2012 Romanian protests
2012 Romanian protests | |||
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Part of his cabinet | |||
Number | |||
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Casualties | |||
Injuries | 88 | ||
Arrested | 283 in mid-January clashes[5] |
The 2012 Romanian protests were a series of protests and civil manifestations triggered by the introduction of new health reform legislation. In particular, President Traian Băsescu criticized the Deputy Minister of Health, Raed Arafat, on a Romanian television broadcast. The protests became violent, with both protesters and members of the Gendarmerie sustaining injuries during their clashes.
On the morning of 5 February 2012, Prime Minister Emil Boc announced his resignation because of the protests. He said that his decision would release the tension in the country's political and social situation.[6] Protests, on a lesser scale, continued in University Square in Bucharest. The protesters demanded the president's resignation and early general elections. There were ongoing protests in Romania in subsequent months over a variety of disagreements.
Causes of January protests
Parliamentary legislation of 2010
In 2010, in the
Parliamentary legislation of 2011
In the last days of 2011, the government introduced a new healthcare bill. It would have reduced state funded
Objection by Raed Arafat
One of the main objectors was the
SMURD demonstrations
On 12 January 2012, demonstrations grew in size and spread to
Băsescu
On 13 January 2012, in the evening, president Băsescu held a press conference and asked for the bill to be quashed, citing resistance from the populace. He also criticised those opposing the bill for cronyism. The health minister
Course of the protests
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University Square clash gallery | |
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Molotov cocktails versus tear gas: New wave of Romania violence on YouTube |
First phase
On 12 January 2012, a non-violent protest was held in Târgu Mureș to express solidarity with the SMURD founder, Raed Arafat. People gathered in the center of Târgu Mureș moved on the march towards the SMURD headquarters, blocking traffic, and demonstrators were joined by several hundred people, so that their number reached approximately 3,000.[24] Several petitions had drawn up on social networking websites, these having hundreds of thousands, even millions of upholders.[25]
On 13 January 2012, in the evening, a rally was held at the
On 14 January 2012, protesters rallied at University Square and outside the gates of Cotroceni Palace. To avoid clashes, protective fences were installed. Around 18:00 local time, protesters blocked the Nicolae Bălcescu Boulevard. After the intervention of gendarmes, Nicolae Bălcescu Boulevard was cleared and people were pushed to the sidewalk.[27]
Around 20:50 local time, protesters threw stones at the gendarmes. The Gendarmerie and police officers used tear gas to disperse the demonstrators.[28]
Ambulance Bucharest and SMURD crews intervened for medical care to 20 people. Of these, five were gendarmes. Likewise, an operator of
On 15 January 2012, the demonstrations continued. From the early morning, protesters gathered in the squares of Romania's main cities. They waved Romanian flags cut in the middle (the symbol of the
In the mid afternoon, about one hundred people, mostly former revolutionaries, gathered in Victory Square, Timişoara, to protest. The meeting was authorized and was scheduled to end at 17:00, when supporters of football team Poli Timişoara were expected to arrive in the square. An elderly man chanting in favor of Băsescu was escorted by the gendarmes from the area.[31] During the night, most protesters at University Square maintained a non-violent stance, while smaller groups tried to destroy police barricades.[32] Some allege manipulation of the demonstrations (for example, the police intentionally allowing hooligan activity) for political reasons. [citation needed] In Iaşi's Union Square, a meeting of solidarity with Arafat was organised by the Iaşi National Liberal Party's (PNL) youth organization. They were joined by others who gathered in Palace of Culture Square.[33]
