2008 Summer Olympics medal table

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

2008 Summer Olympics medals
LocationBeijing,  China
Highlights
Most gold medals China (48)
Most total medals United States (112)
← 2004 · Olympics medal tables · 2012 →
Map of the world showing the achievements of each country during the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China.
Gold for countries achieving at least one gold medal.
Silver for countries achieving at least one silver medal.
Brown for countries achieving at least one bronze medal.
Green for countries that did not win a medal.
Black for countries that did not participate.
A yellow square displays the host city (Beijing).
Blue asterisks display countries achieving their first medal ever in a Summer Olympics.

The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, were a summer multi-sport event held in Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, from 8 to 24 August 2008. Approximately 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in 302 events in 28 sports.[1]

Athletes from 87 countries won medals, and 55 of them won at least one gold medal. Both of these categories set new records until surpassed in 2016. Athletes from China won the most gold medals, with 48, while athletes from the United States won the most total medals, with 112. Afghanistan,[2] Mauritius,[3] Sudan,[4] Tajikistan[5] and Togo[6] won their first Olympic medals. Athletes from Mongolia (which previously held the record for most medals without a gold)[7] and Panama[8] won their first gold medals. Serbian swimmer Milorad Čavić won the first medal for the country as an independent NOC. Serbian athletes had previously won medals as nationals of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro.[9] Samoa won its first Olympic medal due to medals reallocation after the IOC retested doping samples in 2016.

Medal table

The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code.

In boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling, two bronze medals are awarded in each weight class.[10] Therefore, the total number of bronze medals is greater than the total number of gold or silver medals. An exception was the men's 84 kg Greco-Roman wrestling, where Ara Abrahamian was stripped of his medal due to his conduct during the medal ceremony. Additionally there was a tie for the silver medal in the women's 100 metres in athletics and no bronze was awarded.[11] Ties for third in swimming's men's 100 metre backstroke and men's 100 metre freestyle meant that two bronze medals were awarded for those events.[12]

From left to right: Tore Brovold from Norway (silver), Vincent Hancock from USA (gold) and Anthony Terras from France (bronze) with the medals they earned in the men's skeet shooting.
Maarten van der Weijden from the Netherlands won a gold medal in the men's 10 km open water.
Left to right: Lu Chunlong (gold), Dong Dong (bronze), both from China, and Jason Burnett from Canada (silver) won medals in the men's trampoline gymnastics.
Femke Dekker from the Netherlands won a silver medal in the women's eights in rowing.
From left to right: Ryan Lochte (bronze), Michael Phelps (gold), both from USA, and László Cseh from Hungary (silver) show the medals they earned from the men's 400 metre individual medley.
Ketleyn Quadros from Brazil won a bronze medal in the women's 57 kg judo.
Emma Snowsill (left) and Emma Moffatt (right) from Australia show their gold and bronze medals after the women's triathlon.
Key

  ‡   Changes in medal standings (see below)

  *   Host nation (China)

2008 Summer Olympics medal table
RankNOCGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 China*‡482230100
2 United States363937112
3 Russia24132360
4 Great Britain19131951
5 Germany16111441
6 Australia14151746
7 South Korea1311832
8 Japan98825
9 Italy891027
10 France7162043
11 Netherlands75416
12 Ukraine741122
13 Kenya64616
14 Spain511319
15 Jamaica54211
16 Poland45211
17 Ethiopia4217
18 Romania4149
19 Cuba3101730
20 Canada39820
21 Hungary35210
22 Norway3519
23 Brazil341017
24 Belarus34714
25 Czech Republic3317
26 Slovakia3306
27 New Zealand3249
28 Georgia3227
29 Kazakhstan2349
30 Denmark2237
31 North Korea2226
 Thailand2226
33 Mongolia2204
34 Switzerland2147
35 Argentina2046
36 Mexico2024
37 Belgium2002
38 Zimbabwe1304
39 Slovenia1225
40 Azerbaijan1146
 Indonesia1146
42 Bulgaria1135
 Turkey1135
44 Chinese Taipei1124
 Finland1124
46 Latvia1113
47 Dominican Republic1102
 Estonia1102
 Portugal1102
 Trinidad and Tobago1102
51 India1023
52 Iran1012
53 Cameroon1001
 Panama1001
 Tunisia1001
56 Sweden0415
57 Lithuania0325
 Nigeria0325
59 Croatia0235
60 Colombia0213
 Greece0213
62 Armenia0145
63 Uzbekistan0134
64 Austria0123
 Ireland0123
 Kyrgyzstan0123
 Serbia0123
68 Algeria0112
 Bahamas0112
 Morocco0112
 Tajikistan0112
72 Chile0101
 Ecuador0101
 Iceland0101
 Malaysia0101
 Samoa0101
 Singapore0101
 South Africa0101
 Sudan0101
 Vietnam0101
81 Egypt0022
82 Afghanistan0011
 Israel0011
 Mauritius0011
 Moldova0011
 Togo0011
 Venezuela0011
Totals (87 entries)302303353958

