2018 in science
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A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2018.
Events
January
- 1 January – Researchers at
- 2 January – Physicists at Cornell University report the creation of "muscle" for shape-changing, cell-sized robots.[5][6]
- 3 January
- Computer researchers report discovering two major security vulnerabilities, named "Meltdown" and "Spectre," in the microprocessors inside almost all computers in the world.[7][8][9]
- Scientists in Rome unveil the first bionic hand with a sense of touch that can be worn outside a laboratory.[10]
- 4 January – MIT researchers devise a new method to create stronger and more resilient nanofibers.[11][12]
- 5 January – Researchers report images (including image-1) taken by the Curiosity rover on Mars showing curious rock shapes that may require further study in order to help better determine whether the shapes are biological or geological.[1][2] Later, an astrobiologist made a similar claim based on a different image (image-2) taken by the Curiosity rover.[13][14]
- 8 January – The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that 2017 was the costliest year on record for climate and weather-related disasters in the United States.[15][16]
- 9 January
- A pattern in exoplanets is discovered by a team of multinational researchers led by the Université de Montréal: Planets orbiting the same star tend to have similar sizes and regular spacings. This could imply that most planetary systems form differently from the Solar System.[17]
- Analysis of the stone Hypatia shows it has a different origin than the planets and known asteroids. Parts of it could be older than the solar system.[18]
- A new study by researchers at Stanford University indicates the genetic engineering method known as CRISPR may trigger an immune response in humans, thus rendering it potentially ineffective in them.[19][20]
- 10 January – Researchers at Imperial College London and King's College London publish a paper in the journal Scientific Reports about the development of a new 3D bioprinting technique, which allows the more accurate printing of soft tissue organs, such as lungs.[21][22]
- 11 January
- In a study published in the journal Cell, University of Pennsylvania researchers show a method through which the human innate immune system may possibly be trained to more efficiently respond to diseases and infections.[23]
- A
- 15 January
- Artificial intelligence programs developed by Microsoft and Alibaba achieve better average performance on a Stanford University reading and comprehension test than human beings.[26][27][28]
- University of Washington scientists publish a report in the journal Nature Chemistry of the development of a new form of biomaterial based delivery system for therapeutic drugs, which only release their cargo under certain physiological conditions, thereby potentially reducing drug side-effects in patients.[29]
- University of Pennsylvania announces in the United States National Library of Medicine human clinical trials, that will encompass the use of CRISPR technology to modify the T cells of patients with multiple myeloma, sarcoma and melanoma cancers, to allow the cells to more effectively combat the cancers, the first of their kind trials in the US.[30][31]
- 17 January – Engineers at the University of Texas at Austin, in collaboration with Peking University scientists, announce the creation of a memory storage device only one atomic layer thick; a so-called 'atomristor'.[32]
- 18 January
- NASA and NOAA report that 2017 was the hottest year on record globally without an
- Researchers report developing a blood test (or liquid biopsy) that can detect eight common cancer tumors early. The new test, based on cancer-related DNA and proteins found in the blood, produced 70% positive results in the tumor-types studied in 1005 patients.[37][38]
- Sharks are shown to move and feed across the world's oceans in characteristic ways as demonstrated by a global-scale study of stable isotopes in shark tissues led by the University of Southampton and published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution.[39]
- According to a new report published by the US National Science Foundation (NSF), the US is facing increasing competition in scientific endeavours from China, with the latter now publishing more annual scientific papers, but the US still leads in research and development (R&D) and venture capital (VC).[40][41]
- Medical researchers at the Gladstone Institutes discover a method of turning skin cells into stem cells, with the use of CRISPR.[42][43]
- 19 January – Researchers at the Technical University of Munich report a new propulsion method for molecular machines, which enables them to move 100,000 times faster than biochemical processes used to date.[44]
- 22 January
- 24 January – Scientists in China report in the journal Cell the creation of two monkey clones, named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, using the complex DNA transfer method that produced Dolly the sheep, for the first time.[33][34][50][51]
- 25 January
- Researchers report evidence that migrated from Africa at least as early as 194,000 years ago, somewhat consistent with recent genetic studies, and much earlier than previously thought.[52][53]
- Scientists working for Calico, a company owned by Alphabet, publish a paper in the journal eLife which presents possible evidence that Heterocephalus glaber (naked mole-rat) do not face increased mortality risk due to aging.[54][55][56]
- Researchers report evidence that
- 29 January – Scientists report, for the first time, that 800 million viruses, mainly of marine origin, are deposited daily from the Earth's atmosphere onto every square meter of the planet's surface, as the result of a global atmospheric stream of viruses, circulating above the weather system, but below the altitude of usual airline travel, distributing viruses around the planet.[57][58]
