2009 swine flu pandemic in Australia
2009 swine flu pandemic in Australia | |
---|---|
Disease | H1N1 |
First outbreak | Thought to be Central Mexico |
Arrival date | 27 April 2009 |
Confirmed cases | 37,537[1] |
Suspected cases‡ | n/a |
Deaths | 191[1] |
‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out. |
Sub-division | Cases | Deaths | |
---|---|---|---|
Laboratory confirmed |
Suspected‡ | ||
Totals | 37,537[1] | n/a | 191[1] |
Australian Capital Territory | 939[2] | n/a | n/a |
New South Wales | 5,078[3] | n/a | n/a |
Northern Territory | 1,456[4] | n/a | n/a |
Queensland | 11,528[5] | n/a | n/a |
South Australia | 8,944[6] | n/a | n/a |
Tasmania | 3,204 | n/a | n/a |
Victoria
|
3,058[7] | n/a | n/a |
Western Australia | 4,499[8] | n/a | n/a |
Context
There are on average 2,500–3,000 deaths every year as a result of seasonal influenza in Australia. An estimated 1 billion are infected seasonally throughout the world. By 18 December 2009 in Australia, 37,537 swine flu tests yielded positive results and the confirmed death toll of people infected with swine flu was 191.[1]
Epidemiology
The first case of swine flu in Australia was reported on 9 May 2009 in a 33-year-old woman from Queensland when she touched down from a flight from Los Angeles to Brisbane. Although it was confirmed to be not infectious (coming out as a "weak but positive result"), family members and people who were sitting close to her during the flight were contacted and urged to seek immediate medical attention if they began to show flu-like symptoms.[16] On 24 May Queensland confirmed its second case.[17] 41 deaths were recorded in Queensland. The first person to die in Queensland was a 38-year-old woman on 15 July at the Mater Hospital Pimlico.[18]
Reported cases by state and territory
Victoria
In
New South Wales
In New South Wales 51 deaths were recorded. The first confirmed death in New South Wales occurred on 29 June[29] and a second man died on 3 July.[30]
South Australia
Australian Capital Territory
The
During the last week of July 2009, Radford College's year 12 cohort was asked to stay home, after a spike of influenza through the year.[citation needed]
Western Australia
There were 27 confirmed deaths in Western Australia. On 26 June 2009, a 26-year-old woman was the first person to die in the state. A 26-year-old Western Australian man died in Adelaide on 19 June.[33]
Tasmania
Tasmania recorded seven deaths.[36] The first person to die in Tasmania was an 85-year-old woman who died in Royal Hobart Hospital on 5 July.[37]
Northern Territory
The Northern Territory confirmed the first infection of a person on 30 May 2009.[38] By this time, six people in the territory had died. The first person in the Territory to die from the epidemic was a man in his early 50s who died at the Royal Darwin Hospital on 6 July.[33]
Overseas Cases
The swine flu also affected some Australians internationally:
- Australians in quarantine:[41]
- 7 in South Korea
- 7 in China including 1 confirmed case
- 1 confirmed case in Taiwan recovered and released
- 2, a mother and child, in the Philippines
- 1 confirmed case of a 12-year-old boy in Singapore who began showing symptoms while on a flight from Sydney
Pacific Dawn cruise ship swine flu scare
On the 25th of May, approximately 3 hours after getting off the boat, a case of swine flu was reported on board. This caused a spike in the number of cases, going up much more rapidly than before, and somehow causing "Case 1" (see above). The number of cases was around 20 before the scare but grew to well over 15,000. This cruise ship is believed to have caused almost half of the cases in SA, the WA case, and the TAS case. It also caused a flu scare in New Caledonia.[citation needed]
Containment and Control
Preparations
In 2008, the Australian government prepared for a possible flu pandemic by creating the Australian Health Management Plan for Pandemic Influenza (AHMPPI). When the outbreak hit its peak in 2009, this plan went into action.[citation needed] The plan followed six steps:
- ALERT: Before the pandemic even began, the country was following ALERT protocol. This entailed watching out for a possible pandemic.
- DELAY: Activated 28 April 2009 with the goal to prevent the virus from coming into Australia for as long as possible.
- CONTAIN: Activated on 22 May 2009 after several cases of H1N1 flu were reported in various states of Australia. This phase of the plan aimed to contain the spread of the flu by encouraging those who were sick to stay home, quarantine, and isolate themselves. This also gave authorities in all states the option to close schools if students were at risk.[13] All states and territories ordered students returning from countries where flu was widespread (Canada, Japan, Mexico, Panama and United States) not to return to school for a week after entering Australia.[42] States outside Victoria decided to prevent students returning to school for a week if they had visited Victoria.[43]
- SUSTAIN: On 3 June 2009, the state of Victoria escalated from CONTAIN to SUSTAIN. The SUSTAIN phase in Victoria meant that less effort was given to tracing and testing, as there would have been insufficient resources available to do this. Antiviral drugs in this phase were only available to confirmed cases or their immediate contacts.[14]
- CONTROL
- RECOVER
- PROTECT: A new phase of the plan that was activated in June 2009 to identify and protect the populations that were the most at risk of fatality from the flu.[44]
The Australian Government had a stockpile of 40 million surgical grade face masks. However, stocks of face masks in pharmacies were depleted due to personal purchases.[45] The World Health Organization Influenza Centre in North Melbourne was attempting to develop a vaccine for swine flu by growing the live virus as found in California, in chicken embryos.[46] The first one-litre batch of vaccine was announced to be ready on 29 June 2009 by the University of Queensland, but would not be available for use until it was registered as safe with the regulatory authority.[47]
A Commonwealth Health hotline for Swine Influenza was set up on Australian phone number 1802007 by the Department of Health and Ageing.[48] The Australian Government set up a health emergency web site.[49] Daily tallies of suspected cases were given.[50]
The Tasmanian Government set up a Tasmanian Action Plan for Human Influenza Pandemic.[51]
The
CSL Limited started to produce a vaccine to immunize against swine flu. The Australian Government ordered ten million doses of the new vaccine.[57][58]
In Melbourne, seven special clinics for influenza opened on 29 May.[59]
Government travel advice
Per recommendations by the World Health Organization, Australia decided against closing their borders during the DELAY phase of the outbreak. There were also no restrictions of travel to and from countries where outbreaks were occurring.[60] However, starting on 30 April, thermal imaging was applied to passenger arrivals at international airports and arriving passengers were required to fill in a card. Customs officers checked aeroplane cabins prior to disembarkation of passengers to look for people with flu symptoms.[45]
Health recommendations
The Australian Government created a nationwide campaign project that encouraged Australians to take up healthy practices such as adequate hand washing, avoiding people who were more susceptible to death from the flu, and getting the vaccine that was available. This was done in media, print, and radio forms so that it could reach the most people as possible. Another main focus of the Australian campaign was to dispel myths about the flu in order to provide citizens with the most factual information available at the time.[61] A large scale immunization effort against swine flu started on Monday 28 September 2009.[citation needed]
At the peak of the outbreak, Australia had a stockpile of 8.7 million doses of
Evaluation
In a 2011 article in the Emerging Health Threats Journal,
Statistics
- During the 2009 flu season in Australia, there were 37,537 confirmed cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and 191 deaths reported in Australia according to Department of Health.[1]
- In 2009, H1N1 Influenza 2009 (Human Swine Influenza) was the underlying cause of 77 deaths in Australia. The ABS implemented World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to code all swine flu deaths to the ICD-10 code of Influenza due to certain identified influenza virus (J09).[9]
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