storms per season between 1950 and 2000 to be 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, and 2.3 major hurricanes (storms exceeding Category 3). A normal season, as defined by NOAA, has 9 to 12 named storms, of which 5 to 7 reach hurricane strength and 1 to 3 become major hurricanes.[1][2]
Pre-season forecasts
On December 7, 2001, Gray's team issued its first extended-range forecast for the 2002 season, predicting above-average activity (13 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and about 2 of Category 3 or higher). It listed an 86 percent chance of at least one major hurricane striking the U.S. mainland. This included a 58 percent chance of at least one major hurricane strike on the
On April 5 a new forecast was issued, calling for 12 named storms, 7 hurricanes and 3 intense hurricanes. The decrease in the forecast was attributed to the further intensification of El Niño conditions. The estimated potential for at least one major hurricane to affect the U.S. was decreased to 75 percent; the East Coast potential decreased slightly to 57 percent, and from the Florida Panhandle westward to Brownsville, Texas, the probability remained the same.[4]
Mid-season forecasts
On August 7, 2002, Gray's team lowered its season estimate to 9 named storms, with 4 becoming hurricanes and 1 becoming a major hurricane, noting that conditions had become less favorable for storms than they had been earlier in the year. The sea-level pressure and trade wind strength in the tropical Atlantic were reported to be above normal, while sea surface temperature anomalies were on a decreasing trend.[6]
On August 8, 2002,
Seasonal summary
The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2002.
Tropical cyclogenesis began with Tropical Storm Arthur, which formed just offshore North Carolina on July 14. Following the storm's extratropical transition on July 16, no further activity occurred until Tropical Storm Bertha developed near Louisiana on August 4. Cristobal formed on the next day, while Dolly developed on August 29.[10] September featured eight named storms, a record which was later tied in 2007 and 2010 and surpassed in 2020.[13] During that month, Gustav reached hurricane intensity on September 11, the latest date of the first hurricane in a season since 1941.[14] While the long-lasting Kyle and Lili persisted into October, only one tropical cyclone developed that month, Tropical Depression Fourteen on October 14. The depression was absorbed by a cold front while crossing Cuba two days later, ending seasonal activity.[10]
The season's activity was reflected with a low accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 67, the lowest total since 1997. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm status.[15]
Systems
Tropical Storm Arthur
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 14 – July 16 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 997 mbar (hPa) |
A dissipating
The precursor tropical disturbance dropped rainfall across
Tropical Storm Bertha
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 4 – August 9 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); 1007 mbar (hPa) |
A surface trough of low pressure that would later spawn Tropical Storm Cristobal developed a tropical depression in the northern Gulf of Mexico on August 4. It quickly strengthened into a minimal tropical storm early on August 5, and made landfall near Boothville, Louisiana, just two hours later. Bertha weakened to a tropical depression, but retained its circulation over Louisiana. A high-pressure system built southward, unexpectedly forcing the depression to the southwest. It emerged back over the Gulf of Mexico on August 7, where proximity to land and dry air prevented further strengthening. Bertha moved westward and made a second landfall near Kingsville, Texas, on August 9 with winds of only 25 mph (40 km/h). The storm dissipated about 10 hours later.[23]
Across the Gulf Coast of the United States, Bertha dropped light to moderate rainfall; most areas received less than 3 inches (76 mm). Precipitation from the storm peaked at 10.25 inches (260 mm) in Norwood, Louisiana. Minor flooding was reported, which caused light damage to a few businesses, 15 to 25 houses, and some roadways. Overall, damage was very minor, totaling to $200,000 (2002 USD) in damage.[24] In addition, one death was reported due to Bertha, a drowning due to heavy surf in Florida.[23]
Tropical Storm Cristobal
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 5 – August 8 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 999 mbar (hPa) |
A
As a tropical cyclone, Cristobal had minimal effects on land.