Elias Bucurica, a member of the
Cristian Popescu Piedone, the mayor of the 4th District had resigned from office in the Conservative Party (PC), (part of USL) and intended to contest the mayoral election as a UNPR candidate. Piedone later said,
We should not turn this case into a political one and parties that want to profit from these events will probably have to explain themselves. [citation needed]
Gabriel Oprea, Defense Minister in the Boc Government and president of UNPR said,
It is pure demagogy, there is no connection between the people that were there and UNPR. [citation needed]
Small groups of ultras were led by Tararache Marius, Țintă Claudiu from Dinamo Bucharest and Denescu Alexandru Mihai from Steaua Bucharest. On 17 January 2012, Mihai Capatana was arrested for 29 days for vandalism in connection with the events. [citation needed]
On 16 January 2012, protestors in large numbers gathered again at University Square, Bucharest.[38] Police kept the peace.[39] The Gendarmerie monitored key locations in Bucharest such as subway access points. They stopped demonstrators carrying weapons into the University area as well as arresting those with weapons at the rallies. No significant violent events took place. Around 23:20 local time, on Brătianu Boulevard, gendarmes surrounded around 70 ultras, heading towards the University Square. They were asked to identify themselves and subsequently loaded onto trucks.[40]
Demonstrators from
On 17 January, protests in Bucharest continued. Hundreds of people gathered in the middle of the day with numbers rising towards the evening. Prime Minister Boc invited the USL opposition alliance to talks to be held the following day at the Palace of Parliament. The co-presidents of the USL, PNL leader Crin Antonescu and Social Democratic Party leader Victor Ponta, announced the agenda. The first item was the immediate resignation of the Democratic Liberal Party Government of Emil Boc and early elections. Protests took place in 60 other Romanian cities involving over 5,000 people.
Arafat returned to his former position as under-secretary of state. He declared that his initial resignation was because of the health bill and since the bill was revoked, he could resume his role. He also stressed that the protesters no longer referenced him specifically and he would not make any further comment about the protests. [citation needed]
In
In
19 January 2012 was one of the most violent days of the protests. Between 1,500 and 20,000 people gathered in central Bucharest. Revolutionaries, young people, office workers, members of the USL, gendarmes, football fans and politicians gathered in University Square.[43][44] Protesters at University Square threw bottles and stones at the gendarmes. 30 to 40 protesters were arrested.[45] In Arch of Triumph Square a USL meeting was organized. The participants were greeted with hostility by protesters from the University Square, Ludovic Orban being pushed and booed by them.[46][47]
On 23 January, over 3,000 people demonstrated in several cities. Teodor Baconschi, the foreign minister tendered his resignation[48] after having called the protesters "clueless and inept slum dwellers".[49]
Lieutenant Gheorghe Alexandru, aged 27, a member of Air 71 Flotilla Câmpia Turzii, arrived in uniform among the protesters in University Square in Bucharest. He chose to join demonstrators in Bucharest out of "respect for his nation" and to demonstrate that "the Army did not leave". He acknowledged that there would be consequences for him.[50]
On 24 January, on the twelfth day of (mostly non-violent) protests continued in Victory Square. Some entered the
On 25 January 2012, the protests continued despite inclement weather. Băsescu addressed the nation to give reassurance. He advised he would not resign unless it became the only obvious solution to the political crisis. He promised to act on the reform referendum of 2009.