February
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- 2 February – A study published in the journal Science by researchers from the United States Geological Survey and the University of California, Santa Cruz reports the severe degradation of the health of polar bears in the Arctic, due to the effects of climate change.[60]
- 5 February
- Researchers find additional evidence for an exotic form of water, called superionic water, which is not found naturally on Earth, but could be common on the planets Uranus and Neptune.[61][62]
- Astronomers report evidence, for the first time, that extragalactic exoplanets, much more distant than the exoplanets found within the local Milky Way galaxy, may exist.[63][64]
- 6 February
- SpaceX successfully conducts its maiden flight of its most powerful rocket to date, and the most powerful rocket since the Space Shuttle program, the Falcon Heavy, from LC-39A at Kennedy Space Center.[59]
- The National Snow and Ice Data Center (
- 8 February – Astronomers report the first confirmed findings from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) project, with the discovery of 2018 CL, a small near-Earth asteroid.[66][67]
- 9 February – Human eggs are grown in the laboratory for the first time, by researchers at the University of Edinburgh.[68][69]
- 13 February – Scientists at MRSA.[70]
- 14 February
- By studying the orbits of high-speed stars, researchers in Australia calculate that the Andromeda Galaxy has only one-third as much dark matter as previously thought, making it similar in mass to the Milky Way.[73]
- A study published by the BACE1) in mice can substantially reduce the formation of plaques responsible for Alzheimer's disease.[71][72]
- 16 February – Scientists report, for the first time, the discovery of a new form of
- 19 February – Scientists identify traces of the genes of the indigenous Taíno people in modern-day Puerto Ricans, indicating that the ethnic group was not extinct as previously believed.[76]
- 21 February – Medical researchers report that
- 28 February – Astronomers report, for the first time, a signal of the reionization epoch, an indirect detection of light from the earliest stars formed – about 180 million years after the Big Bang.[81][82]
March
- 5 March
- Researchers at MIT and Harvard report in the journal
- 8 March – Scientists report the first detection of natural ice VII on Earth, previously it was only produced artificially. It may be common on the moons Enceladus, Europa and Titan.[88][89]
- 9 March – NASA medical researchers report that twin studies where one astronaut twin, Scott Kelly, spent nearly one year in space while the other, Mark Kelly, remained on Earth.[90][91][92]
- 13 March – Scientists report that
- 15 March
- Intel reports that it will redesign its CPU processors (performance losses to be determined) to help protect against the Meltdown and Spectre security vulnerabilities (especially, Meltdown and Spectre-V2, but not Spectre-V1), and expects to release the newly redesigned processors later in 2018.[95][96][97][98]
- Researchers at the Gladstone Institutes report a new cellular therapy in the journal Neuron which shows promise in combating the effects of Alzheimer's disease.[99][100]
- 19 March – self-driving cars worldwide after a woman is killed by one of the vehicles in Arizona. This is the first recorded fatality using a fully automated version of the technology.[101]
- 22 March – Scientists at Harvard Medical School identify a key mechanism behind vascular aging and muscle decline in mice. Their study shows that treating the animals with a chemical compound called NMN enhances blood vessel growth and reduces cell death, boosting their stamina and endurance.[102]
- 26 March
- A study in Geophysical Research Letters concludes that West Greenland's ice sheet is melting at its fastest rate in centuries.[103]
- The world's first total transplant of a penis and scrotum is performed by surgeons at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, operating on a soldier who was wounded in Afghanistan.[104]
April
- 2 April
- The inoperative Tiangong-1 space lab comes down over the South Pacific Ocean, northwest of Tahiti.[105][106]
- Astronomers report the detection of the most distant individual
- 5 April – antibiotics, is formally described.[109]
- 10 April – Researchers in Japan report finding centuries' worth of
- 11 April – Two studies, both published in Nature,[113][114] find that the warm Atlantic Gulf Stream is at its weakest for at least 1,600 years.[115]
- 17 April – Engineers at MIT develop a new more efficient method of producing long strips of graphene.[116][117]
- 18 April
- NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is launched.[118][119]
- Nanyang Technological University demonstrates a robot that can autonomously assemble an IKEA chair without interruption.[120][121]
- 19 April – The results of a new gene therapy trial of 22 patients with the blood disorder beta thalassemia, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, indicates 15 of the patients being cured entirely while 7 requiring fewer annual blood transfusions.[125][126][127][128]
- 25 April
- 26 April
- Scientists report that a
- Scientists identify 44 gene variants linked to increased risk for depression.[132][133][134]
- The Belle II experiment starts taking data to study B mesons.[135]
- 27 April – Stephen Hawking's final paper – A smooth exit from eternal inflation? – is published in the Journal of High Energy Physics.[136]
- 30 April – Researchers report identifying 6,331 groups of genes that are common to all living animals, and which may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian.[137][138]
May
- 1 May – The
- 2 May – Scientists discover that Helium is present in the exoplanet WASP-107b.[145]
