2018 Hungarian parliamentary election
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All 199 seats in the National Assembly 100 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 69.73% ( 8.00 pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Results of the election. A darker shade indicates a higher vote share. Proportional list results are displayed in the top left. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary on 8 April 2018. The elections were the second since the adoption of a new constitution, which came into force on 1 January 2012. The result was a victory for the Fidesz–KDNP alliance, preserving its two-thirds majority, with Viktor Orbán remaining Prime Minister. Orbán and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling, and the election was seen as a victory for right-wing populism in Europe.[1][2][3]
Background
At the previous parliamentary election, in April 2014, the incumbent government—composed of Fidesz and its satellite ally the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP)—was able to achieve a two-thirds majority for the second consecutive time with 44.87 percent of the votes. According to their critics, this overwhelming proportion was only because of the new election law (mostly due to the introduction of compensation votes also for the individual winners) which was adopted by the ruling coalition in 2011.[4] In early 2015, however, Fidesz lost its two-thirds majority following the 2014 Hungarian Internet tax protests and subsequent decrease in support for the government.[5] The governing party suffered defeats at two parliamentary by-elections in February and April 2015, both in Veszprém County.[6][7]
The left-wing electoral alliance
After a few months of crisis for Fidesz from November 2014, which was marked by internal conflicts (e.g. businessman
On 13 December 2015, the 26th congress of the ruling Fidesz re-elected Viktor Orbán as party leader. Orbán said in his speech that he was ready to lead the party into the forthcoming parliamentary election and to continue to serve as prime minister if Fidesz won re-election in 2018. With that statement, Orbán made clear that he did not intend to become President of Hungary in succession to János Áder during the 2017 indirect presidential election.[15]
On 2 October 2017, the elected leader of the MSZP, László Botka, announced his withdrawal, saying that he thought some of the Hungarian opposition did not care about changing government.[16]
Orbán and Fidesz's strength going into the election came into question when the party unexpectedly lost a mayoral by-election in Hódmezővásárhely, considered a Fidesz stronghold, on 25 February 2018, to an independent candidate supported by every opposition party.[17][18][19] Election observers and critics of Orbán speculated whether Hungary's opposition parties could create a similar alliance on the national level,[20][21] though the opposition parties had been unable to create a common strategy by late March 2018.[22] Orbán increased his efforts as a result of this loss.[23]
According to observers prior to the election, winning re-election was seen as more difficult for Orbán than expected.[24]
Electoral system
The 199 members of the National Assembly were to be elected by two methods; 106 would be elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting, with the remaining 93 elected from a single nationwide constituency mostly by proportional representation, via a partially compensatory system (a hybrid of parallel voting and the mixed single vote). The electoral threshold was set at 5%, although this was raised to 10% for coalitions of two parties and 15% for coalitions of three or more parties. Seats were to be allocated using the d'Hondt method.[25]
Since 2014, each of the Armenian, Bulgarian, Croatian, German, Greek, Polish, Romani, Romanian, Rusyn, Serbian, Slovakian, Slovenian, and Ukrainian ethnic minorities can win one of the 93 party lists seats if they register as a specific lists and reach a lowered quota of of the total of party list votes.[26]
Opinion polls
Candidates
Individual candidates
The following table contains a selected list of numbers of individual candidates by county representation and party affiliation:
Individual candidates[27] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County | Seats | Fidesz–KDNP[28] | Jobbik[29] | LMP[30]
|
MM[31] | ÖP[32] | MIÉP[33] | MP[34] | P[35]
|
DK[36] | MKKP[37]
|
Együtt[38] | |
Budapest | 18 | 18 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 1 | 7 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 3 | |
Baranya | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
Bács-Kiskun | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
Békés | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 4 | |
Csongrád
|
4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
Fejér | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | |
Győr-Moson-Sopron | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
Hajdú-Bihar | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
Heves | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Komárom-Esztergom | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | |
Nógrád | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Pest | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
Somogy | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
Tolna | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Vas | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Veszprém | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | |
Zala | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | |
All | 106 | 106 | 106 | 100 | 83 | 66 | 57 | 57 | 55 | 43 | 39 | 30 |
National lists
Under the election law, parties which ran individual candidates in at least 27 constituencies in Budapest and at least nine counties had the opportunity to set up a national list. The following table contains only the incumbent parliamentary parties' national lists (first 20 members), which were able to secure mandates:
Results