Second phase
External videos | |
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"The protest of inverted commas" (3 July) on YouTube |
From 24 April to 1 May 2012, thousands of people from the three historical regions –
In early July, demonstrations took place in several locations in Bucharest. Hundreds of Romanians, among them former Prime Minister Ungureanu, gathered in front of the Romanian Government building demanding Ponta's resignation in light of the plagiarism scandal. Others protested in the University Square against a variety of issues, including
Reactions
Initially, the government made no comment on the January protests. The first official comment came from Boc on 16 January 2012. He said the protests were threatening Romania's economic stability and that a new law of Public Health was being drafted. He further stated that freedom of speech is guaranteed, but that street violence was unacceptable.[57] On 17 January 2012, Boc said,
each citizen who protests and is unhappy concerns (him).[58]
Other PDL party members criticised the protests. Senator Iulian Urban said pro-Arafat protesters were,
worms that deserve their fate.[59]
Baconschi said the protests were, instigated by the opposition" and compared them to the
The United States has asked the Romanian authorities and people to avoid the violence that has spread in mid-January throughout the country,
The Bucharest Gendarmerie chief, Brigadier General Eugen Meran, was dismissed, on 11 January 2013, for mismanagement.[63] The reason for his dismissal is the abuses committed by his subordinates during the protests in January 2012 in the University Square.[64]
Consequences
On the evening of 13 January 2012, Băsescu urged Boc to abandon the health bill. He said,
There are many who are satisfied with the health system and that reform is not wanted by anyone in the system, except for some doctors.[65]
On 17 January 2012, Arafat returned to his government office.[66] On 6 February 2012, Boc and his government resigned. Băsescu nominated Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu to form a new government. On 1 February 2012, law 220/2011 created a co-pay service. Romanian citizens do purchase health insurance, but the co-pay system involves a means tested "gap" fee for basic consults. Emergency healthcare remains free. The new public health law allows the state to sponsor private medical institutions that provide emergency health care. However, as Raed Arafat warned, the government sponsorship does not guarantee a minimum level of emergency healthcare to all patients and government support would also be diverted from the public sector.[67]
For all that, two months later, Romania's government has been unseated in a no-confidence vote. The opposition seized on public anger over austerity measures to oust prime minister Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu. The centre-right coalition had cut salaries and raised sales tax to try to put the economy on a more sound footing. Romanian President Traian Băsescu designated left-wing opposition leader Victor Ponta as new prime minister.[68][69][70]
In 2003, Ponta completed a thesis titled International criminal court.[71] It was republished with a co-author in 2004.[72] A further academic piece was produced in 2012 (Responsibility under international humanitarian law) where Coman was cited first.[73] A number of Romanian academics made allegations of plagiarism against Ponta to the science periodical, Nature. They included Vlad Perju and Paul Dragos Aligica (Romanian political scientists holding academic positions in the United States) and Marius Andruh (president of the Romanian council for the recognition of university diplomas).[74] Ponta denied wrongdoing and accused President Traian Băsescu of formulating the allegations against him.[75] In turn, Ponta called for Băsescu's departure, citing his announcement of wage cuts and tax increases in 2012 as actions beyond his constitutional remit.
Other protests
Miners
On 8 March 2012, over 5,000 miners gathered in front of the National Coal Company headquarters. They expressed anger and determination.
Resignation!
Another shouted,
King Mihai.
They threw paper on which was written,
Traian Băsescu, the first and the last.
Basescu said,
Well, wait until I finish....
At least five protesters were removed after which Băsescu continued.[78]
On 3 October, several NGO "Regeneration" activists gathered in front of Government, and four of them chained and handcuffed themselves to the main entrance gate into Victoria Palace, accusing the government supports the mining with cyanide and has not taken any measures to prevent situations, such as granting the environmental permit for mining project in Certej.[79] Minister Delegate for Social Dialogue, Liviu Pop, on the way to the government meeting, stopped to talk with protesters and asked them to submit official documents which they have transmitted to the Government with these problems. One of the protesters was chained to the gate of the Government with a steel bicycle antitheft device, that gendarmes tried to cut with a hacksaw blade, but without success. They would then cut device with a flex, but by the station were advised to abandon this idea, because of the risk that the protester can be hurt. Finally, gendarmes requested the intervention of the fire crew, who managed to cut the device with a pneumatic extrication device.[80] On 9 December, simultaneously with the legislative election, took place, in 35 localities in Alba County, a referendum on restarting mining in the Apuseni Mountains.[81]
The protests of miners in Jiu Valley continued the next year. Thus, on 11 January 2013, at least 307 miners blocked themselves in Lupeni coal mine,[82] refusing to leave the workplace at the end of the program, because they were dissatisfied with salaries that were reduced due to non-fulfillment of the productivity plan.[83]
Exploitation of shale gas
On 21 March 2012, thousands of people protested in Bârlad (Vaslui County) against the American company Chevron that mines shale gas in Romania. Constantin Constantinescu of the Bârlad City Hall, petitioned against the use of hydraulic fracture mining of gas.[84] Four days after the protests that took place in the center of Bârlad, attended by over 5,000 people, Chevron Corporation representatives expressed their official position regarding the techniques they will use in exploration and exploitation of shale gas in northeastern Romania.[85] "We understand the concerns about shale gas production in Romania and we believe that after Chevron will present accurate information resulting from research, Romanians will understand that natural gas from shale is a clean energy source and that can be produced responsibly and safely", said in a press release Tom Holst, Chevron Romania country manager.