Tropical Storm Dolly
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 29 – September 4 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 997 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave exited the African coast on August 27,[35] and with low favorable conditions the system organized into Tropical Depression Four on August 29 about 630 mi (1,010 km) southwest of Cape Verde.[36] Six hours later, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dolly after developing sufficient outflow and curved banding features.[37] The storm continued to intensify as more convection developed,[38] and Dolly reached peaked winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) on August 30.[35] After peaking in intensity, the storm suddenly lost organization,[39] and the winds decreased to minimal tropical storm force.[40] After a brief re-intensification trend, Dolly again weakened due to wind shear. On September 4, Dolly weakened to a tropical depression, and later that day was absorbed by the trough; it never affected land.[35]
Tropical Storm Edouard
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 1 – September 6 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min); 1002 mbar (hPa) |
Edouard formed out of an area of disturbed weather north of the
Tropical Storm Edouard dropped moderate rainfall across Florida, peaking at 7.64 inches (194 mm) in DeSoto County.[42] Though it was a tropical storm at landfall, winds were light across the path of the storm over land. Several roads were flooded from moderate precipitation. No casualties were reported, and damage was minimal.[41]
Tropical Storm Fay
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 5 – September 8 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 998 mbar (hPa) |
In early September, a low pressure center developed along a trough of low pressure, and on September 5, the system had gained sufficient organization to be a
The storm brought heavy rainfall in Mexico and Texas. The storm also caused six tornadoes, up to 20 in (510 mm) of rain, and extended periods of tropical storm force winds.[43] The storm caused moderate flooding in some areas due to high rainfall amounts, which left about 400 homes with some form of damage. In total, 400 houses sustained damage from flooding.[44] 1,575 houses were damaged from the flooding or tornadic damage, 23 severely, amounting to $4.5 million (2002 USD) in damage. No deaths are attributed to Fay.[45]
Tropical Depression Seven
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 7 – September 8 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min); 1013 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave exited Africa on September 1, and after initial development became disorganized. It moved west-northwestward for a week, reorganizing enough by September 7 to be declared Tropical Depression Seven about 1,155 mi (1,859 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[46] At the time, the depression had persistent convection around a small circulation, and it moved steadily westward due to a ridge to its north.[47] Shortly after forming, strong wind shear diminished the convection and left the center partially exposed.[48] By September 8, there was no remaining thunderstorm activity,[49] and the depression degenerated into a remnant low-pressure area.[50] The storm dissipated shortly after as strong wind shear continued to cause the storm to deteriorate while located 980 mi (1580 mi) southeast of Bermuda. The depression never affected land.[46]
Hurricane Gustav
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 8 – September 12 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); 960 mbar (hPa) |
An area of unsettled weather developed between the
The storm was responsible for one death and $100,000 (2002 USD) in damage, mostly in North Carolina. The interaction between Gustav and a non-tropical system produced strong winds that caused an additional $240,000 (2002 USD) in damage in New England, but this damage was not directly attributed to the hurricane. In Atlantic Canada, the hurricane and its remnants brought heavy rain, tropical storm and hurricane-force winds, as well as storm surges for several days.