7:00 | 9:00 | 11:00 | 13:00 | 15:00 | 17:00 | 18:30 | Overall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.24% | 13.17% | 29.93% | 42.32% | 53.64% | 63.21% | 68.13% | 70.22% |
Hungarian Two Tailed Dog Party 99,414 | 1.73 | 0 | 39,763 | 0.72 | 0 | 0 | New | | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Together | 37,562 | 0.66 | 0 | 58,591 | 1.06 | 1 | 1 | –2 | |||||||||
National Self-Government of Germans | 26,477 | 0.46 | 1 | 1 | +1 | ||||||||||||
Hungarian Workers' Party | 15,640 | 0.27 | 0 | 13,613 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Family Party | 10,641 | 0.19 | 0 | 9,839 | 0.18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Hungarian Justice and Life Party | 8,712 | 0.15 | 0 | 6,897 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Party for a Fit and Healthy Hungary | 7,309 | 0.13 | 0 | 5,523 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
National Self-Government of Gypsies | 5,703 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
Tenni Akarás Mozgalom | 5,312 | 0.09 | 0 | 1,177 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||||||
Gypsy Party of Hungary | 4,109 | 0.07 | 0 | 3,700 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Common Ground | 3,894 | 0.07 | 0 | 3,319 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||||||
For Hungary's Poor People | 3,048 | 0.05 | 0 | 3,283 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||||||
We need Cooperation Party | 2,722 | 0.05 | 0 | 2,659 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||||||
Iránytű | 2,001 | 0.03 | 0 | 1,679 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||||||
National Self-Government of Croats | 1,743 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
Order Party | 1,708 | 0.03 | 0 | 1,416 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Unity Party | 1,407 | 0.02 | 0 | 3,167 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Medete Party | 1,292 | 0.02 | 0 | 2,166 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||||||
National Self-Government of Slovaks | 1,245 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Democratic Party for the Betterment of European Roma Christians | 1,003 | 0.02 | 0 | 1,471 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Net Party | 1,100 | 0.02 | 0 | 713 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | |||||||||
National Self-Government of Rusyns | 539 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
National Authority of Roma in Hungary | 428 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
National Self-Government of Serbs | 296 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
National Self-Government of Ukrainians | 270 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
National Self-Government of Poles | 210 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
National Self-Government of Slovenes | 199 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
National Authority of Hungarian Churches | 159 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
National Self-Government of Armenians | 159 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
National Self-Government of Bulgarians | 104 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
The Motherland Party | 1,980 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
Democratic Party | 1,679 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Independent Smallholders' Party | 1,580 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
Lendülettel | 1,377 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Miszep | 1,158 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Go Hungary! | 1,120 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Értünk Értetek | 1,033 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
ÚMF | 780 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Nation and Peace | 767 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Modern Hungary Movement | 617 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
OP | 613 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
SZP | 554 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Democratic Party for Hungary | 498 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
IMA | 477 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
MINŐKP | 411 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
NEEM | 350 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
TAMP | 344 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
EMMO | 316 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
HHP | 255 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
DMP | 248 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
EP | 244 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
JÓ ÚT MPP | 226 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
AQP | 192 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
ECDP | 187 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Everyone's Homeland | 180 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
ERP | 169 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
ÉBMP | 168 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Hungarian Democratic Union | 149 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
OCP | 125 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
KEDN | 118 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Opre Roma | 114 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
MMM | 104 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
FITIP | 91 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
JMP | 64 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
National Greens | 53 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Oxygen Party | 37 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Civil Movement | 35 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
KPP | 35 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
HAM | 22 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
NOP | 18 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
EU Alternative | 15 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||||||||
Independents | 55,612 | 1.01 | 1 | 1 | +1 | ||||||||||||