Changes in medal standings

Belarusian athletes Vadim Devyatovskiy and Ivan Tsikhan, who won silver and bronze respectively in the men's hammer throw, both tested positive for abnormal levels of testosterone. After attending a disciplinary hearing in September 2008, they were stripped of their medals on 11 December 2008. Krisztián Pars of Hungary was awarded the silver medal, and Koji Murofushi of Japan was awarded the bronze.[13] However, both of the Belarusian athletes subsequently had their medals reinstated because the doping tests were not handled correctly.[14]

List of official changes in medal standings
Ruling date Sport/Event Athlete (NOC) 1st place, gold medalist(s) 2nd place, silver medalist(s) 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Total Comment
List of official changes in medal standings (during the Games)
15 August 2008 Shooting
Men's 10 metre air pistol
 Kim Jong-su (PRK) DSQ −1 −1 On 15 August 2008, the IOC announced that North Korean shooter Kim Jong-su had tested positive for the banned substance propranolol and he was stripped of his two medals. He had won a bronze medal in the 10 metre air pistol and silver in the 50 metre pistol. After the disqualification, the bronze medal in the 10 metre air pistol went to Jason Turner of the United States, the silver medal in the 50 metre pistol went to Tan Zongliang of China, and the bronze to Vladimir Isakov of Russia.[15]
 Jason Turner (USA) +1 +1
Shooting
Men's 50 metre pistol
 Kim Jong-su (PRK) DSQ −1 −1
 Tan Zongliang (CHN) +1 −1 0
 Vladimir Isakov (RUS) +1 +1
16 August 2008 Wrestling
Men's Greco-Roman 84 kg
 Ara Abrahamian (SWE) DSQ −1 −1 Swedish wrestler Ara Abrahamian was originally awarded a bronze medal in the Greco-Roman 84 kg event. However, at the medal ceremony he walked off the podium and dropped his medal on the mat in protest against the judging in his event. On 16 August 2008, the IOC decided to strip Abrahamian of his medal because they felt it amounted to a political demonstration and was disrespectful to other athletes.[16] As there was already one other bronze medalist in this event, Abrahamian's medal was not reallocated.
22 August 2008 Athletics
Women's heptathlon
 
Lyudmila Blonska (UKR
) DSQ
−1 −1
turinabol.[18] The bronze medal was then re-allocated to Great Britain’s Kelly Sotherton
(see below).
 Hyleas Fountain (USA) +1 −1 0
 Tatyana Chernova (RUS) +1 +1
List of official changes in medal standings (after the Games)
22 December 2008
Equestrian
Team jumping
 
Tony Andre Hansen (NOR
) DSQ
−1 −1 Norwegian equestrian athlete Tony André Hansen's horse tested positive for the pain relieving medication capsaicin, a banned substance. Hansen, who had won a bronze medal in the team jumping event, was disqualified. In the team jumping system, the top three scores garnered by the four riders are counted. Hansen had the best score on his team, and it was removed from the total. Without Hansen's score, his team was below the bronze medal threshold, and bronze was awarded to the team from Switzerland on 22 December 2008.[19]
 - (SUI) +1 +1
18 November 2009
Men's 1500 metres
 Rashid Ramzi (BRN) DSQ −1 −1 On 18 November 2009, the IOC announced that two medalists had been stripped of their medals. First,
men's road race.[20][21] Fabian Cancellara of Switzerland later had his bronze medal upgraded to silver, and the bronze medal was awarded to Alexandr Kolobnev of Russia.[22][23]
 