Tropical Storm Hanna
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 12 – September 15 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 1001 mbar (hPa) |
In early September, a tropical wave merged with a trough of low pressure in the Gulf of Mexico and spawned a low-pressure system. Convection steadily deepened on September 11 east of the upper-level low and the surface low; it was classified as Tropical Depression Nine the next day. The disorganized storm moved westward, then northward, where it strengthened into Tropical Storm Hanna later that day. After reaching a peak with winds of 60 mph (97 km/h), it made two landfalls on the
Because most of the associated convective activity was east of the center of circulation, minimal damage was reported in Louisiana and
Hurricane Isidore
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 14 – September 27 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 125 mph (205 km/h) (1-min); 934 mbar (hPa) |
On September 9, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa, and by September 14 it was classified as a tropical depression. The next day the storm was located just south of Jamaica, and it developed into Tropical Storm Isidore. On September 19, it intensified into a hurricane, and Isidore made landfall in western Cuba as a Category 1 storm. Just before landfall near Puerto Telchac on September 22, Isidore reached its peak intensity, with wind speeds of 125 mph (201 km/h), making it a strong Category 3 storm. After returning to the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical storm, Isidore's final landfall was near Grand Isle, Louisiana, on September 26. The storm weakened to a tropical depression over Mississippi early the following day, before becoming extratropical over Pennsylvania later on September 27 and then being absorbed by a frontal system.[58]
Isidore made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula of southern Mexico as a Category 3 hurricane, leaving $950 million (2002 USD) in damage in the country.[59] Despite dropping over 30 inches (760 mm) of rainfall among other effects,[60] only two indirect deaths were reported there.[61] As a tropical storm, Isidore produced a maximum of 15.97 inches (406 mm) of rainfall in the United States at Metairie, Louisiana.[60] The rainfall was responsible for flooding that caused moderate crop damage, with a total of $330 million in damage (2002 USD).[62]
Tropical Storm Josephine
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 17 – September 19 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); 1009 mbar (hPa) |
A non-tropical low developed along a dissipating stationary front on September 16 in the central Atlantic and drifted north-northeastward.[63] The National Hurricane Center classified it as Tropical Depression Eleven on September 17 about 710 mi (1,140 km) east of Bermuda, and initially the depression did not have significant deep convection.[64] A wind report early on September 18 indicated the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Josephine. The storm continued generally northeastward, steered between a subtropical high to the northeast and a frontal system approaching from the west.[65] Josephine maintained a well-defined circulation, but its deep convection remained intermittent.[66] Early on September 19 the storm began being absorbed by the cold front, and as a tropical cyclone its winds never surpassed 40 mph (64 km/h).[67] Later that day Josephine transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and suddenly intensified to winds of 60 mph (97 km/h). The extratropical low was quickly absorbed by another larger extratropical system on the afternoon of September 19.[63][68]
Hurricane Kyle
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 20 – October 12 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min); 980 mbar (hPa) |
A non-tropical low formed into Subtropical Depression Twelve, well east-southeast of Bermuda on September 20. It became Subtropical Storm Kyle the next day, and Tropical Storm Kyle on September 22. Kyle drifted slowly westward, slowly strengthening, and reached hurricane strength on September 25; it weakened back into a tropical storm on September 28. The cyclone's strength continued to fluctuate between tropical depression and tropical storm several times. Its movement was also extremely irregular, as it shifted sharply north and south along its generally westward path. On October 11, Kyle reached land and made its first landfall near McClellanville, South Carolina. While skirting the coastline of the Carolinas, it moved back over water, and made a second landfall near Long Beach, North Carolina later the same day. Kyle continued out to sea where it merged with a cold front on October 12, becoming the fourth longest-lived Atlantic hurricane.[69]
Kyle brought light precipitation to Bermuda, but no significant damage was reported there.[70] Moderate rainfall accompanied its two landfalls in the United States,[71] causing localized flash flooding and road closures. Floodwaters forced the evacuation of a nursing home and several mobile homes in South Carolina. Kyle spawned at least four tornadoes,[69] the costliest of which struck Georgetown, South Carolina; it damaged 106 buildings and destroyed seven others, causing eight injuries.[72] Overall damage totaled about $5 million (2002 USD), and no direct deaths were reported.[69] However, the remnants of Kyle contributed to one indirect death in the British Isles.[51]
Hurricane Lili
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 21 – October 4 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 145 mph (230 km/h) (1-min); 938 mbar (hPa) |
On September 16, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and across the Atlantic. It developed a low level cloud circulation midway between Africa and the
In Louisiana, wind gusts reaching 120 mph (190 km/h), coupled with over 6 inches (150 mm) of rainfall and a storm surge of 12 feet (3.7 m), caused $1.1 billion (2002 USD) in damage. A total of 237,000 people lost power, and oil rigs offshore were shut down for up to a week.[74]
Tropical Depression Fourteen
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 14 – October 16 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min); 1002 mbar (hPa) |
A weak tropical wave moved through the Lesser Antilles on October 9. As the system reached the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 12, convection increased, and a broad low-pressure area formed later that day. Over the next two days, the low significantly organized, and became Tropical Depression Fourteen at 1200 UTC on October 14. The depression initially tracked west-northwestward, but then curved to the north-northeast. Due to vertical wind shear, the depression was unable to intensify, and remained below tropical storm status during its duration. By 1600 UTC on October 16, the depression made landfall near Cienfuegos, Cuba with winds of 30 mph (48 km/h). While crossing the island, the depression was absorbed by a cold front early on October 17. Minimal impact was reported, which was limited to locally heavy rains over portions of Jamaica, Cuba, and the Cayman Islands.[75]
Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2002. Each of the three new names was used for the first time in 2002.