- 5 May – The InSight spacecraft, designed to study the interior and subsurface of the planet Mars, successfully launches at 11:05 UTC, with an expected arrival on 26 November 2018.[146][147]
- 9 May – Scientists report that the curious physical phenomenon of
- 10 May – NASA's Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) is cancelled by the Trump administration.[150]
- 11 May – NASA approves the Mars Helicopter for the Mars 2020 mission.[142][143][144]
- 14 May
- Astronomers publish supporting evidence of water plume activity on Europa, moon of the planet Jupiter, based on an updated critical analysis of data obtained from the Galileo space probe, which orbited Jupiter between 1995 and 2003. Such plume activity, similar to that found on Saturn's moon Enceladus, could help researchers search for life from the subsurface European ocean without having to land on the moon.[151][152][153][154]
- Anthropologists provide evidence that the brain of
- 17 May – Scientists warn that banned CFC-11 gas emissions are originating from an unknown source somewhere in East Asia, with potential to damage the ozone layer.[157]
- 22 May
- 23 May – Paleontologists report finding the skull of a new species of
- 24 May
- Based largely on government data, including data from FEMA and others, The New York Times reports an exhaustive overview of recurrent natural disasters in the United States since 1900.[166]
- Astronomers claim that the dwarf planet Pluto may have been formed as a result of the agglomeration of numerous comets and related Kuiper belt objects.[167][168]
- Researchers at the University of Leeds report that climate change could increase arable land in boreal regions by 44% by the year 2100, while having a negative impact everywhere else.[169]
- Based largely on government data, including data from
- 30 May
- The first 3D printed human corneas are created at Newcastle University.[170]
- The FDA approves the first artificial iris.[171]
- Physicists of the MiniBooNE experiment report a stronger neutrino oscillation signal than expected, a possible hint of sterile neutrinos, an elusive particle that may pass through matter without any interaction whatsoever.[172][173]
June
Mars dust storm (before/after) detected that may affect the survivability of the Opportunity rover.[174][175]
- 1 June – NASA scientists detect
- 4 June – Direct coupling of the Higgs boson with the top quark is observed for the first time by the ATLAS experiment[181] and the CMS experiment[182] at CERN.
- 5 June – Researchers at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine synthesise the first artificial human prion.[183]
- 6 June
- Footprints in the Yangtze Gorges area of South China, dating back 546 million years, are reported to be the earliest known record of an animal with legs.[184]
- The spacecraft Dawn assumes a final (and much closer) orbit around the dwarf planet Ceres: as close as 35 km (22 mi) and as far away as 4,000 km (2,500 mi) (see images).[185][186]
- Footprints in the
- 7 June – NASA announces that the Curiosity rover has detected a cyclical seasonal variation in atmospheric methane (see image) on the planet Mars, as well as the presence of kerogen and other complex organic compounds.[187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194]
- 8 June – The U.S. Department of Energy's
- 11 June – KATRIN, an experiment designed to measure the absolute mass of neutrinos, starts data-taking.[197]
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, one of the world's most costly animal diseases.[198]
- 14–15 June – The Japanese Hayabusa2 probe returns images of the asteroid 162173 Ryugu from a distance of 650–700 km.[199] It enters orbit on 27 June.
- 16 June – Astronomers detect astronomical event had generated a significant interest among astronomers throughout the world,[204][202] and may be, as of 22 June 2018, considered a supernova, tentatively named Supernova 2018cow (SN 2018cow).[205][206] However, the true identity of AT2018cow remains unclear, according to astronomers.[202][207]
- 18 June – MIT publishes details of "VoxelMorph", a new machine-learning algorithm, which is over 1,000 times faster at registering brain scans and other 3-D images.[208]
- 20 June – Scientists at the University of Edinburgh report that gene-edited porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, one of the world's most costly animal diseases.[198]
- 21 June – The US National Science and Technology Council warns that America is unprepared for an asteroid impact event, and has developed and released the "National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy Action Plan" to better prepare.[209][210][162][163][211]
- 26 June – Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, develop synthetic T cells that mimic the form and function of real human versions.[212]
- 27 June
- Astronomers report that ʻOumuamua, an object from interstellar space passing through the Solar System, is a mildly active comet, and not an asteroid, as previously thought. This was determined by measuring a non-gravitational boost to ʻOumuamua's acceleration, consistent with comet outgassing. (image) (animation)[213][214][215]
- Astronomers report the detection of
July
- 2 July
- 10 July – Researchers at the University of Michigan show that increased atmospheric CO2 reduces the medicinal properties of monarch butterflies from disease.[222]
- 11 July – Scientists report the discovery in China of the oldest stone tools outside of Africa, estimated at 2.12 million years old.[223]
- 12 July
- The IceCube Neutrino Observatory announces that they have traced a neutrino that hit their Antarctica-based research station in September 2017 back to its point of origin in a blazar 3.7 billion light-years away. This is the first time that a neutrino detector has been used to locate an object in space.[224][225][226]