Asbel Kipruto Kiprop (KEN
)
+1 −1 0
 
Nicholas Willis (NZL
)
+1 −1 0
 Mehdi Baala (FRA) +1 +1
Men's road race
 Davide Rebellin (ITA) DSQ −1 −1
 Fabian Cancellara (SUI) +1 −1 0
 Alexandr Kolobnev (RUS) +1 +1
20 August 2014 Athletics
Men's shot put
 Andrei Mikhnevich (BLR) DSQ −1 −1 In 2012, the
IAAF announced that retested doping samples of Belarusian shotputter Andrei Mikhnevich from the 2005 World Athletics Championships were found positive for three anabolic steroids: Clenbuterol, Metandienone and Oxandrolone. On 20 August 2014, the IOC disqualified Mikhnevich's results from the 2008 Summer Olympics in the men's shot put event and reallocated the bronze medal to Canadian Dylan Armstrong.[24]
 Dylan Armstrong (CAN) +1 +1
List of official changes in medal standings (2016 wave of retesting)
22 July 2016 Weightlifting
Women's 48 kg
 Sibel Özkan (TUR) DSQ −1 −1 On 22 July 2016, Sibel Özkan of Turkey was disqualified due to an anti-doping rule violation and stripped of her silver medal in the women's 48 kg event.[25]
The IOC requested that the IWF modify the results of the weightlifting events, and the medals were reallocated accordingly.[26]
For reallocation of medals see 12 January 2017
16 August 2016 Athletics
Women's 4 × 100 metres relay
 Yuliya Chermoshanskaya (RUS) DSQ −1 −1 On 16 August 2016, the Russian
IAAF modify the results, and the medals were redistributed accordingly.[28][29]
 - (BEL) +1 −1 0
 - (NGR) +1 −1 0
 - (BRA) +1 +1
19 August 2016 Athletics
Women's 4 × 400 metres relay
 Anastasiya Kapachinskaya (RUS) DSQ,
 Tatyana Firova (RUS) DSQ
−1 −1 On 19 August 2016, the Russian
IAAF modify the results, and the medals were redistributed accordingly.[32]
 - (JAM) +1 −1 0
 - (GBR) +1 +1
31 August 2016 Weightlifting
Men's 69 kg
 Tigran Martirosyan (ARM) DSQ −1 −1 On 31 August 2016, the IOC disqualified six sportspersons for failing doping tests at the 2008 Games. They included Russian weightlifting medalists Nadezhda Evstyukhina (bronze medal in the women's 75 kg event) and Marina Shainova (silver medal in the women's 58 kg event). Also disqualified were bronze medal weightlifter Tigran Martirosyan of Armenia (men's 69 kg event) and fellow weightlifters Alexandru Dudoglo of Moldova (9th place in men's 69 kg event) and Intigam Zairov of Azerbaijan (9th place in men's 85 kg event).[31]
The IOC requested that the IWF modify the results of the weightlifting events, and the medals were reallocated accordingly.[26]
 Yordanis Borrero (CUB) +1 +1
Weightlifting
Women's 75 kg
 Nadezhda Evstyukhina (RUS) DSQ −1 −1
For reallocation of medals see 12 January 2017
Weightlifting
Women's 58 kg
 Marina Shainova (RUS) DSQ −1 −1
 O Jong-ae (PRK) +1 −1 0
 Wandee Kameaim (THA) +1 +1
1 September 2016 Athletics
Women's discus throw
 