|
Beginning in 2002, subtropical cyclones were numbered and named following the same procedure as tropical cyclones. Gustav was the first subtropical system to be named under the new policy.[51][78]
Retirement
In the spring of 2003, the World Meteorological Organization retired the names Isidore and Lili from its rotating Atlantic hurricane name lists due to the damage each caused. Those names were replaced with Ike and Laura for the 2008 season.[79]
Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2002 USD.
Saffir–Simpson scale | ||||||
TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
Storm name |
Dates active | Storm category at peak intensity |
Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) |
Min. press. (mbar) |
Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Ref(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arthur | July 14–16 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 997 | Southeastern United States | Minimal | 1 | |||
Bertha | August 4–9 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1007 | Mississippi | $200,000 | 1 | |||
Cristobal | August 5–8 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 999 | Bermuda, New York | Minimal | 0 (3) | |||
Dolly | August 29 – September 4 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 997 | None | None | None | |||
Edouard | September 1–6 | Tropical storm | 65 (100) | 1002 | Florida | Minimal | None | |||
Fay | September 5–8 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 998 | Texas, Northern Mexico | $4.5 million | None | |||
Seven | September 7–8 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1013 | None | None | None | |||
Gustav | September 8–12 | Category 2 hurricane | 100 (155) | 960 | North Carolina, Virginia, New Jersey, New England | $340,000 | 1 (3) | |||
Hanna | September 12–15 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 1001 | Mid Atlantic
|
$20 million | 3 | |||
Isidore | September 14–27 | Category 3 hurricane | 125 (205) | 934 | Venezuela, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Yucatán Peninsula, Louisiana, Mississippi | $1.28 billion | 19 (3) | |||
Josephine | September 17–19 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1006 | None | None | None | |||
Kyle | September 20 – October 12 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 (140) | 980 | Bermuda, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, British Isles | $5 million | 0 (1) | |||
Lili | September 21 – October 4 | Category 4 hurricane | 145 (230) | 938 | Windward Islands, Haiti, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Louisiana | $1.16 billion | 13 (2) | |||
Fourteen | October 14–16 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1002 | Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Cuba | Minimal | None | |||
Season aggregates | ||||||||||
14 systems | July 14 – October 16 | 145 (230) | 934 | $2.470 billion | 38 (15) |
See also
- Tropical cyclones in 2002
- 2002 Pacific hurricane season
- 2002 Pacific typhoon season
- 2002 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2001–02, 2002–03
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 2001–02, 2002–03
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2001–02, 2002–03
- South Atlantic tropical cyclone
- Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
Notes
References
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- ^ a b c Lixion A. Avila (October 12, 2002). Tropical Storm Dolly Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- ^ Lixion A. Avila (August 29, 2002). "Tropical Depression Four Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
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External links
- Monthly Weather Review
- National Hurricane Center 2002 Atlantic hurricane season summary
- U.S. Rainfall from Tropical Cyclones in 2002