- Using NASA's Hubble and ESA's Gaia, astronomers make the most precise measurements to date of the universe's expansion rate – a figure of 73.5 km (45.6 miles) per second per megaparsec – reducing the uncertainty to just 2.2 percent.[227]
- 16 July – A study by the University of Wisconsin-Madison concludes that thousands of miles of buried Internet infrastructure could be damaged or destroyed by rising sea levels within 15 years.[228]
- 17 July – Scientists led by Scott S. Sheppard report the discovery of 12 new moons of Jupiter, taking its total number to 79. This includes an "oddball", Valetudo (originally known as S/2016 J 2; Roman-numeral designation Jupiter LXII), that is predicted to eventually collide with a neighbouring moon.[229][230]
- 19 July – A complete fruit fly connectome is mapped at nanoscale resolution for the first time, using two high-speed electron microscopes on 7,000 brain slices and 21 million images.[231]
- 20 July
- Researchers report that the largest single source of
- Scientists at the University of Alabama at Birmingham announce the reversal of aging-associated skin wrinkles and hair loss in a mouse model.[233]
- 23 July
- A study published in Nature Climate Change finds that the death toll from suicide in the United States and Mexico has risen between 0.7 and 2.1 percent with each degree (Celsius) of increased monthly average temperature. By 2050, this could lead to an additional 21,000 suicides.[234]
- Scientists at the University of Alberta report a new technique, based on quickly removing or replacing single hydrogen atoms, which can provide a thousand-fold increase in solid-state memory density.[235][236]
- 25 July
- Scientists report the discovery, based on MARSIS radar studies, of a subglacial lake on Mars, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) below the southern polar ice cap (see image), and extending sideways about 20 km (12 mi), the first known stable body of water on the planet.[237][238][239][240]
- NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) begins science operations.[241]
- Researchers in Brazil describe a new two-dimensional material called "hematene", derived from hematite, with application as a photocatalyst.[242]
- 27 July – The longest total lunar eclipse of the 21st century occurs.[243]
- 28 July – Artificial intelligence is used to demonstrate a link between personality type and eye movements.[244]
- 30 July
- Using high-resolution satellite images, researchers from the Chizé Centre for Biological Studies report an 88% reduction in the world's biggest colony of Crozet Archipelago.[245]
- A study by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center concludes that terraforming of Mars is physically impossible with present-day technology.[246]
- Using high-resolution satellite images, researchers from the Chizé Centre for Biological Studies report an 88% reduction in the world's biggest colony of
- 31 July – Astronomers report the detection of an extremely strong SIMP J01365663+0933473.[247]
August
- 1 August
- Earth Overshoot Day 2018 is reached.
- Astronomers report that FRB 180725A is the first detection of a Fast radio burst (FRB) under 700 MHz – as low as 580 MHz.[249][250]
- Lab-grown lungs are successfully transplanted into pigs for the first time.[251]
- 7 August – NASA researchers report confirmation by the hydrogen wall" at the outer edges of the Solar System that was first detected in 1992 by the two Voyager spacecraft.[252][253]
- 8 August
- Biologists report that
- Computer researchers report that Artificial Intelligence (AI) programs have found thousands of prominent scientists overlooked by Wikipedia editors.[255]
- 9 August – Researchers in China establish a new record for
- 12 August – A Delta IV Heavy launches the Parker Solar Probe to study the Sun and the solar wind.[258][259][260]
- 13 August – Astronomers at the visible transient)—is fading at an increasingly rapid rate at 358.6 days after the event.[261]
- 14 August
- Computer researchers report discovering another
- Groundbreaking begins on the Giant Magellan Telescope in Chile. It is expected to be operational by 2024.[265]
- 15 August – Astronomers report the detection of iron and titanium vapours in the atmosphere of an 'ultra-hot Jupiter' in close orbit around the large KELT-9.[266]
- 16 August
- Scientists announce the transformation of gaseous deuterium into a liquid metallic form. This may help researchers better understand giant gas planets, such as Jupiter, Saturn and related exoplanets, since such planets are thought to contain a lot of liquid metallic hydrogen, which may be responsible for their observed powerful magnetic fields.[267][268]
- The wheat genome is fully sequenced after a 13-year effort.[269]
- Scientists at Sandia National Laboratories reveal a platinum-gold alloy believed to be the most wear-resistant metal in the world, 100 times more durable than high-strength steel.[270]
- 18 August – Research presented at the Goldschmidt conference in Boston concludes that water is likely to be a common feature of exoplanets between two and four times the size of Earth, with implications for the search of life in our Galaxy.[271]
- 20 August
- Scientists report that life, based on genetic and fossil evidences, may have begun on Earth nearly 4.5 billion years ago, much earlier than thought before.[272][273]
- Researchers report that the STEVE ("Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement"), an atmospheric optical phenomenon appearing as a purple and green light ribbon in the sky, and not an aurora, is not associated with particle precipitation (electrons or ions) and, as a result, could be generated in the ionosphere.[274]
- 21 August – Scientists announce the first direct evidence for exposed water-ice on the Moon's surface, which is found in permanently shaded regions.[275]
- 22 August
