2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak
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2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak | |
---|---|
rope squirrels) housed with prairie dogs | |
Location | Midwestern United States |
Index case | May 15, 2003 |
Confirmed cases | 71 |
Recovered | 71 |
Deaths | 0 |
Fatality rate | 0% |
Beginning in May 2003, by July a total of 71 cases of
The outbreak marked the first time monkeypox infection appeared in the United States, and the first time in the
Timeline
In May, 2003, a three-year-old Wisconsin resident was bitten by a prairie dog purchased from a local pet store.[4] The child was hospitalized after developing fever of unknown origin (103 °F (39 °C)), swollen eyes, and a red vesicular skin rash. The child's parents also developed a rash, but no other symptoms.[5] Physicians immediately associated the symptoms with the animal bite and reported the case to the Milwaukee Health Department. Testing of both the child and the prairie dog confirmed the monkeypox virus as the causative agent.[citation needed]
Between May 15, 2003, when the three-year-old index patient was first diagnosed through June 20, the date of the last patient with a laboratory-confirmed case of monkeypox, a total of 71 people ranging in age from 1 to 51 were infected.[3]
Source
On April 9, 2003, a Texas importer received a shipment of 762 African rodents from
Illinois distributor number one received Gambian rats and dormice and housed the rodents with 200 prairie dogs. This distributor shipped prairie dogs to pet stores in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Kansas, South Carolina, and Michigan. No human cases of monkeypox were reported in Japan, Michigan, and South Carolina. Laboratory-confirmed cases occurred only in Kansas (1), Missouri (2), Indiana (16), Illinois (12), and Wisconsin (22).[3]
Of the 200 prairie dogs housed with the Gambian rats and dormice, 94 tested positive for monkeypox virus, including prairie dogs in pet stores in Wisconsin (44 cases), Indiana (24), Illinois (19), Ohio (4), Kansas (1), Missouri (1), and one case in the eastern seaboard state of New Jersey. The Gambian rats and dormice housed with the prairie dogs at Illinois distributor number one tested positive for monkeypox virus.[citation needed]
The most recent incidence of monkeypox prior to the Midwest outbreak
Transmission
No human-to-human transmission was found during this outbreak. All cases were found to be the direct result of contact with infected prairie dogs.[3] Human-to-human transmission has been reported in Central and West Africa.[citation needed]
Signs and symptoms
The onset of the illness among affected persons in the United States began in early May 2003. People typically experienced fever, headaches, muscle aches, chills, and nonproductive coughs, followed 1–10 days later by a generalized papular rash which developed first on the trunk, then limbs and head. The papules evolved through phases of
Treatment
As no direct antiviral treatment for monkeypox was known, only supportive care and prevention of secondary infection was recommended. Universal precautions in the care of those with the disease had been shown to prevent human-to-human transmission and inoculation with the smallpox vaccine has shown to be effective in abating the progression of the disease in those with active infection, and in the prevention of the disease in the general population.[citation needed]
Use of smallpox vaccine
In the Midwest outbreak, the CDC issued guidance on the use of smallpox vaccine, Cidofovir, and Vaccinia immune globulin. Thirty residents in six states received the smallpox vaccination. This included 28 adults and two children. Vaccine was given before exposure to seven persons (three veterinarians, two laboratory workers, and two health-care workers) and after exposure to 23 persons (10 health-care workers, seven household contacts, three laboratory workers, one public health veterinarian, one public health epidemiologist, and one work contact). Three (10%) reported rash within 2 weeks of vaccination. [3] One adult who was vaccinated as a child did not have a major vaccine reaction or "take" 7 days after vaccination and required revaccination.[citation needed]
No adverse reactions to the smallpox vaccine were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.[citation needed]
Further action
To prevent monkeypox virus from entering into the United States again, the
See also
References
- S2CID 214756407.
- ^ "Medscape Monkeypox Review". Bcbsma.medscape.com. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
- ^ PMID 12855947.Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Atlanta, Georgia. (MMWR) July 11, 2003. (52) 27; 642-646.
- ^ Spice, Linda (6 June 2003). "13 Sick After Prairie Dog Contact; Milwaukee Pet Store Employee, Two Others Remain Hospitalized". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on 9 October 2003. Retrieved 31 May 2022. Cited Here Archived 17 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
- ^ Todd Richmond. Four Get Monkeypox Virus from Prairie Dogs." Associated Press. 6/11/2003.
- ^ Y.J.F. Hutin, R.J. Williams, P. Malfait, et al., Outbreak of Human Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996-1997. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(3) May–June 2001.
- ^ Todd Richmond. Four Get Monkeypox Virus from Prairie Dogs. Associated Press. June 11, 2003.
- Pediatr Infect Dis J;22(12): 1093–1096; discussion 1096–1098.
- ^ "Federal Register, Volume 73 Issue 174 (Monday, September 8, 2008)".