Yarelis Barrios (CUB
) DSQ
−1 −1 On 1 September 2016, the IOC disqualified a further two athletes. Cuban discus thrower
IAAF modify the results, and the medals were redistributed accordingly.[34]
 Olena Antonova (UKR) +1 −1 0
 Song Aimin (CHN) +1 +1
13 September 2016 Athletics
Women's javelin throw
 Mariya Abakumova (RUS) DSQ −1 −1 On 13 September 2016, four more Russian athletes were disqualified for doping offenses. Two of those were medalists from the 2008 Summer Olympics: silver medalist
IAAF modify the results; medals in the men's 4 × 400 m relay event were redistributed, and on 9 July 2017 Michael Bingham, Martyn Rooney, Andrew Steele and Robert Tobin received the bronze medals in London.[36][37] In the women's javelin throw event, Christina Obergföll of Germany was advanced to silver, and the bronze medal was reallocated to Goldie Sayers
of Great Britain.
 Christina Obergföll (GER) +1 −1 0
 Goldie Sayers (GBR) +1 +1
Athletics
Men's 4 × 400 m relay
 Denis Alekseyev (RUS) DSQ −1 −1
 - (GBR) +1 +1
6 October 2016 Athletics
Women's high jump
 Anna Chicherova (RUS) DSQ −1 −1 On 6 October 2016, the IOC disqualified
IAAF modify the results, and the medals were redistributed accordingly.[39]
 Chaunté Howard (USA) +1 +1
26 October 2016 Weightlifting
Men's 85 kg
 Andrei Rybakou (BLR) DSQ −1 −1 On 26 October 2016, the IOC disqualified nine more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 games. Amongst them were six medalists:
IAAF modify the results of the women's 3000 metres steeplechase event, and the medals were reallocated accordingly.[43]
 Tigran Martirosyan (ARM) +1 −1 0
 Jadier Valladares (CUB) +1 +1
Weightlifting
Women's 53 kg
 Nastassia Novikava (BLR) DSQ −1 −1
 Raema Lisa Rumbewas (INA) +1 +1
Weightlifting
Women's +75 kg
 Olha Korobka (UKR) DSQ −1 −1
For reallocation of medals see 17 November 2016
Athletics
Women's 3000 metres steeplechase
 
Yekaterina Volkova (RUS
) DSQ
−1 −1
 
Tatyana Petrova (RUS
)
+1 +1
Wrestling
Men's freestyle 74 kg
 Soslan Tigiev (UZB) DSQ −1 −1
 Murad Gaidarov (BLR) +1 −1 0
 Gheorghiță Ștefan (ROU) +1 +1
Wrestling
Men's freestyle 96 kg
 Taimuraz Tigiyev (KAZ) DSQ −1 −1
 Giorgi Gogshelidze (GEO) +1 −1 0
 Michel Batista (CUB) +1 +1
17 November 2016 Athletics
Men's pole vault
 Denys Yurchenko (UKR) DSQ −1 −1 On 17 November 2016, the IOC disqualified sixteen more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 games. Amongst them were ten medal winners:
IAAF modify the results, and medals in the men's pole vault event were redistributed accordingly.[45]
 Derek Miles (USA) +1 +1
Athletics
Women's triple jump
 