- Scientists report evidence of a 13-year-old hominin female, nicknamed Denny, estimated to have lived 90,000 years ago, and who was determined to be half Neanderthal and half Denisovan, based on genetic analysis of a bone fragment discovered in Denisova Cave; the first time an ancient individual was discovered whose parents belonged to distinct human groups.[276][277][278]
- Researchers report evidence of rapid shifts (in geological-time terms), nearly 30 times faster than known previously, of geomagnetic reversals, where the north magnetic pole of Earth becomes the south magnetic pole and vice versa, including a chronozone that lasted only 200 years, much shorter than any other such reversal found earlier.[279]
- Scientists report evidence of a 13-year-old
- 28 August – Physicists officially report, for the first time, observing the Higgs boson decay into a pair of bottom quarks, an interaction that is primarily responsible for the "natural width" (range of masses with which a particle is observed) of the boson.[280]
- 30 August – Researchers from the Chinese University of Hong Kong report a new way of controlling nanobots, using swarm behaviours to do complex tasks in minimally invasive surgeries.[281][282]
September
- 3 September – Astronomers present evidence that the 32,000 km (20,000 mi) wide hexagon at the north pole of the planet Saturn (possibly a jet stream of atmospheric gases moving at 320 km/h (200 mph)) may be 300 km (190 mi) high, well into the stratosphere, at least during the northern spring and summer, rather than lower in the troposphere as thought earlier.[283][284]
- 6 September – A study by the
- 7 September
- Researchers at the REMA).[287]
- A group of Japanese and American scientists publish a research paper which concludes that "space weathering" on the surface of Phobos, in tandem with its eccentric orbit, has caused its surface to be divided into two distinct geologic units, known as the red and blue units.[288]
- Researchers at the
- 9 September – Astronomers report detecting another 72 Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), using artificial intelligence, from FRB 121102 that had been missed earlier, resulting in about 300 total FRBs from this object. FRB 121102 is the only known repeating fast radio source which is very unusual since all other currently known FRBs (very powerful and extremely short-lived astronomical objects) have not been found to repeat, occurring one time only.[289][290][291]
- 10 September
- NASA wins an Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Interactive Program for its presentation of the Cassini mission's Grand Finale at Saturn.[294]
- The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) announces "Dense Object Nets" (DON), a new system that allows robots to pick up any object after visually inspecting it.[295]
- An international team of researchers predict the entire set of beneficial 3-D distortions for controlling edge localised modes (ELMs) in tokamak plasma, without creating more problems.[296]
- NASA wins an
- 12 September – Scientists report the discovery of the Homo sapiens, which is estimated to be 73,000 years old, much earlier than the 43,000 years old artifacts understood to be the earliest known modern human drawings found previously.[297]
- 15 September – NASA launches ICESat-2, the agency's most technologically advanced ice-monitoring spacecraft to date.[298]
- 16 September
- Astronomers report determining that the warm-hot intergalactic medium (or WHIM) may be where the missing matter (not dark matter) has been hiding in the universe.[299]
- Medical researchers conclude, based on a 19,114 person study conducted over five years, that use of low-dose aspirin by older healthy people may not be beneficial and, in some case, may be harmful.[292][293]
- Astronomers report determining that the
- 17 September –
'Oumuamua, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System, may have begun its journey.[303]
- 20 September
- Researchers at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center report the first human oesophageal tissue grown entirely from pluripotent stem cells.[304]
- Researchers identify human skeletal stem cells for the first time.[305]
- Scientists discover molecules of fat in an ancient fossil to reveal the earliest confirmed animal in the geological record that lived on Earth 558 million years ago.[306]
- A paper in the seafloor could halt the slide of undersea glaciers, which are melting due to warmer ocean temperatures.[307]
- Using data from the European Space Agency's X-ray observatory XMM-Newton, astronomers report the first detection of matter falling into a black hole at 30% of the speed of light, located in the centre of the billion-light year distant galaxy PG211+143.[308]
- 21 September – The Japanese Hayabusa2 probe deploys two landers on the surface of the large asteroid Ryugu.[309]
- 24 September
- Data from the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft, which explored Saturn and its moons between 2004 and 2017, reveals what appear to be three giant dust storms (see image), for the first time, in the equatorial regions of the moon Titan between the years 2009–2010.[310][311]
- Astronomers describe several possible home
- 25 September
- Medical researchers report that type 2 diabetes.[317]
- Scientists determine that Vorombe titan, an extinct elephant bird from the island of Madagascar which reached weights of 800 kg (1,800 lb) and heights of 3 m (9.8 ft) tall, is the largest bird known to have existed.[314][315][316]
- Medical researchers report that
- 26 September – Researchers provide evidence that
- 27 September – A study in the journal Science concludes that killer whale populations in the most heavily contaminated areas within 30–50 years.[319]
October
- 1 October
- James P. Allison from the United States and Tasuku Honjo from Japan win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation."[320]