The protests continued in the following months. Thus, thousands of people gathered in Bârlad Civic Center to protest against shale gas extraction through hydraulic fractionation.[86] The protest was preceded by two marches that have left simultaneously from Ready-made clothing manufactory and Public Garden areas. Protesters were joined by employees from the Directorate of Social Assistance and Child Protection arrived from Vaslui, priests and inhabitants of neighboring villages of Bârlad. During protest, priests sang "Christ is risen!", and people sang the anthem of Romania. There have been attempts on social networks to mobilize people to come to the protest. They say they want and a clean air and environment.
Two thousand people marched peacefully, on 14 September, in the city of Bârlad, with lit candles and lamps, led by priests in the area.[87] They oppose the exploitation of shale gas through hydraulic fracturing method, which U.S. company Chevron would begin in the county.
On 27 February 2013, more than 7,000 citizens protested in
On 4 April 2013, tens of thousands of people protested in more than 20 cities across the country under the slogan "Romania says no hydraulic fracturing".[89] The protests were organized by over 80 non-governmental organizations. Protesters demanded the cancellation of Government decisions through which were approved the agreements of exploration, development and exploitation issued to Chevron, East West Petroleum and Clara Petroleum.[90]
Football
On 24 March 2012, 200 supporters of
Over 2,000 supporters of FC Universitatea Cluj gathered, on 7 September, on Heroes Boulevard (Cluj-Napoca) to support their team. Armed with scarves, banners, flags supporters protested against the manner in which Anamaria Prodan leads club.[92] Subsequently, Anamaria Prodan said that the team will remain in Cluj-Napoca and that used the announcement that moves it in Buzău to take out the fans in the street and, thus, to persuade local authorities to support the club she leads.[93]
Dockworkers
On 9 April 2012, over 100 employees of the National Company of Maritime Ports Administration Constanța gathered in the company's courtyard and blocked entrances to the company's headquarters. They demanded the resignation of Aurelian Popa, the director. When Popa arrived, his path was blocked and he was pelted with eggs and yoghurt. The gendarmes intervened.[94]
The employees' protests continued. They cited abuse of power and breaches of the collective agreement. At times the protests became violent with some arrested.[95]
Revolutionaries
Dozens of revolutionaries protested, on 8 October, in front of the headquarters of the PSD alongside the weekly meeting of the party, requesting the dismissal of Secretary of State Sorin Meșter and the solving of revolutionaries' situation.[96] They also booed and heckled the former head of state Ion Iliescu. They chanted "Down with Iliescu!", "PSD without Iliescu!" and requested that a representative of the party leadership to come to talks. "You can not mock us! What are we, dogs? We became beggars!", revolutionaries told to Iliescu. They also said that they want the returning of rights taken improperly. Former head of state told the revolutionaries that former Prime Minister Emil Boc has removed these rights. Three protesters needed medical care, after they had felt bad.[97] The three revolutionaries have a precarious health status after they decided to go on hunger strike, until will be resumed the payment of indemnities from the Government.