Total | 5,732,283 | 100.00 | 93 | 5,504,530 | 100.00 | 106 | 199 | 0 | |||||||||
Valid votes | 5,732,283 | 98.97 | 5,504,530 | 98.92 | |||||||||||||
Invalid/blank votes | 59,585 | 1.03 | 59,880 | 1.08 | |||||||||||||
Total votes | 5,791,868 | 100.00 | 5,564,410 | 100.00 | |||||||||||||
Registered voters/turnout | 8,312,173 | 69.68 | 7,933,815 | 70.14 | |||||||||||||
Source: National Election Office, Election Resources |
Party list results by county and in the diaspora
County[46][47] | Fidesz-KDNP | Jobbik | Dialogue
|
LMP
|
DK | Momentum | Together | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bács-Kiskun | 53.97 | 19.78 | 9.37 | 6.34 | 4.07 | 2.65 | 0.34 | 3.47 | |
Baranya | 43.68 | 19.37 | 12.08 | 8.16 | 6.34 | 2.72 | 0.63 | 7.00 | |
Békés | 48.01 | 23.58 | 11.28 | 5.98 | 4.67 | 2.37 | 0.42 | 3.70 | |
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén | 45.62 | 26.52 | 12.75 | 4.88 | 4.62 | 1.77 | 0.31 | 3.52 | |
Budapest | 38.15 | 12.93 | 18.06 | 10.84 | 8.65 | 5.75 | 1.65 | 3.97 | |
Csongrád
|
45.54 | 19.68 | 15.21 | 7.82 | 4.11 | 3.25 | 0.62 | 3.75 | |
Fejér | 49.10 | 21.78 | 10.02 | 6.63 | 5.49 | 3.03 | 0.45 | 3.48 | |
Győr-Moson-Sopron | 54.18 | 17.43 | 9.65 | 7.19 | 4.68 | 3.06 | 0.37 | 3.42 | |
Hajdú-Bihar | 51.23 | 21.30 | 10.73 | 6.11 | 4.25 | 2.70 | 0.48 | 3.19 | |
Heves | 47.33 | 27.53 | 10.04 | 5.07 | 4.96 | 2.03 | 0.31 | 2.70 | |
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok | 48.49 | 26.39 | 10.55 | 5.07 | 4.23 | 1.96 | 0.32 | 2.97 | |
Komárom-Esztergom | 44.52 | 23.02 | 11.31 | 7.31 | 6.45 | 2.66 | 0.39 | 4.31 | |
Nógrád | 50.78 | 21.28 | 12.24 | 5.03 | 4.75 | 1.51 | 0.32 | 4.06 | |
Pest | 46.21 | 19.09 | 11.32 | 8.92 | 5.80 | 3.55 | 0.80 | 4.28 | |
Somogy | 49.92 | 23.61 | 10.37 | 5.28 | 5.49 | 2.12 | 0.43 | 2.80 | |
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg | 54.16 | 22.41 | 11.15 | 3.80 | 3.82 | 1.67 | 0.30 | 2.70 | |
Tolna | 53.64 | 17.66 | 10.09 | 7.15 | 4.59 | 2.08 | 0.31 | 4.46 | |
Vas | 57.77 | 15.02 | 11.14 | 6.31 | 3.93 | 2.48 | 0.38 | 2.98 | |
Veszprém | 50.80 | 20.64 | 11.01 | 6.16 | 4.77 | 2.52 | 0.43 | 3.64 | |
Zala | 52.45 | 20.76 | 9.89 | 6.29 | 5.20 | 2.48 | 0.36 | 2.58 | |
Total in Hungary | 47.36 | 19.81 | 12.37 | 7.31 | 5.58 | 3.16 | 0.68 | 3.74 | |
Diaspora | 96.24 | 0.91 | 0.55 | 0.93 | 0.30 | 0.45 | 0.14 | 0.49 | |
Total | 49.27 | 19.06 | 11.91 | 7.06 | 5.38 | 3.06 | 0.66 | 3.61 |
Reactions
Following his election defeat, Gábor Vona, chairman of Jobbik, tendered his resignation.[48][49] The entire Socialist leadership[1] also resigned.[50]
Orbán was congratulated by German Chancellor Angela Merkel,[51] Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki,[51][52] Czech Prime Minister Andrej Babiš,[52] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu,[53][54] European Council President Donald Tusk,[55] British foreign minister Boris Johnson[56] and Former Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper.[57] In addition, numerous hard-right and far-right European leaders, including Marine Le Pen, Geert Wilders, Beatrix von Storch, Vice Chancellor of Austria Heinz-Christian Strache, Matteo Salvini, Alexander Gauland, Alice Weidel, and Nigel Farage, congratulated Orbán's election victory.[51][58][59][60][61] German Interior Minister Horst Seehofer also reacted positively at the election results.[61] U.S. President Donald Trump congratulated Orbán's election victory in a June 2018 phone conversation.[62]
On 14 April 2018, "tens of thousands" of Hungarians protested Orbán's election victory in Budapest.[63][64][65] According to Bloomberg News, the protests illustrated the divide in Hungarian society that existed despite Orbán's victory.[66] Another large protest occurred the following week.[67][68][69]
Analysis
According to
The election saw a large surge in voter turnout, one of the largest in post-communist Hungarian history,[77] which benefited Fidesz despite pre-election expectations that it would help the opposition.[2][3][75][79] Fidesz significantly outperformed its election result expectations,[79][80][81] but was reported to have lost support among younger voters.[82] There was also a geographical split in the results, with opposition parties winning the majority of seats in Budapest, while provincial towns and rural areas were predominantly won by the Fidesz coalition.[75][82] Despite this, The Washington Post described the results as "a crushing defeat for left-leaning opposition leaders".[70]
According to Zselyke Csaky of Foreign Policy, Orbán won partially because of a growing Hungarian economy, his centralization of power over the previous eight years, and "the brutally effective propaganda campaign he has waged against all enemies".[79] According to Shaun Walker of The Guardian, Orbán's opposition to immigration and "a coordinated, expensive and sophisticated sting operation" by the Hungarian government on various NGOs contributed to his victory.[83]
The election was also notable for seeing a representative of Hungary's German minority be elected for the first time since 1933.[77][84]
Electoral conduct
A preliminary report on the election by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) criticised the electoral conduct and stated that Fidesz used government resources for its election campaign.[85] A spokesman described campaigning language as "quite hostile and xenophobic".[86] The report criticised the atmosphere as limiting wide-ranging debate and found that public television broadcasts were biased towards the governing coalition. It also criticised the use of "information campaigns" funded out of public money, which it stated generated "a pervasive overlap between state and ruling party resources, undermining contestants' ability to compete on an equal basis".[86]
Government formation
On 12 April 2018, cabinet member
Senior press officer Bertalan Havasi announced the compilation of the government on 27 April, which largely confirmed previous unofficial information. Accordingly, the name of the Ministry of National Economy was restored to Ministry of Finance, which existed before 2010.
