2020 Atlantic hurricane season
2020 Atlantic hurricane season | |
---|---|
Seasonal boundaries | |
First system formed | May 16, 2020 |
Last system dissipated | November 18, 2020 |
Strongest storm | |
Name | Iota |
• Maximum winds | 155 mph (250 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 917 mbar (hPa; 27.08 inHg) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total depressions | 31 (record high, tied with 2005) |
Total storms | 30 (record high) |
Hurricanes | 14 |
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 7 (record high, tied with 2005) |
Total fatalities | ≥ 417 total |
Total damage | > $51.114 billion (2020 USD) |
Related articles | |
The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active
The season officially started on June 1 and officially ended on November 30. However,
Hurricane Zeta struck Louisiana on October 28, becoming the fourth named storm of the season to make landfall in the state, tying the record set in 2002. Zeta also struck the United States later in the calendar year than any major hurricane on record. On the last day of October, Hurricane Eta formed and made landfall in Nicaragua at Category 4 strength on November 3. Eta ultimately led to the deaths of at least 175 people and caused $8.3 billion in damage. Then, on November 10, Tropical Storm Theta became the record-breaking 29th named storm of the season and, three days later, Hurricane Iota formed in the Caribbean. Iota rapidly intensified into a high-end Category 4 hurricane, which also made 2020 the only recorded season with two major hurricanes in November. Iota ultimately made landfall in the same general area of Nicaragua that Eta had just weeks earlier and caused catastrophic damage. Overall, the tropical cyclones of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season collectively caused at least 417 deaths and over $51 billion in damage, totaling to the seventh costliest season on record.
All forecasting agencies predicted above-average activity, some well-above-average, citing factors such as the expectation of low
Seasonal forecasts
Source | Date | Named storms |
Hurricanes | Major hurricanes |
Ref |
Average (1981–2010) | 12.1 | 6.4 | 2.7 | [1] | |
Record high activity | 30‡ | 15 | 7† | [5] | |
Record low activity | 1 | 0† | 0† | [5] | |
TSR | December 19, 2019 | 15 | 7 | 4 | [6] |
CSU | April 2, 2020 | 16 | 8 | 4 | [7] |
TSR | April 7, 2020 | 16 | 8 | 3 | [8] |
UA | April 13, 2020 | 19 | 10 | 5 | [9] |
TWC | April 15, 2020 | 18 | 9 | 4 | [10] |
NCSU | April 17, 2020 | 18–22 | 8–11 | 3–5 | [11] |
PSU | April 21, 2020 | 15–24 | n/a | n/a | [12] |
SMN | May 20, 2020 | 15–19 | 7–9 | 3–4 | [13] |
UKMO* | May 20, 2020 | 13* | 7* | 3* | [14] |
NOAA | May 21, 2020 | 13–19 | 6–10 | 3–6 | [15] |
TSR | May 28, 2020 | 17 | 8 | 3 | [16] |
CSU | June 4, 2020 | 19 | 9 | 4 | [17] |
UA | June 12, 2020 | 17 | 11 | 4 | [18] |
CSU | July 7, 2020 | 20 | 9 | 4 | [19] |
TSR | July 7, 2020 | 18 | 8 | 4 | [20] |
TWC | July 16, 2020 | 20 | 8 | 4 | [21] |
CSU | August 5, 2020 | 24 | 12 | 5 | [22] |
TSR | August 5, 2020 | 24 | 10 | 4 | [23] |
NOAA | August 6, 2020 | 19–25 | 7–11 | 3–6 | [24] |
Actual activity |
30 | 14 | 7 | ||
* June–November only ‡ New record for activity † Most recent of several such occurrences (See all) |
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts, such as Philip J. Klotzbach and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU), and separately by NOAA forecasters. Klotzbach's team (formerly led by William M. Gray) defined the average (1981 to 2010) hurricane season as featuring 12.1 tropical storms, 6.4 hurricanes, 2.7 major hurricanes (storms reaching at least Category 3 strength in the Saffir–Simpson scale), and an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of 106 units.[7] Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h). NOAA defines a season as above normal, near normal or below normal by a combination of the number of named storms, the number reaching hurricane strength, the number reaching major hurricane strength, and the ACE Index.[1]
Pre-season forecasts