Interethnical disputes
Hungarian minority
On 1 September, some 25,000 Hungarians protested in
Roma minority
After 2010, many
In August 2012, the Socialist government of François Hollande began evicting and dismantling Roma camps and deporting Roma. A charter plane flew 240 Gypsies, including their children, to Romania, from Lyon. According to Manuel Valls, Minister of the Interior, the evictions were based on sanitary concerns and tensions with working class neighbours.[102]
Inasmuch as the situation has not improved, Minister of the Interior of France, Manuel Valls, and Minister Delegate for European Affairs, Bernard Cazeneuve, visited Romania on 12 September, to discuss with the authorities in Bucharest the matter of social inclusion of Romanian citizens of Roma ethnicity. On this occasion, a bilateral cooperation agreement was signed on this subject.[103][104]
Irritated by this visit, over 500 Roma protested in front of the Cotroceni Palace, after they also chanted in front of the Government premises.[105] Organizers, dissatisfied with the lack of interest and action of Roma inclusion Executive, specified that the protest is directly related to French Ministers visit to Romania. President of the Civic Democratic Alliance of Roma, Marian Daragiu, specified for Mediafax that protest aims to draw attention, first and foremost, of the Romanian Government, that it can not apprehend in Roma issue only when somebody twitches it. Likewise, he catalogued as "racist" the assertion of French Minister of the Interior, Manuel Valls, pursuant to that France "can not get all the garbage in the world and Europe".[106]
Local parliament electoral irregularities
During the
Suspended president reinstated
People have started to walk protesting in front of Cotroceni Palace after the decision of the Constitutional Court of Romania to reinstate the suspended president. The demonstrations degenerated in conflicts between the opposing groups: Băsescu's detractors and Băsescu's sympathizers.
The Constitutional Group "Timișoara", coordinated by Lorin Fortuna, considers that Romania, after a politically agitated summer, is not
Unpaid wages
Oltchim S.A. scandal
Privatization of Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea was requested by Romania's creditors: International Monetary Fund, World Bank and European Commission. The company doesn't have the financial resources to even pay its employees, and discussions with banks, in early-September, with an eye to supporting the company, didn't lead to any results.[111] Chemical plant needs each month, about 40 million to operate. But, because debts, energy distributor Electrica announced the company that, starting on 15 September, it halts supplying electricity. Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea has debts of 2.6 billion lei, while its losses in recent years amounted to 1.2 billion lei.[112] According to Remus Vulpescu, former leader of the Office of State Ownership and Privatization in Industry, plant losses amounted to €7-million per month, of which €3-million are just wages. The Romanian state is the majority shareholder, controlling 54.8% of the share capital of the company.[113] The second largest shareholder of Oltchim is the German group PCC, holding a package of 18.31 percent of the shares.[citation needed]
Companies interested in acquiring Oltchim participated on 17 September at an
On 1 October, Dan Diaconescu brought seven bags of money at the gate of the Ministry of Economy. OTV owner declined to say how much money has in bags, resuming to assert that "very many" and enough to pay Oltchim plant employees' wages until the end of the year. Gendarmes guarding the Ministry of Economy did not allow him the access to the institution with bags of money. So at around 7:10 pm, Dan Diaconescu entered in the Ministry of Economy, but without bags of money. After more than an hour of discussions, Minister of Economy said that the contract for Oltchim privatization wasn't signed.[116] Likewise, Prime Minister Victor Ponta announced that Oltchim privatization was canceled, claiming that auction winner hasn't the money to take over Oltchim, people that he latter has announced that are guarantors doesn't exist.[117]
Ministry of Economy announced, on 3 October, that Office of State Ownership and Privatization in Industry shall notify the Prosecutor regarding the committing by Dan Diaconescu of misdemeanor of deception through repeated by misleading and for acquisition without right of quality of contractor of Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea chemical plant. The notification was sent via e-mail.[118]
On 12 November, indignant workers resumed the protests. This time, the manifestations escalated to thrusts between protesters and representatives of the plant.[119] Six employees went on hunger strike, saying that will not give up until will be paid them the remaining wages.[120]
On 14 February 2013, hundreds of Oltchim employees protested in front of the Ministry of Economy headquarters, on the ground that they didn't receive wages for two months.[121] At least 24 employees went on hunger strike. Two of them needed medical care.[122]
Brăila demonstrations
On 4 October, six employees of CET Brăila went on a hunger strike, the protest being carried out even in the company's office, and other two hundred chanted in the institution courtyard, on the ground that they didn't receive, for the last three months, wages and food stamps.[123] CET Free Trade Union leader, Gheorghiță Pîrlog, said that people have to receive 65 million old lei. Likewise, he called the 5,000 subscribers of CET Brăila for protest in the coming days, whereas the future of centralized heating system is uncertain this winter.[124]
Arad–Nădlac motorway protests and Romstrade scandal
The company Romstrade entered in a scandal, after its administrator, Nelu Iordache, changed, without observing the legal provisions, the destination of 25,000,000 lei, money encashed for the design and execution of the first section of Arad–Nădlac motorway, work being funded at least 85% from the Cohesion Fund of the European Union.[125] The greater part, namely 9,724,780 lei of the amount intended for motorway construction, was to be used to pay debts of companies in which he was directly concerned, payments made under contracts that are not related to performance of the contract for motorway.[126] Another 9,861,000 lei were withdrawn in cash for the acquisition of land in the commune of Adunații-Copăceni, based on fictitious sales and purchase pre-contracts.[127] In this way, the Bucharest Court Magistrates decided the arresting for 29 days of businessman Nelu Iordache.