Hrysopiyí Devetzí (GRE
) DSQ
−1 −1
For reallocation of medals see 25 January 2017
Weightlifting
Men's 94 kg
 Khadzhimurat Akkaev (RUS) DSQ −1 −1
For reallocation of medals see 25 November 2016
Weightlifting
Women's 69 kg
 Nataliya Davydova (UKR) DSQ −1 −1
For reallocation of medals see 12 January 2017
Weightlifting
Women's +75 kg
 Ele Opeloge (SAM) +1 +1
 Mariya Grabovetskaya (KAZ) DSQ −1 −1
 Mariam Usman (NGR) +1 +1
Weightlifting
Men's 105 kg
 Dmitry Lapikov (RUS) DSQ −1 −1
 Marcin Dołęga (POL) +1 +1
Weightlifting
Women's 63 kg
 Irina Nekrassova (KAZ) DSQ −1 −1
 Lu Ying-chi (TPE) +1 −1 0
 Christine Girard (CAN) +1 +1
Wrestling
Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg
 Vitaliy Rahimov (AZE) DSQ −1 −1
 Nurbakyt Tengizbayev (KAZ) +1 −1 0
 Sheng Jiang (CHN) +1 +1
Wrestling
Men's Greco-Roman 96 kg
 Asset Mambetov (KAZ) DSQ −1 −1
 Marek Švec (CZE) +1 +1
Wrestling
Men's Greco-Roman 120 kg
 Khasan Baroev (RUS) DSQ −1 −1
 Mindaugas Mizgaitis (LTU) +1 −1 0
 Yannick Szczepaniak (FRA) +1 +1
25 November 2016 Athletics
Women's hammer throw
 Aksana Miankova (BLR) DSQ −1 −1 On 25 November 2016, the IOC disqualified
IAAF modify the results, and medals in the women's hammer throw event were redistributed accordingly.[47]
 Yipsi Moreno (CUB) +1 −1 0
 Zhang Wenxiu (CHN) +1 −1 0
 Manuela Montebrun (FRA) +1 +1
Athletics
Women's shot put
 Natallia Mikhnevich (BLR) DSQ −1 −1
For reallocation of medals see 12 January 2017
Weightlifting
Men's 94 kg
 Ilya Ilyin (KAZ) DSQ −1 −1
 Szymon Kołecki (POL) +1 −1 0
 Arsen Kasabiev (GEO) +1 +1
 Yoandry Hernández (CUB) +1 +1
12 January 2017 Weightlifting
Women's 48 kg
 Chen Xiexia (CHN) DSQ −1 −1 On 12 January 2017, the IOC disqualified
IAAF modify the results, and medals in the women's shot put event were redistributed accordingly.[49]
 Chen Wei-ling (TPE) +1 −1 0
 Im Jyoung-hwa (KOR) +1 +1
 Pensiri Laosirikul (THA) +1 +1
Weightlifting
Women's 69 kg
 Liu Chunhong (CHN) DSQ −1 −1
 
Oksana Slivenko (RUS
)
+1 −1 0
 Leydi Solís (COL) +1 +1
 Abeer Abdelrahman (EGY) +1 +1
Weightlifting
Women's 75 kg
 Cao Lei (CHN) DSQ −1 −1
 Alla Vazhenina (KAZ) +1 −1 0
 Lydia Valentín (ESP) +1 +1
 Damaris Aguirre (MEX) +1 +1
Athletics
Women's shot put
 
Nadzeya Ostapchuk (BLR
) DSQ
−1 −1
 Misleydis González (CUB) +1 +1
 Gong Lijiao (CHN) +1 +1
25 January 2017 Athletics
Men's 4 × 100 metres relay
 Nesta Carter (JAM) DSQ −1 −1 On 25 January 2017, the Jamaican team were stripped of the gold medal place in the
IAAF modify the results, and, after CAS dismisses the appeal of Jamaican sprinter,[53] the medals were redistributed accordingly.[54]
Trinidad and Tobago team was advanced to gold, Japan to silver, and Brazil to bronze.

IAAF modify the results, and, after CAS dismisses the appeal of Tatyana Lebedeva,[56] the medals were redistributed accordingly.[57][58] In the women's long jump event, Blessing Okagbare of Nigeria was advanced to silver, and Chelsea Hammond of Jamaica was advanced to bronze. In the women's triple jump event, Olga Rypakova of Kazakhstan was advanced to silver, and Yargelis Savigne
of Cuba was advanced to bronze.

 - (TTO) +1 −1 0
 - (JPN) +1 −1 0
 - (BRA) +1 +1
Athletics
Women's long jump
 Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) DSQ −1 −1
 Blessing Okagbare (NGR) +1 −1 0
 Chelsea Hammond (JAM) +1 +1
Athletics
Women's triple jump
 Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) DSQ −1 −1
 Olga Rypakova (KAZ) +1 +1
 Yargelis Savigne (CUB) +1 +1
1 March 2017 Modern pentathlon
Women's modern pentathlon
 Victoria Tereshchuk (UKR) DSQ −1 −1 On 1 March 2017, the IOC disqualified the Ukrainian athlete
Anastasiya Samusevich of Belarus.[60]
 
Anastasiya Samusevich (BLR
)
+1 +1
29 March 2017 Athletics
Women's 5000 metres
 Elvan Abeylegesse (TUR) DSQ −1 −1 On 29 March 2017,
IAAF modify the results of the events, and the medals were reallocated accordingly.[63][64]
 Meseret Defar (ETH) +1 −1 0
 