On December 19, 2019, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), a public consortium consisting of experts on insurance, risk management, and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London, issued an extended-range forecast predicting a slightly above-average hurricane season. In its report, the organization called for 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 4 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 105 units. This forecast was based on the prediction of near-average trade winds and slightly warmer than normal sea surface temperatures across the tropical Atlantic as well as a neutral El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase in the equatorial Pacific.[6] On April 2, 2020, forecasters at CSU echoed predictions of an above-average season, forecasting 16 named storms, 8 hurricanes, 4 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 150 units. The organization posted significantly heightened probabilities for hurricanes tracking through the Caribbean and hurricanes striking the U.S. coastline.[7] TSR updated their forecast on April 7, predicting 16 named storms, 8 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 130 units.[8] On April 13, the University of Arizona (UA) predicted a potentially hyperactive hurricane season: 19 named storms, 10 hurricanes, 5 major hurricanes, and accumulated cyclone energy index of 163 units.[9] A similar prediction of 18 named storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes was released by The Weather Company on April 15.[10] Following that, North Carolina State University released a similar forecast on April 17, also calling for a possibly hyperactive season with 18–22 named storms, 8–11 hurricanes and 3–5 major hurricanes.[11] On April 21, the Pennsylvania State University Earth Science System Center also predicted high numbers, 19.8 +/- 4.4 total named storms, range 15–24, best estimate 20.[12]
On May 20, Mexico's
Mid-season forecasts
CSU released an updated forecast on June 4, calling for 19 named storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.[17] UA issued their second prediction for the season on June 12, decreasing their numbers to 17 named storms, 11 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.[18] On July 7, CSU released another updated forecast, predicting 20 named storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.[19] That same day, TSR revised their forecast to 18 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.[20] On July 16, The Weather Company released an updated forecast, calling for 20 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.[21]
On August 5, CSU released an additional updated forecast, their final for 2020, calling for a near-record-breaking season, predicting a total of 24 named storms, 12 hurricanes, and 5 major hurricanes, citing the anomalously low wind shear and surface pressures across the basin during the month of July and substantially warmer than average tropical Atlantic and developing La Niña conditions.[25] On August 5, TSR released an updated forecast, their final for 2020, also calling for a near-record-breaking season, predicting a total of 24 named storms, 10 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes, citing the favorable July trade winds, low wind shear, warmer than average tropical Atlantic, and the anticipated La Niña.[26] The following day, NOAA released their second forecast for the season, in which they called for an "extremely active" season, predicting it would contain 19–25 named storms, 7–11 hurricanes, and 3–6 major hurricanes. This was one of the most active forecasts ever released by NOAA for an Atlantic hurricane season.[24]
Seasonal summary
2020 tropical / subtropical storm formation records | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Storm number |
New record | Old record | ||
Name | Date formed | Name | Date formed | |
3 | Cristobal | June 2, 2020 | Colin | June 5, 2016 |
5 | Edouard * | July 6, 2020 | Emily | July 11, 2005 |
6 | Fay | July 9, 2020 | Franklin
|
July 21, 2005 |
7 | Gonzalo | July 22, 2020 | Gert | July 24, 2005 |
8 | Hanna | July 24, 2020 | Harvey
|
August 3, 2005 |
9 | Isaias | July 30, 2020 | Irene | August 7, 2005 |
10 | Josephine | August 13, 2020 | Jose | August 22, 2005 |
11 | Kyle | August 14, 2020 | Katrina | August 24, 2005 |
12 | Laura | August 21, 2020 | Luis | August 29, 1995 |
13 | Marco | August 22, 2020 | Maria | September 2, 2005 |
Lee | September 2, 2011 | |||
14 | Nana | September 1, 2020 | Nate | September 5, 2005 |
15 | Omar | September 1, 2020 | Ophelia | September 7, 2005 |
16 | Paulette | September 7, 2020 | Philippe
|
September 17, 2005 |
17 | Rene | September 7, 2020 | Rita | September 18, 2005 |
18 | Sally | September 12, 2020 | Stan | October 2, 2005 |
19 | Teddy | September 14, 2020 | "Azores" | October 4, 2005 |
20 | Vicky | September 14, 2020 | Tammy | October 5, 2005 |
21 | Alpha | September 17, 2020 | Vince | October 8, 2005 |
22 | Wilfred | September 17, 2020 | Wilma | October 17, 2005 |
23 | Beta | September 18, 2020 | Alpha | October 22, 2005 |