- NASA-funded researchers find that lengthy journeys into outer space, including travel to the planet Mars, may substantially damage the gastrointestinal tissues of astronauts. The studies support earlier work that found such journeys could significantly damage the brains of astronauts, and age them prematurely.[321] However, unlike the conditions in space, the study admitted the full radiation doses over short periods.[322]
- Astronomers announce the discovery of
- 2 October
- Arthur Ashkin from the United States, Gérard Mourou from France and Donna Strickland from Canada win the Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics".[327]
- Astronomers using data from the rogue, high-velocity stars hurtling towards the Milky Way, possibly originating from another galaxy.[328]
- 3 October
- Gregory P. Winter from the United Kingdom win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work in evolutionary science.[329]
- Astronomers publish details of a candidate exomoon, Kepler-1625b I, suggesting it has a mass and radius similar to Neptune, and orbits the exoplanet Kepler-1625b.[325][326][330][331]
- 4 October – Researchers at
- 5 October – The Hubble Space Telescope is hit by a mechanical failure as it loses one of the gyroscopes needed for pointing the spacecraft. It is placed into "safe" mode while scientists attempt to fix the problem.[336]
- 8 October
- The
- Researchers report low-temperature chemical pathways from simple organic compounds to complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) chemicals. Such chemical pathways may help explain the presence of PAHs in the low-temperature atmosphere of Titan, a moon of the planet Saturn, and may be significant pathways, in terms of the PAH world hypothesis, in producing precursors to biochemicals related to life as we know it.[340][341]
- 10 October
- Astronomers report 19 more new non-repeating FRB bursts detected by the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP).[342][343]
- Physicists report producing
- 11 October
- Physicists report that quantum behavior can be explained with classical physics for a single particle, but not for multiple particles as in quantum entanglement and related nonlocality phenomena ("spooky action at a distance" ["gruselige Action in einiger Entfernung" (German)],[346] according to Albert Einstein).[347][348][a]
- Harvard astronomers present an analytical model that suggests matter—and potentially dormant spores—can be exchanged across the vast distances between galaxies, a process termed 'galactic panspermia', and not be restricted to the limited scale of solar systems.[350][351]
- The world's fastest camera, able to capture 10 trillion frames per second, is announced by the Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) in Quebec, Canada.[352]
- 15 October – A study by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute finds that insect populations in Puerto Rico have crashed since the 1970s, with some species witnessing a 60-fold decrease in numbers. The fall is attributed to a 2.0 °C rise in tropical forest temperatures.[353]
- 16 October
- The final published book by physicist
- A comprehensive analysis of demographic trends published in The Lancet predicts that all countries are likely to experience at least a slight increase in life expectancy by 2040. Spain is expected to overtake Japan as it rises from fourth to first place, with an average lifespan of 85.8 years.[358][359]
- Astronomers report that optical and x-ray emissions, as well as to the nature of the associated host galaxies, are "striking", suggesting the two separate events may both be the result of the merger of neutron stars, and both may be a kilonova (i.e., a luminous flash of radioactive light that produces elements like silver, gold, platinum and uranium), which may be more common in the universe than previously understood, according to the researchers.[360][361][362][363]
- 17 October
- Researchers report possible
- A study by Stanford University finds that the use of virtual reality can induce greater compassion in people than other forms of media.[368]
- 20 October – The joint ESA/JAXA BepiColombo probe is launched to the planet Mercury.
- 22 October
- A study by the University at Albany forecasts that Peru's Quelccaya ice cap will reach a state of irreversible retreat by the mid-2050s, if current warming trends continue.[369][370]
- Researchers at the enzymes with thermostable proteins, which can withstand higher temperatures, and could be used to improve drugs and gene therapy.[371]
- A study by the
- 24 October – Scientists report discovering the oldest weapons found in North America, ancient spear points, dated to 13,500 – 15,500 years ago, made of chert, predating the clovis culture (typically dated to 13,000 years ago), in the state of Texas.[364][365]
- 26 October – Astronomers confirm the existence of
- 30 October
- Kepler space telescope, having run out of fuel, and after nine years of service and the discovery of over 2,600 exoplanets, has been officially retired, and will maintain its current, safe orbit, away from Earth.[375][376]
- Scientists announce the 3-D virtual reconstruction, for the first time, of a Neanderthal rib cage, which may help researchers better understand how this ancient human species moved and breathed.[377][378]
November
Occator Crater
1 November: The Dawn spacecraft, that studied protoplanets, Ceres and Vesta, is retired after an 11 year mission – last views pictured.[379]
- 1 November
- The Earth BioGenome Project is launched, a 10-year global effort to sequence the genomes of all 1.5 million known animal, plant, protozoan and fungal species on Earth.[380][381]
