Second Arab Spring
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The Second Arab Spring is a series of anti-government protests which took place in several Arab world countries from late 2018 onwards.[1][2]
In
The alternative names "New Arab Spring" and "Arab Summer" refer as well to similarity with the preceding Arab Spring wave of pro-democracy protests which took place in 2010–2013.[11] However, in this wave of protests "the similarities and differences suggest more an upgrading than a replay of the Arab Spring."[12] The wider call for democracy and human rights was replaced by more day-to-day demands, on issues including excessive costs of living and high unemployment rates.[12]
Context and background
Tesbih Habbal and Muzna Hasnawi, Syrian editors writing in The Nation in October 2019, argued that the 2018–2019 sustained street protests in the Arab world starting with Sudan in December 2018, Algeria in February 2019, Egypt and Iraq in September and October 2019, Syria and Lebanon in October 2019, constituted a second wave of the process that started with the 2010–2011 Arab Spring. Syrian protestors in October held signs stating, "Syria—Egypt—Iraq: You've revived the spirit of the Arab people, from the [Atlantic] Ocean to the [Persian] Gulf!" Habbal and Hansawi described the process as having "profoundly changed the political consciousness of the region", overcoming fear of political activity and "setting a crucial precedent for challenging the persistence of authoritarianism". Habbal and Hansawi argued that the October protests in Syria "[proved] that even ruthless repression and tyranny cannot deter the resistance."[13]
Habbal and Hansawi argued that the new wave of protests frequently included usage of the slogan "
Timeline by country
Morocco
Multiple socioeconomic demonstrations occurred in Morocco during this period, mainly stemming from issues existing since the Arab Spring. These issues, while exacerbated by the death of Mouhcine Fikri and the subsequent Hirak Rif Movement, were due to the lack of a suitable standard of living for the "lower middle class and the poorest segments of society" in Morocco,[15] particularly poor quality of transportation within major cities like the bus system in Casablanca,[16] a lack of basic access to food and water and a 22% unemployment rate.[17] The economic disparity and inequality between social classes in Morocco worsened further as a result of the impact of COVID-19,[18][15] and have generated more social unrest among the poor.
One such series of protests started in late 2017 and continued into 2018 over the lack of food and water. During this period, a stampede occurred in Sidi Boulaalam, a small village outside Essaouira, when supplies arrived to a marketplace, resulting in the trampling and deaths of at least 15 people.[19] The situation was worse in the country's interior in places like Zagora, a small village in Drâa-Tafilalet, where for years people have been surviving off drinking imported bottled water.[20]
While the country was mainly spared from the violence seen in other Arab countries, it still occasionally sees protests over economic and social conditions.[21] Methods of protesting against corruption and poor standards of living included singing political chants at soccer stadiums,[22][23] with mostly young football fans gathering in the tens of thousands at Moroccan soccer club stadiums.[24]
In February 2021, protests in Fnideq against the closure of the borders with Ceuta and Melilla, which led to worsened socioeconomic conditions, were met with police repression, with authorities saying that the protests were "unauthorized" and "in violation" of the state of health emergency imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[25][26]
In July 2021, local authorities in Sidi Bennour confiscated a food cart belonging to a 25-year-old man, Yassine Lekhmidi, as he wasn't wearing a face mask. Lekhmidi paid a fine, but the police did not return his cart. As a result, he self-immolated in an act of protest and eventually died of his injuries on 6 August.[27] Lekhmidi's death led to demonstrations in Sidi Bennour which garnered nationwide attention, but otherwise failed to make any significant changes in the political landscape.[27][28]
Anti-vaccine pass protests
On 18 October 2021, the new government of Aziz Akhannouch announced that a COVID-19 vaccine pass would be mandatory effective 21 October to enter public facilities and enclosed locations including restaurants, cafes and shops, as well as for both international and domestic travel.[29] While over 58% of the population had been vaccinated by this point,[30] the decision still angered many in the working-class, including cafeteria and restaurant owners,[31] as well as politicians including Nabila Mounib, head of the Unified Socialist Party (PSU), who refused to get vaccinated.[32] The decision in particular to impose the pass requirement despite vaccination being only voluntary was also criticized.
By late October and early November, hundreds were demonstrating across the country against the vaccine pass.[33][29] In Rabat, police dispersed around a hundred protesters planning to hold an "unauthorized rally", while an online petition criticizing the "arbitrary" introduction of the vaccine pass received thousands of signatures.[34]
By December, most restaurants and shops had backtracked and no longer required a vaccine pass for access.[35] A Qantara.de columnist noted that the mass protests made the Akhannouch government "the first in Morocco's history to clash with the public during its first few weeks in office".[36]
Jordan
The
The day following the strike on the 31st of May, the government raised fuel and electricity prices responding to an increase in international oil prices. This led to crowds of protesters pouring onto the 4th circle in
The protests have not been led by traditional opposition groups like the Muslim Brotherhood or leftists but by diverse crowds from the middle and poor classes. Although some protesters set aflame tires and blocked roads multiple nights, protests were largely peaceful and few casualties were reported. They were staged after daylight hours as it was during the month of Ramadan.