On 16 November, dozens of mortar mixers and excavators blocked the site on section 1 of A1 motorway, in protest against unpaid wages from the company Romstrade.[128] About 100 workers got into hunger strike and threatened that they would not resume the work until four months' outstanding salaries were paid.[129] On 6 December, dozens of workers outraged that they had not received the money for salaries protested in front of the Romstrade headquarters in Bucharest.[130]
CFR lockout
Some of the CFR Călători employees triggered a spontaneous strike, on 16 January 2013, dissatisfied that they have not received full wages for December 2012.[131] 138 trains were blocked in six big railway stations in the country.[132][133]
Indifference of authorities
On 10 September, two men came, in front of Sector 5 City Hall, with a gas tank and threatened to self-immolate, dissatisfied that they were not received in audience by Mayor Marian Vanghelie.[134] They were quickly immobilized by local police. One of the protesters was taken to the Police for hearings.[135] The other one accused cardiac pains and received medical care, but he died in Colţea Hospital, although medical crews tried to resuscitate him.[136]
On 30 October, a man armed with an ax and a knife threatened more persons in a post office in Drumul Taberei neighborhood (Bucharest), not leaving them to leave the unit. The man was restrained by policemen, this being led to Bucharest Police Station for hearings. A post office employee was taken in shock at Bucharest Emergency University Hospital.[137] Both the perpetrator and his accomplice received arrest warrants for 29 days.[138] The man that entered armed in the post office demanded the "annexation of Romania to Moldova" and "fees that in Italy", according to sources close to the investigation.[139]
On 18 November, dozens of young people protested in University Square against citizens homophobic attacks and indifference of the authorities in these situations.[140] The protest included a die-in and comes shortly after many participants in the spectacle "From the Gay History Tabs" were attacked in Bucharest.