- NASA announces the official retirement, due to the depletion of fuel, of the Dawn spacecraft mission, that lasted 11 years, and that studied two protoplanets, Vesta and Ceres. The spacecraft will remain in a relatively stable orbit around Ceres for at least the next 20 years, serving as a "monument" to the mission.[379][382]
- Russian scientists release a video recording of the Soyuz MS-10 crewed spaceflight mission involving a Soyuz-FG rocket after launch on 11 October 2018 that, due to a faulty sensor, resulted in the destruction of the rocket. The crew, NASA astronaut Nick Hague and Russian cosmonaut Aleksey Ovchinin. escaped safely and successfully.[383]
- Astronomers from 'Oumuamua may be an extraterrestrial solar sail from an alien civilization, in an effort to help explain the object's "peculiar acceleration".[384][385][386]
- 2 November
- Two independent teams of astronomers both conclude, based on numerous observations from other astronomers around the world, that the unusual AT2018cow event (also known as Supernova 2018cow, SN 2018cow, and "The Cow"), a very powerful astronomical explosion, 10 – 100 times brighter than a normal supernova detected on 16 June 2018, was "either a newly formed black hole in the process of accreting matter, or the frenetic rotation of a neutron star."[387][388][389][390]
- The world's largest neuromorphic supercomputer, the million-core 'SpiNNaker' machine, is switched on by the University of Manchester, England.[391]
- Two independent teams of astronomers both conclude, based on numerous observations from other astronomers around the world, that the unusual
- 4 November – Geologists present evidence, based on studies in Gale Crater by the Curiosity rover, that there was plenty of water on early Mars.[394][395]
- 5 November
- Astronomers report the discovery of one of the 2MASS J18082002-5104378 B, in the universe, about 13.5 billion-years-old, possibly one of the first stars, a tiny ultra metal-poor (UMP) star made almost entirely of materials released from the Big Bang. The discovery of the star in the Milky Way galaxy suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than thought earlier.[396][397][398]
- A new assessment of the
- Scientists report the discovery of the smallest known ape, Simiolus minutus, which weighed approximately eight pounds, and lived about 12.5 million years ago in Kenya in East Africa.[399][400]
- Astronomers report the discovery of one of the
- 7 November – Scientists report the discovery of the oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo (see image).[401][402][403]
- 12 November – China's Institute of Plasma Physics announces that plasma in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) has reached 100 million degrees Celsius.[citation needed]
- 14 November – Astronomers report the discovery of GJ 699 b, a Super-Earth orbiting near the snow line of Barnard's Star, just six light years from Earth.[404][405][406][407]
- 16 November
- The 26th
- Researchers at Japan's National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) reveal a humanoid robot prototype, HRP-5P, intended to autonomously perform heavy labor or work in hazardous environments.[414]
- Astronomers conclude that the many grooves on Phobos, one of two moons orbiting Mars, were caused by boulders, ejected from the asteroid impact that created Stickney crater (which takes up a substantial portion of the moon's surface), that rolled around on the surface of the moon.[415][416]
- 19 November –
- 20 November
- Astronomers report the use of a new powerful method,
- The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) publishes its latest Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, showing record high concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, with levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) reaching 405.5 parts per million (ppm) in 2017, up from 403.3 ppm in 2016 and 400.1 ppm in 2015. The WMO reports that "there is no sign of a reversal in this trend, which is driving long-term climate change, sea level rise, ocean acidification and more extreme weather."[422][423]
- 22 November
- 35 genes that predispose people to chronic kidney disease are discovered by scientists at the University of Manchester.[424]
- Research published in Environmental Research Letters concludes that
- 23 November
- Volume II of the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) is released by the U.S. government.[428][429][430][431]
- The Brazilian government reports that deforestation in the Amazon rainforest has reached its highest rate for a decade, with 7,900 km2 (3,050 sq miles) destroyed between August 2017 and July 2018, largely due to illegal logging.[432][433]
- Researchers report, after detecting the presence on the International Space Station (ISS) of five Enterobacter bugandensis bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that microorganisms on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for astronauts.[434][435]
- 24 November – Scientists report that nearly all extant populations of animals, including humans, may be a result of a population expansion that began between one and two hundred thousand years ago, based on genetic mitochondrial DNA studies.[436][437][438][439]
- 25 November – Chinese scientists report the birth of twin human girls,
- 26 November – NASA reports that the InSight Lander landed successfully on the planet Mars. Two touch down images are received. Also, from additional received transmissions, the sounds of the winds on Mars can be heard - for the first time.[427]
- 27 November – Researchers at the University of Southern California publish details of a freeze-dried polio vaccine that does not require refrigeration.[447]
- 30 November – Astronomers report that the extragalactic background light (EBL), the total amount of light that has ever been released by all the stars in the observable universe, amounts to 4 × 1084 photons.[448][449]
December
- 2–14 December – United Nations Climate Change conference in Katowice.