Tunisia
The 2018 Tunisian protests were a series of protests occurring throughout Tunisia. Beginning January 2018, protests erupted in multiple towns and cities across Tunisia over issues related to the cost of living and taxes.[38] As of 9 January, the demonstrations had claimed at least one life, and revived worries about the fragile political situation in Tunisia.[38]
The Popular Front, an alliance of leftist opposition parties, called for continued protests against the government's "unjust" austerity measures while Tunisian Prime Minister Youssef Chahed denounced the violence and called for calm, claiming that he and his government believe 2018 "would be the last difficult year for Tunisians".[39]
A new series of protests started on 15 January 2021, amidst the 10th anniversary of the Tunisian Revolution. Thousands rioted in cities and towns across Tunisia, which saw looting, arson, as well as mass deployment of police and army in several cities and the arrests of hundreds of people.
After 7 months of discontinuous protests, on 25 July,
Iraq
The
Algeria
The
Egypt
The 2019 Egyptian protests consisted of protests by thousands of people in Cairo, Alexandria, Damietta and five other Egyptian cities starting on 20 and 21 September 2019 in which the protestors called for President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to be removed from power.[51][52] Security forces responded with tear gas, rubber bullets and live bullets[52] and, as of 6 October 2019[update], 3000 arrests had been made,[53] based on data from the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights, the Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms and the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information.[54][55] Prominent arrestees included human rights lawyer Mahienour el-Massry,[56] journalist and former leader of the Constitution Party Khaled Dawoud and two professors of political science at Cairo University, Hazem Hosny and Hassan Nafaa.[54] The wave of arrests was the biggest in Egypt since Sisi formally became president in 2014.[57][53] Human Rights Watch called for all those arrested for peacefully expressing their opinions to be released immediately.[58] Amnesty International described the Sisi government being "shaken to its core" by 20–21 September protests and that the authorities had "launched a full-throttle clampdown to crush demonstrations and intimidate activists, journalists and others into silence".[59]
Two thousand people, including Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) representatives, protested in Khartoum on 26 September in support of Waleed Abdelrahman Hassan, a Sudanese anti-Islamist student detained by Egyptian authorities, who gave a forced confession on MBC Masr television.[60][61] The SPA stated, "the era when Sudanese citizens were humiliated inside or outside their country has gone and will never return".[60] The Sudanese Foreign Ministry summoned the Egyptian ambassador[62] and Waleed Abdelrahman Hassan was freed on 2 October 2019.[63]
On the evening of 2 October, during the lead up to the 2023 Egyptian presidential election, a Nation's Future Party rally in Mersa Matruh turned into anti-Sisi protests, with protesters burning photos of him and chanting anti-Sisi slogans.[64]
Gaza
A series of economic protests in Gaza[65][66] began in February 2019, and it was initiated with the popular calls "We want to live" and "Revolt of the hungry" by groups of civilians and activists. The group has been nicknamed the 14 March movement.[65]
The protests aim at the overall dire conditions of living in the Gaza Strip. Half of the 2 million residents live in poverty.[67] Civilians claimed that the nonviolent protests were not meant to threaten the current ruling power, but rather asking to improve social and economic conditions. Among their requests, one is to strengthen labour organizations to safeguard workers’ rights, ease taxes, reduce the extremely high costs of living, and establish check and balance mechanisms to contrast corruption within the private sector.[68] The majority of the protestors were young people who cried out about the urgency of labour reforms. According to the World Bank, Gaza’s economic conditions are in decline every year, with a rate of youth unemployment of 70 percent.[66][69][70]
Over the previous decade, Gazans were already dependent on external humanitarian aid. The already difficult situation owing to internal mismanagement also worsened due to US President Donald Trump's "drastic cuts to US-funded Palestinian aid programme",[69] the continued wars initiated by Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad against Israel, and the lack of support from the Palestinian Authority.
