2016 Indian Line of Control strike
2016 Indian Line of Control Surgical Strike | ||||||||
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Part of India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) | ||||||||
The Map of Line of Control | ||||||||
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Belligerents | ||||||||
LeT | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
) | Unknown |
Khawaja Muhammad Asif )(Minister of Defence | ||||||
Units involved | ||||||||
Unknown | X Corps | |||||||
Casualties and losses | ||||||||
1–2 wounded (Indian claim)[2][3] 1 captured,[4] 8 killed (Pakistan claim)[5] |
35–40 killed (Indian claim) [6][7] None Killed (Pakistan claim) [8] |
2 killed, 9 wounded (Pakistani claim)[9] 2–9 killed (Indian claim)[10][11] |
On 29 September 2016, teams of
The Indian Government termed the attack a surgical strike against "militant launch pads" in Pakistani territory, and claimed to have inflicted "significant casualties".[17] Pakistan rejected India's claim, and instead initially claimed that Indian troops did not cross the Line of Control and had only skirmished with Pakistani troops at the border,[4] although it subsequently admitted to having captured an Indian soldier.[13] Pakistani security sources reported that at least eight Indian soldiers were killed in the exchange, and one was captured.[18][19] India confirmed that one of its soldiers was in Pakistani custody, but denied that it was linked to the incident or that any of its soldiers had been killed.[20] Pakistan said India was hiding its casualties.[21]
Independent analysts pointed out that the Indian government's casualty figures were considerably exaggerated, with the true number being a dozen or fewer. They also criticised the usage of the term "surgical strike", pointing to the fact that no use of air transport was made, and the incursions did not penetrate deep into Pakistani territory.[12][13][14][22] Analysts wrote that the term "surgical strike" was used to portray the incident in a positive and nationalist light to the Indian public.[13][14][22] The Indian news media uncritically reported the Indian government's version of events, often discouraging skepticism of the "surgical strike": television coverage was militant and nationalist in nature.[14][23]
Media outlets noted that the details regarding the attack remained unclear.[24][25] India's announcement on 29 September marked the first time that the government had publicly acknowledged its forces crossing the Line of Control.[15][26] In the succeeding days and months, India and Pakistan continued to exchange fires along the border in Kashmir, resulting in dozens of military and civilian casualties on both sides.
Background
On 18 September 2016, a
The Guardian said that Indian patience had run out due to Pakistan's inaction in curbing the activities of terrorist organisations such as
Indian officials said that the cross-border infiltration across the Line of Control had surged since the unrest began in Kashmir. The persons crossing the border showed evidence of military training.[32] According to a government source close to Home Minister Rajnath Singh, a meeting of the Cabinet Committee on Security was held on 24 September, at which "broad details of targeting terrorists" were discussed.[33]
Surgical strikes
On 29 September, eleven days after the
Ranbir Singh said that his Pakistani counterpart had been informed.[3] The Pakistani military said the DGMO communications discussed only the cross-border firing, which was part of the existing rules of engagement.[37]
Pakistan denied that such surgical strikes occurred. The Inter-Services Public Relations said that there had been only "cross border firing".[34] Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif condemned the "unprovoked and naked aggression of Indian forces", and said that Pakistani military was capable of thwarting any attacks by India.[24][38]
UN Secretary-General
Analyst Sandeep Singh, writing in The Diplomat, said that the operation is better characterised as a cross-border raid because "surgical strikes" involve striking deep into the enemy territory and typically using air power.[41] Shawn Snow writing in The Diplomat questioned whether India had the capacity to conduct a "surgical strike", noting that Pakistan has a very comprehensive and modern air defence system.[42] A cross border raid, if it occurred 1 km into Pakistani administered territory, is routine on either side with over a dozen incidents having occurred both ways, and does not qualify as a "surgical strike" which by definition requires deep striking and air power as Sandeep Singh, cited earlier, attests to.[citation needed]