On 10 May, the new Hungarian Parliament elected Orbán to a fourth term.[98] Orbán's new cabinet was then sworn in on 18 May.[99]
See also
- List of members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2018–22)
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d Than, Krisztina; Szakacs, Gergely (9 April 2018). "Hungary's Strongman Viktor Orban Wins Third Term in Power". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
- ^ a b c d Zalan, Eszter (9 April 2018). "Hungary's Orban in Sweeping Victory, Boosting EU Populists". EUobserver. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
- ^ a b c d Murphy, Peter; Khera, Jastinder (9 April 2018). "Hungary's Orban Claims Victory as Nationalist Party Takes Sweeping Poll Lead". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
- ^ "Így csinált a Fidesz kétharmadot az egyszerű többségből" (in Hungarian). 24.hu. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ Spirk, József (10 December 2014). "Példátlanul nagyot zuhant a Fidesz és Orbán népszerűsége" (in Hungarian). Index. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014.
- ^ "Hungary's Ruling Party Loses Two-Thirds Majority after By-Election". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ Dull, Szabolcs. "Győzött a Jobbik a tapolcai választáson". Index.hu. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ "Kezdődik az MSZP végjátéka". 26 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
- ^ "Megszűnt az Együtt-PM szövetség". 9 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
- ^ Snijder, Fieke (6 April 2018). "2018 Hungary Elections Set to Extend Viktor Orban's Grip on Power". The Globe Post. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ "Thousands protest against corruption, gov't policies". Politics.hu. 17 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ "Hungary to fence off border with Serbia to stop migrants". Reuters. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ Anemona Hartocollis; Dan Bilefsky & James Kanter (3 September 2015). "Hungary Defends Handling of Migrants Amid Chaos at Train Station". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
- ^ Barbara Surk & Stephen Castle (17 October 2015). "Hungary Closes Border, Changing Refugees' Path". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- Index.hu. 13 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ^ Szabolcs, Dull. "Botka László kiszállt: lemondott a miniszterelnök-jelöltségről" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ^ "Hungary PM's Fidesz Party Suffers Surprise Setback at Local By-Election". Reuters. 25 February 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ "Hungary: Surprise Defeat for Viktor Orbán in Bellwether Byelection". The Guardian. 25 February 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ Eder, Marton; Lovas, Gabriella (25 February 2018). "Orban's Weak Spot Exposed in Shock Loss Before Hungary's Election". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ PALKO KARASZ (26 February 2018). "Hungary's Opposition Sees Hope After Orban's Candidate Falls - The New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ Verseck, Keno (27 February 2018). "Can Hungary's Opposition Unite to Defeat Viktor Orban?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ Simon, Zoltan (20 March 2018). "Hungarian Opposition Negotiations Falter in Boost to Orban". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ "Hungarian PM Steps Up Anti-Immigrant Campaign After By-Election Loss". Reuters. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ Thomas, Roser; Davis, Austin. "Viktor Orban Faces Tough Test in Bid for Third Term as Hungarian President". The Washington Times.
- ^ Electoral system IPU
- ^ Nemzeti Választási Iroda National Election Office
- ^ "Legtöbb egyéni jelöltet, listás jelöltet állító jelölőszervezetek (Egyéni jelöltek száma)" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 7 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "FIDESZ–KDNP által állított nyilvántartásba vett jelöltek és listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 4 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "JOBBIK által állított nyilvántartásba vett jelöltek és listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 9 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "LMP által állított nyilvántartásba vett jelöltek és listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "MOMENTUM által állított nyilvántartásba vett jelöltek és listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "ÖP által állított nyilvántartásba vett jelöltek és listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 14 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "MIÉP által állított nyilvántartásba vett jelöltek és listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "MUNKÁSPÁRT által állított nyilvántartásba vett jelöltek és listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "MSZP-PÁRBESZÉD által állított nyilvántartásba vett jelöltek és listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "DK által állított nyilvántartásba vett jelöltek és listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 4 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "MKKP által állított nyilvántartásba vett jelöltek és listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "EGYÜTT által állított nyilvántartásba vett jelöltek és listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "Országos listák" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 7 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
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