The peaceful protests were brutally crushed by the ruling Hamas, which dispatched security forces to disperse people. The neutralization by Hamas saw a spillover of violence: there have been reports of armed patrols breaking into people’s homes, mass arrests and beatings in Gaza City, Jabaliya refugee camp, Deir al-Balah, Khan Yunis and Rafah.[66] Although there are no killings recorded, over 1000 people got threatened, beaten, and detained. Journalists, photographers and activists were forbidden to cover the manifestation. Local correspondents who were able to document parts of the protests have been assaulted by Hamas officers.[71]
Numerous political organisations and human rights groups condemned the aggressive repression by the hand of Hamas security forces to the nonviolent demonstrations.[69][70] The Palestinian Center for Human Rights denounced their actions as "a crime and violation according to the national and international laws", and urged the security forces to "respect the right to peaceful assembly and right to freedom of expression".[66] Human Rights Watch reported that "Hamas authorities routinely arrest and torture peaceful critics and opponents with impunity."[71] Amnesty International called for a "thorough and transparent investigation into the unnecessary and excessive use of force, arbitrary arrest and detention, and torture and other ill-treatment by security forces."[70] Supporting groups of the demonstrators directed attention to a number of domestic political issues that worsened since the Israeli and Egyptian blockade in 2007 and the takeover of Hamas. Among those, the rivalry between Hamas and Fatah resulted in the failure to assure stability and security, notwithstanding the financial pressure put on by the Palestinian Authority.[66]
The Hamas-led government responded with apologies on behalf of the security forces for the attacks on Palestinians and condemned their conduct. The protests were described as a moment that shook Hamas' authority since their takeover in 2007.[65]
In late July 2023, protesters against the Hamas government rose up once more, however due to the inaccessibility of the strip and the subsequent government crackdown, the scale of the protests was unknown and may have been a larger demonstration than the protests in 2019.[72][73]
Lebanon
The Lebanese protests were a series of protests that constitute a reaction against sectarian rule, stagnant economy, unemployment,
In contrast to the 2005 Cedar Revolution, and similarly to a process started in the 2015–2016 Lebanese protests, the 2019 protests were non-sectarian, crossing the Sunni–Shia Muslim / Christian sociological and religious divide and bypassing traditional political party alignments.[81]
Oman
The 2018–2019 Omani protests were nationwide
Protests erupted in Omani capital Muscat outside the Ministry of Manpower on 22 January 2018. Demonstrations spread rapidly across the country, reaching other major cities such as Salalah, Sohar and Sur. Numerous people were reportedly arrested. In response, the Omani government announced that it would create 25 thousand public service jobs to accommodate protesters’ demands.[83]
At the end of 2018 and into January 2019, mass protests resurfaced in Oman. Thousands of protesters rallied against economic hardship and once again requested more job opportunities. Demonstrations were oppressed by riot police, causing dozens of people to be arrested. The demonstrations triggered a swift response by the Omani government. On 6 January, the Omani government announced that it would establish a new body to alleviate the employment-crisis. The so-called National Center for Employment was created to help Omanis to navigate the national
Libya
Street protests took place in August and September 2020 over issues of poor provision of services in several cities in
Strikes against power cuts saw hundreds attend on 29–30 October. It was met with tear gas and plastic bullets and riots were met with rubber bullets. Riots occurred on 29 October by workers and ended violently with clashes. On 31 October 2020, Fayez al-Sarraj rescinded his decision to resign.[88] Elections were scheduled to be held on 24 December 2021 but was postponed after the head of High National Election Commission (HNEC) ordered the dissolution of the electoral committees nationwide. Elections are indefinitely postponed.[89]
Sudan
Revolution
The
Syria
In southwest Syria in June 2020, worsening economic conditions led to rare anti-government protests in the city of
Summary of conflicts by country
Country | Date started | Status of protests | Outcome | Death toll | Situation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tunisia | 1 January 2018 | Ended in February 2018 | 2018 budget repealed | 1[38] | 2018 Tunisian protests |
Jordan | 30 May 2018 | Ended on 7 June 2018 | Prime Minister Hani Mulki resigns and is replaced with Omar Razzaz.
|
2018 Jordanian protests | |
Iraq | 16 July 2018 | Ended on 18 July 2021 | Resignation of the Iraqi Prime minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi (remained as caretaker for two months[100]) | 669[44] | |
Sudan | 19 December 2018 | Ended on 10 June 2021 | Ousting of Omar al-Bashir in a military coup d'état
|
246[101] |
|
Algeria | 16 February 2019 | Ended on 28 April 2021 | Resignation of Abdelaziz Bouteflika under pressure added by the military | 3[102][103] | |
Gaza | 14 March 2019 | Ended in March 2019 | Protests repressed by Hamas security forces | 2019 Gaza economic protests | |
Egypt | 20 September 2019 | Protests ended on 27 September 2019; prisoners unreleased as of November 2019 | Protests repressed by Egyptian government and authorities | 2019 Egyptian protests | |
Lebanon | 17 October 2019 | Ongoing | Prime Ministers Saad Hariri and Hassan Diab resign. New cabinet formed by Najib Mikati on 10 September 2021 | 11[104][105][106] | 17 October Revolution |
Oman | 22 January 2018 | Ended on 9 January 2019 | Economic reforms by Sultan Qaboos .
|
2018–2019 Omani protests | |
Syria | 7 June 2020 | Ended on 15 June 2020 | Sacking of Prime Minister Imad Khamis. | 2020 Suweida protests | |
17 August 2023 | Ongoing | Southern Syria protests (2023–present) | |||
Total death toll and other consequences: | 926+ (combined estimate) |
|
See also
- 2019 Sudanese coup d'état
- 2019–2020 Iranian protests
- 2019–2021 Algerian protests
- 2020s in political history
- 2021–2022 Tunisian political crisis
- Arab Revolt (disambiguation)
- Arab Spring
- Arab Winter
- Hirak Rif Movement
- List of protests in the 21st century
Notes
- Sovereignty Council of Sudanthat replaced the TMC.
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