Sylvia Kibet (KEN
)
+1 +1
Women's 10000 metres
 Elvan Abeylegesse (TUR) DSQ −1 −1
 Shalane Flanagan (USA) +1 −1 0
 
Linet Chepkwemoi Masai (KEN
)
+1 +1
5 April 2017 Wrestling
Men's freestyle 120 kg
 Artur Taymazov (UZB) DSQ −1 −1 On 5 April 2017, the IOC disqualified the Uzbek wrestler
turinabol.[65]
The IOC requested that UWW modify the results of the wrestling events, and the medals were reallocated accordingly.[41][42]
 Bakhtiyar Akhmedov (RUS) +1 −1 0
 
David Musuľbes (SVK
)
+1 −1 0
 Disney Rodríguez (CUB) +1 +1
Wrestling
Men's freestyle 60 kg
 Vasyl Fedoryshyn (UKR) DSQ −1 −1
 Kenichi Yumoto (JPN) +1 −1 0
 Bazar Bazarguruev (KGZ) +1 +1
24 April 2017 Athletics
Women's heptathlon
 Tatyana Chernova (RUS) DSQ −1 −1 On 24 April 2017,
turinabol.[18] The bronze medal was reallocated to Kelly Sotherton of Great Britain.[66]
 Kelly Sotherton (GBR) +1 +1
Norwegian show jumper Tony André Hansen was stripped of his bronze medal when his horse tested positive for a banned substance
List of official changes by country
NOC Gold Silver Bronze Net Change
 Russia (RUS) +1 −8 −3 −10
 Ukraine (UKR) 0 −2 −4 −6
 Belarus (BLR) −1 −1 −3 −5
 Kazakhstan (KAZ) −1 −1 −3 −5
 Turkey (TUR) 0 −3 0 −3
 Uzbekistan (UZB) −1 −1 0 −2
 North Korea (PRK) 0 0 −2 −2
 Bahrain (BRN) −1 0 0 −1
 Azerbaijan (AZE) 0 −1 0 −1
 Italy (ITA) 0 −1 0 −1
 Armenia (ARM) 0 +1 −2 −1
 Greece (GRE) 0 0 −1 −1
 Norway (NOR) 0 0 −1 −1
 Sweden (SWE) 0 0 −1 −1
 China (CHN) −3 +2 +1 0
 Jamaica (JAM) −1 +1 0 0
 Belgium (BEL) +1 −1 0 0
 Trinidad and Tobago (TTO) +1 −1 0 0
 Chinese Taipei (TPE) +1 +1 −2 0
 Japan (JPN) 0 +2 −2 0
 Germany (GER) 0 +1 −1 0
 Ethiopia (ETH) 0 +1 −1 0
 Lithuania (LTU) 0 +1 −1 0
 New Zealand (NZL) 0 +1 −1 0
 Slovakia (SVK) 0 +1 −1 0
 Poland (POL) +1 −1 +1 +1
 Colombia (COL) 0 +1 0 +1
 Samoa (SAM) 0 +1 0 +1
 South Korea (KOR) 0 +1 0 +1
 Spain (ESP) 0 +1 0 +1
 Switzerland (SUI) 0 +1 0 +1
 Georgia (GEO) 0 +2 −1 +1
 Nigeria (NGR) 0 +2 −1 +1
 Czech Republic (CZE) 0 0 +1 +1
 Egypt (EGY) 0 0 +1 +1
 Indonesia (INA) 0 0 +1 +1
 Kyrgyzstan (KGZ) 0 0 +1 +1
 Mexico (MEX) 0 0 +1 +1
 Romania (ROU) 0 0 +1 +1
 Brazil (BRA) 0 0 +2 +2
 Canada (CAN) 0 0 +2 +2
 Thailand (THA) 0 0 +2 +2
 Kenya (KEN) +1 −1 +2 +2
 France (FRA) 0 0 +3 +3
 United States (USA) 0 +2 +1 +3
 Great Britain (GBR) 0 0 +4 +4
 Cuba (CUB) +1 −1 +6 +6

See also

References

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External links