Farmers
About two thousand farmers and agricultural producers protested, on 7 November, in front of the Government. They reclaimed the indifference with which agriculture is treated by state representatives and demanded the resignation of the Minister of Agriculture, Daniel Constantin.[141] The protest degenerated in conflicts between protesters and law enforcement.[142] Protesters threw fences in policemen.[143] Gendarmes dispersed the crowd with tear gas. The road traffic was halted tens of minutes in the area. An ambulance was requested at the meeting of farmers in Victory Square to provide medical care for a protester which was attacked during the gendarmes intervention. At least four people were arrested.[144][145]
Around 300 farmers protested, on 28 December, and organized a march with tractors and agricultural machinery on Nădlac city streets,[146] being dissatisfied that, because Nădlac-Arad motorway section, they can not reach much of the agricultural land.[147] At the protest were brought over 150 tractors, combines and agricultural machinery, and protesters staged a "funeral" of local agriculture.[148]
See also
References
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- ^ "Meeting protest. PCM Covasna urges Hungarians to manifest on September 1 for autonomy", Gândul.info
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- ^ "About 50 people at a rally against 'Hungarian irredentism' organized by the New Right", România TV
- ^ "Romanian Roma situation from France might deteriorate in 2012, due to presidential elections", Mediafax.ro
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- ^ "A group led by revolutionist Lorin Fortuna calls for a new revolution to replace the current president and government", Adevărul.ro
- ^ "Oltchim privatization: The two days that will decide the future of 3,500 people", Ziare.com
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- ^ "Monkey business at the gate of Ministry of Economy: Diaconescu was not allowed to enter with bags of money in office", România TV
- ^ "The tender for the privatization of Oltchim canceled. Ponta: I stopped theDan Diaconescu monkey business", Cotidianul.ro
- ^ "The criminal complaint against DD reached the Prosecutor. Notification was sent via e-mail", România TV
- ^ "Tensions at Oltchim. A political leader was pushed" Archived 12 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Realitatea.net
- ^ "New violent protests at Oltchim. Over 400 employees protest", Evz.ro
- ^ "Angajații au protestat la Ministerul Economiei: Doi dintre cei aflați în greva foamei au avut nevoie de îngrijiri medicale", B1.ro
- ^ "Protest spontan la Oltchim: 20 de angajați ai combinatului au anunțat că au declanșat greva foamei", Antena3.ro
- ^ "Brăila: Five employees of CET went on a hunger strike", Cotidianul.ro
- ^ "CET Brăila employees, on the street because they have not got their salaries. Six of them went on a hunger strike" Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, România Liberă
- ^ "The owner of Romstrade and Blue Air, Nelu Iordache, arrested for 29 days" Archived 25 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Jurnalul.ro
- ^ ""The king of asphalt" Nelu Iordache, arrested for 29 days", Evz.ro
- ^ "Nelu Iordache, arrested for 29 days", Income Magazine
- ^ "Scandal at Arad–Nădlac motorway" Archived 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Realitatea.net
- ^ "Workers on the site of Arad–Nădlac motorway, on strike. They haven't received any wages for four months", A1.ro
- ^ "Dozens of workers at Romstrade protested that they have not received wages" Archived 12 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine, B365.ro
- ^ "Spontaneous strike at CFR. 137 trains were stopped in stations. Fenechiu: Wages shall be paid no later than tomorrow", Gândul.info
- ^ "Strike at CFR. 138 trains stopped in stations" Archived 18 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Ziua News
- ^ "Strike at CFR – President of the Locomotive Drivers Federation: Even if it's just a day late, this was the icing on the cake", Mediafax.ro
- ^ "Protest at Sector 5 City Hall: Two men threatened to self-immolate. One protester died", Mediafax.ro
- ^ "Scandal in front of Sector 5 City Hall. A protester, clinically dead", Adevărul.ro
- ^ "Scandal at Vanghelie's city hall: Two men threatened to self-immolate. One protester died", România TV
- ^ "Attack in a post office in the capital: A man armed with an ax threatened several people. A post office employee, taken to hospital in shock", Mediafax.ro
- ^ "Accomplice of post office attacker was arrested", România TV
- ^ "The first images with the attacker from the Post Office were published", Antena3.ro
- ^ "Inedited protest in University Square. Dozens of young people "fainted" on street" Archived 4 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Realitatea.net
- ^ "Violent protest in front of the Government. Over one thousand farmers demand the resignation of the Minister of Agriculture", Adevărul.ro
- ^ "Milk bath at farmers protest in Bucharest!", Știrile PRO TV
- ^ "Violent incidents at farmers meeting in front of the Government: A protester, taken to the hospital. Four farmers, raised by gendarmes", B1.ro
- ^ "Violent incidents at farmers meeting in front of the Government", Evz.ro
- ^ "Incidents at farmers meeting: Protesters threw fences in gendarmes", Mediafax.ro
- ^ "Arad: Hundreds of farmers marched with tractors and agricultural machinery", Ziare.com
- ^ "Protest in Nădlac. Local agriculture was buried in the presence of hundreds of people", Adevărul.ro
- ^ "Over 100 farmers from Nădlac, protest in street with tractors", B1.ro