Indian version
Indian officials said the strike targeted areas close to the Line of Control (LoC), where it believes militants congregate for their final briefings before sneaking across the LoC. An Indian security source said the operation began with Indian forces firing artillery across the frontier to provide cover for three to four teams of 70–80 soldiers from the 4th and 9th battalions of the Para Special Forces to cross the LoC at several separate points shortly after midnight IST on 29 September (18:30 hours UTC, 28 Sep). Teams from 4 Para crossed the LoC in the Nowgam sector of Kupwara district, while teams from 9 Para simultaneously crossed the LoC in Poonch district.[2][3] By 2 a.m. IST, according to army sources, the special forces teams had travelled 1–3 km on foot, and had begun destroying terrorist bases with hand-held grenades and 84 mm rocket launchers. The teams then swiftly returned to the Indian side of the Line of Control, suffering only one injury, a soldier wounded after tripping a land mine.[2]
The Indian Army said the strike was a pre-emptive attack on militant bases, claiming that it had received intelligence that the militants were planning "terrorist strikes" against India.[24][25] India said that, in destroying "terrorist infrastructure" it also attacked "those who are trying to support them", indicating it attacked Pakistani soldiers too.[34] India later briefed opposition parties and foreign envoys, but did not disclose operational details.[3]
Some Indian media claimed that the Indian army infiltrated 2–3 km into Pakistani territory,[8] but the Indian Army did not say whether its troops crossed the border or had simply fired across it.[24] India said that none of its soldiers were killed though two soldiers were injured.[3] It also stated that one of its soldiers, from 37 Rashtriya Rifles, was captured by Pakistan after he "inadvertently crossed over to the Pakistan side", though not during the "surgical strikes".[20]
Initially, Indian media claimed that the army used helicopters during the skirmish. On 30 September, an Indian minister denied that there were any helicopters used, stating the operation was conducted "on the ground".[35][36]
In 2018, the Indian government released an alleged footage of the strikes.[43][44][45]
Pakistani version
Pakistan rejected claims that any surgical strikes occurred. Pakistan's
Pakistani security sources claimed that hours after the strike, eight Indian soldiers were killed in retaliatory firing across the LOC and one was captured, Chandu Babulal Chavan. A Pakistani news anchor claimed fourteen Indian troops were killed.[18] It further stated that India was concealing its casualty figures from the cross-border firing.[21][18][46] It was later reported that the captured India soldier had wandered across the border in a different sector of the Line of control, where no conflict was reported.[47] He was later returned to India.[48]
Defence analysts in Pakistan said it was not possible for Indian forces to breach the heavily armed and fenced LoC border undetected, perform operations at multiple sites over several hours, and return without casualties and military resistance. According to one source, the Indian narrative matched a "fantastic movie script" created for public consumption.[49] Ejaz Awan dismissed Indian claims of paratrooper involvement, stating: "For pulling out these troops, you need helicopters on the ground."[49]
Media reports
Lieutenant general Ranbir Singh, the Indian Army DGMO, only stated during his press conference on 29 September that the number of casualties inflicted had been "significant".[17] Most accounts in the Indian media varied as to the number of militants killed, with most publications giving estimates of 35 to 50 killed.[50][51] On 9 October, the Indian army said that it had intercepted radio messages of the Pakistan army and claimed that "around 20" Lashkar-e-Taiba militants had been killed, including at least 10 during the surgical strikes and nine[clarification needed] killed at Balnoi (opposite of Poonch).[52]
On 1 October, the Pakistani army gave international media outlets including
On 5 October,
On 5 October, India's
On 23 October, a
The Economist wrote that by interviewing eyewitnesses and anonymous officials, journalists in both Pakistan and India have pieced together an account of what happened:
it appears that small teams of Indian commandos had slipped across the line to strike at safe houses believed to be used by Islamist guerrillas. The number killed was estimated at a dozen or fewer, rather than the 38–50 initially claimed by India. None of those killed were Pakistani army personnel. And since the Pakistani government has no wish to inflame domestic opinion and so be forced to escalate matters, it preferred to pretend that nothing had happened.[55]
Aftermath
Indian intelligence sources claimed that, immediately after the raid, the Pakistan military had buried the corpses of the slain terrorists to erase any evidence and to maintain Pakistan's version of a "skirmish" along the Line of Control.[6] However, Pakistan rejected that any such casualties occurred, questioning: "Where did all the dead bodies go?"[16] Pakistan's military also pointed to the lack of damage or losses in the site, and welcomed UN observers and journalists to conduct an independent inquiry.[16] Increased firing along the Line of Control was reported the following day.[62]
A senior Indian Home Ministry official subsequently claimed that in the wake of the raid, at least 12 training camps belonging to
An Indian newspaper, Indian Express, alleged that they had covertly interviewed five people across the LoC. One of the five eyewitness reported that on 30 September, a day after the surgical strikes, several members of Lashkar-e-Taiba had met for Friday prayers at a Lashkar-affiliated mosque in Chalhana. "The Lashkar men gathered there were blaming the Pak Army for failing to defend the border", he said, "and [were] saying they would soon give India an answer it would never forget."[56] Several days after the raids, a leading Indian security official who had been closely involved in their planning said that Pakistan's continued denial that any surgical strikes took place was a "stance that suits us". He further stated – "The surprise element in such an operation is key to its success and there will be no predictable repetition. If provoked yet again, we will amend our operational tactics."[1]
Both Indian Defence Minister Parrikar and National Security Advisor Doval were shown original, unedited footage from the military raids on 1 October. After viewing it, Parrikar informed Prime Minister Modi that he was satisfied with what he had seen, and that there was no need to publicly release any footage. In response to calls from members of opposition parties to release the footage, a senior government official stated, "The Opposition should understand the difference between a covert and overt strike. And it is not incumbent on the Indian Army to release video footage every time they do their duty."[64] On 5 October, two senior ministers in the Indian government said the Indian Army had submitted the footage to the government, but that the government, with the concurrence of the army, felt there was no need to release it to the public.[64]
After India's operation, India and Pakistan increased their exchanges of small arms and mortar fire across the Line of Control, resulting in frequent reports of Indian[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][excessive citations] and Pakistani casualties.[77][78][79][80][81][82][excessive citations]
In 2017 the Indian government conferred gallantry awards to nineteen soldiers who had participated in the strikes. Among those who received awards include Major Rohit Suri, the leader of the operation who was honored with the Kirti Chakra, the second highest peacetime gallantry award.[83]
On 27 June 2018, an alleged footage of the strikes was released by the Indian government to the Indian media as proof to the strike.[43][44] Pakistan's foreign office spokesman, however, rejected the alleged video and termed Indian claims as farcical.[84] The Indian government released additional videos on 27 September 2018.[45]
Reactions
India
Across India, the military raid was widely praised. The opposition initially raised doubts that the surgical strike actually took place, but later the opposition leader Rahul Gandhi lauded Prime Minister Modi commenting- "for the first time in his tenure, he has taken an action that is worthy of the status of a Prime Minister."[85]
Following the military raid, in anticipation of cross-border shelling from Pakistan, Indian authorities evacuated 10,000 residents of villages located within ten kilometres of the border, in the states of Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. Military surveillance was also stepped up along the Line of Control.[15]
Pakistan
Pakistan rejected the claim of a surgical strike, stating that Indian troops had only engaged in firing upon Pakistani soldiers, killing two Pakistani soldiers and wounding nine.
Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif convened an all-parties conference and an emergency cabinet meeting. He stated Pakistan would take any steps necessary to safeguard its territorial integrity. "We will defend our homeland against any aggression. The entire nation is standing shoulder to shoulder with our armed forces."[86]
Pakistan's
International Reactions
Countries
- Islamic Republic of Afghanistan – Shaida Abdali, Afghanistan's ambassador to India, expressed support for the military raids by India, stating the actions in Pakistan-administered Kashmir had been conducted in "self-defence". He added his hopes that "no one will allow safe havens for terrorists to be used against neighbours."[88]
- Bangladesh – Iqbal Chowdhury, the advisor to the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, stated India had the "legal, internationally accepted right" to take action. "Bangladesh always believes that any aggression or attack on the sovereignty of the independence and legal right of a country is not acceptable and Bangladesh always feels that any country must honour and respect the sovereignty of a third country."[89]
- Bhutan – Bhutan have backed India on cross-border stand.[90]
- China – Foreign Ministry spokesperson Geng Sheung stated that China, "as a shared neighbour and friend to both India and Pakistan," was concerned about the "continuous confrontation and tensions" between the two nations. He said China called on "all relevant parties to exercise restraint and refrain from actions that would escalate tension," and expressed hopes that both parties would address their differences through dialogue.[91]
- Germany – Martin Ney, the German ambassador to India, expressed Germany's support for the military raids and that it stood beside India in its counter-terrorism efforts. Stating that under international law, every nation was obliged to ensure that terrorism did not emanate from its territory, he said there existed a clear international law "that any state has the right to defend its territory from any form of global terrorism."[92]
- Russia – The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed concern over "aggravation" of the situation along the Line of Control, and stated it expected Pakistan to take "effective" steps in stopping the activities of terrorist groups operating from its territory. "We are calling on the parties not to allow any escalation of tension and to settle the existing problems by political and diplomatic means through negotiations. We stand for decisive struggle against terrorism in all its manifestations."[93] Russian Ambassador to India Alexander Kadakin subsequently said that the Russian Federation was the only country to directly state that terrorists came from Pakistan; he called upon Pakistan to end cross-border terrorism and welcomed India's surgical strikes. "[The] greatest human rights violations take place when terrorists attack military installations and attack peaceful civilians in India. We welcome the surgical strike. Every country has [the] right to defend itself."[94]
- United States – White House spokesman Josh Earnest encouraged continued talks between India and Pakistan, to avoid further escalating the situation.[3]
Organisations
- European Union – Vice President of the European Parliament Czarnecki said that it was necessary for India to maintain pressure on Pakistan for eliminating cross-border terrorism. He praised Indian army and Indian government for its professional approach to the situation.[95]
- United Nations – Stéphane Dujarric, spokesperson for Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, stated the Secretary-General was following the developments "with great concern", adding that the United Nations "calls on the governments of India and Pakistan to exercise restraint, and encourages them to continue the effort to resolve their differences peacefully and through dialogue."[96] In a press conference on 3 October, Vitaly Churkin, the Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations and the President of the UN Security Council for that month, refused to comment on the India-Pakistan situation, stating the Security Council had not been discussing the matter.[97]
De-escalation
Published accounts
Books
- Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, India's 'Surgical Strike' Stratagem: Brinkmanship and Response (Khursheed Printers (Pvt.) Ltd., 2019). The book was written by Jaspal, a Professor of Pakistan's premier university, QAU gives a Pakistani perspective on the surgical strike. ISBN 978-969-23370-0-7
- Securing India The Modi Way: Pathankot, Surgical Strikes and More (2017) is a book written by Nitin Gokhale, a South Asian strategic analyst and senior journalist. The book dwells into details about the planning and execution of the operation among other things.[101][102]
- Aroor, Shiv; Singh, Rahul (20 September 2017). India's Most Fearless: True Stories of Modern Military Heroes. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 9789386815422.
Documentaries
Special Operations: India 'Surgical Strikes' (2018) is a
Film
Uri: The Surgical Strike (2019) is an Indian Hindi-language film based on the attack and was released on 11 January 2019, starring Vicky Kaushal and Yami Gautam as lead roles.[105]
Web series
See also
- 2019 Indian Line of Control strike
- Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
- List of cross LOC military operations
- India–Pakistan relations
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Further reading
- M. Ilyas Khan (23 October 2016), "India's 'surgical strikes' in Kashmir: Truth or illusion?", BBC News, retrieved 23 October 2016
- India and Pakistan: Reversing roles, The Economist, 8 October 2016.
- "Pakistan disputes India's 'surgical strikes'", CNN News, 2 October 2016, archived from the original on 2 October 2016, retrieved 2 October 2016
- "Uri aftermath: Global media doubts surgical strike claims", The Express Tribune, 4 October 2016, archived from the original on 5 October 2016, retrieved 5 October 2016
- Nitin A. Gokhale, The Inside Story of India's 2016 'Surgical Strikes', The Diplomat, 23 September 2017.
- Ankit Panda, Lessons From India's 'Surgical Strikes', One Year Later, The Diplomat, 29 September 2017.