- 3 December – NASA reports the arrival of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to the carbonaceous asteroid Bennu after a two-year journey, and has determined that the asteroid interacted with water early in its history.[450][451]
- 4 December – Physcists report discovery of superconductivity at 250 K and 170 GPa.[452]
- 5 December
- An astronomer from the University of Oxford advances a new theory, related, in part, to notions of gravitationally repulsive negative masses, presented earlier by Albert Einstein, that may help better understand, in a testable manner, the considerable amounts of unknown dark matter and dark energy in the cosmos.[453][454]
- Researchers create a new algorithm, based on deep learning, that is able to solve text-based CAPTCHA tests in less than 0.05 seconds.[455]
- Scientists in the United Kingdom announce completion of the 100,000 Genomes Project.[456]
- Research published by the Global Carbon Project shows record high carbon emissions of 37.1 billion metric tons in 2018, driven by a booming market for cars and ongoing coal use in China.[457][458][459]
- 8 December – China launches Chang'e 4, the first mission to land a robotic craft on the far side of the Moon.[460]
- 10 December
- interstellar space on 5 November 2018, six years after its sister probe, Voyager 1 (related image).[461][462]
- Four glaciers in the Vincennes Bay region of Antarctica are found to be thinning at surprisingly fast rates, casting doubt on the idea that the eastern part of the icy continent is stable.[463][464]
- Researchers announce the discovery of considerable amounts of
- 11 December – A report on the impact of climate change in the Arctic, published during the latest
- 17 December
- Astronomers led by Scott Sheppard announce the discovery of 2018 VG18, nicknamed "Farout", the most distant body ever observed in the Solar System at approximately 120 AU.[474]
- Scientists announce that the earliest feathers may have originated 250 million years ago, 70 million years earlier than previously thought.[475][476][477]
- 18 December
- Scientists report that the earliest flowers began about 180 million years ago, 50 million years earlier than previously thought.[478]
- The Kamchatka superbolide falls over the Bering Sea, near the east coast of Russia, the third largest asteroid to hit Earth since 1900. The event would not be recognized and announced until March 2019, however.[479]
- 19 December – NASA reports that the InSight lander has deployed a seismometer on Mars, the first time a seismometer has been placed onto the surface of another planet.[480]
- 24 December
- NASA celebrates the 50th Anniversary of the 1968 Christmas Eve trip around the Moon by the Apollo 8 astronauts (Earthrise image).[469][470][471]
- Researchers at Tel Aviv University describe a process to make bioplastic polymers that don't require land or fresh water.[481]
Awards
- Fields Medal – Caucher Birkar, Alessio Figalli, Peter Scholze, Akshay Venkatesh
- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo, "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"
- Nobel Prize in Physics – Arthur Ashkin, Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland, "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics"
- Gregory P. Winter, "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"
Deaths
- January 5 – Thomas Bopp, American astronomer (b. 1949)
- February 1 – Barys Kit, Belarusian-American rocket scientist (b. 1910)
- February 2 – Joseph Polchinski, American theoretical physicist (b. 1954)
- February 4 – Alan Baker, British mathematician (b. 1939)
- February 5 – Donald Lynden-Bell, British astrophysicist (b. 1935)
- February 10 – Alan R. Battersby, British organic chemist (b. 1925)
- February 18 – Günter Blobel, German-American biologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1936)
- February 21 – Richard E. Taylor, Canadian physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1929)
- March 6 – John Sulston, British biologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1942)
- March 14 – Stephen Hawking, British theoretical physicist and cosmologist (b. 1942)[482]
- April 7 – Peter Grünberg, German physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1939)
- May 26 – Ted Dabney, American engineer and computer scientist (b. 1937)
- June 29 – Arvid Carlsson, Swedish neuropharmacologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1923)
- July 18 – Burton Richter, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1931)
- September 23 – Charles K. Kao, Hong Kong-American-British physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1933)
- October 3 – Leon M. Lederman, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1922)
- October 9 – Thomas A. Steitz, American biochemist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1940)
- November 26 – Stephen Hillenburg, American marine biologist and animator (b. 1961)
- December 9 – Riccardo Giacconi, Italian-American astrophysicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1931)
- December 22 - Jean Bourgain, Belgian mathematician and Fields Medal laureate (b. 1954)
- December 23 - Elias M. Stein, American mathematician (b. 1931)
- December 26 - Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, English mathematician (b. 1927)
- December 26 - Roy J. Glauber, American theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1925)
See also
Notes
- ^ Physicist John Bell depicts the Einstein camp in this debate in his article entitled "Bertlmann's socks and the nature of reality", p. 143 of Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics: "For EPR that would be an unthinkable 'spooky action at a distance'. To avoid such action at a distance they have to attribute, to the space-time regions in question, real properties in advance of observation, correlated properties, which predetermine the outcomes of these particular observations. Since these real properties, fixed in advance of observation, are not contained in quantum formalism, that formalism for EPR is incomplete. It may be correct, as far as it goes, but the usual quantum formalism cannot be the whole story." And again on p. 144 Bell says: "Einstein had no difficulty accepting that affairs in different places could be correlated. What he could not accept was that an intervention at one place could influence, immediately, affairs at the other."[349]
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External links
Media related to 2018 in science at Wikimedia Commons