24 | Gamma | October 2, 2020 | Beta | October 27, 2005 |
25 | Delta | October 5, 2020 | Gamma | November 15, 2005 |
26 | Epsilon | October 19, 2020 | Delta | November 22, 2005 |
27 | Zeta | October 25, 2020 | Epsilon | November 29, 2005 |
28 | Eta | November 1, 2020 | Zeta | December 30, 2005 |
29 | Theta | November 10, 2020 | Earliest formation by virtue of being the first of that number | |
30 | Iota | November 13, 2020 | ||
Source:[27] * Record has since been broken. |
The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30.[9] The season featured 31 tropical depressions,[28] 30 of which became tropical or subtropical storms. The latter total surpassed the previous record of 28 set in 2005.[29] Of the 30 tropical or subtropical storms, 14 of those intensified into hurricanes, which is the second highest number ever observed,[29] behind only 2005.[30] Seven of the hurricanes intensified into major hurricanes, tying 2005 for the most in one season.[31] It was the fifth consecutive Atlantic hurricane season with above average activity, exceeding the previous longest streak of four years between 1998 and 2001. A total of 10 tropical cyclones underwent rapid intensification, tying the record set in 1995.[29]
The season also featured activity at a record pace. The third named storm and each one from the fifth onwards formed on an earlier date in the year than the corresponding storm in any other season since reliable records began in 1851.[27] The ACE index for the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the National Hurricane Center was 179.8 units,[32] reflecting the season's well-above-average activity.[33]
The season marked the extension of the warm phase of the
Climate change also likely played a role in the record-breaking season. Scientific American noted that "As the oceans absorb more and more of the excess heat trapped by greenhouse gases, waters will get warmer earlier in the season, which could help set new records in the future."[27] A formal attribution study showed that the extreme rainfall was higher than in a counterfactual without climate change, especially for high-intensity storms.[35] Matthew Rosencrans, the lead forecaster at the National Weather Service, emphasized that climate change has been linked to the intensity of storms and their slow movements, but not to the amount of activity, which might instead be increasing due to improvements in technology.[36]
Overall, the Atlantic tropical cyclones of 2020 collectively resulted in 416 deaths and more than $51.114 billion in damage,[37] making the season the fifth costliest on record.[38] A total of eleven named storms made landfall in the United States,[34] breaking the previous record of nine in 1916. Six of these named storms struck the United States at hurricane intensity, tying 1886 and 1985 for the highest number in a single season.[29] Eight of the eleven named storms struck the Gulf Coast of the United States. Outside the United States, a record 13 landfalls occurred.[39] Furthermore, Zeta became the latest major hurricane to strike the United States when it made landfall in Louisiana on October 28, surpassing the previous recordholder, the 1921 Tampa Bay hurricane, by three days.[40]
The United States reported approximately $37 billion in damage from the Atlantic tropical cyclones it was affected by in 2020. Six hurricanes inflicted at least $1 billion in damage in the United States, two more than the previous record of four in 2004 and 2005. Nearly the entire coastline from Texas to Maine was placed under some form of a watch or warning in relation to a tropical system,[29] with only Florida's Jefferson and Wakulla counties being the exception.[41] Only five counties along the East Coast or Gulf Coast of the United States did not experience tropical storm-force winds. Louisiana in particular was heavily impacted in 2020, with the state recording four landfalls – three hurricanes and one tropical storm – tying the record set in 2002.[39]
Central America also experienced devastating impacts during the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, especially in Honduras and Nicaragua. Both nations were struck by hurricanes Eta and Iota within a few weeks.[29] The former caused at least $6.8 billion in damage in Central America,[42] while the latter caused approximately $1.4 billion in damage in the region, mostly in Honduras and Nicaragua.[3] Eta demolished or damaged more than 6,900 homes and 560 mi (900 km) of bridges and roadways in Nicaragua,[42] though the destruction wrought by the storm would later limit wind damage caused by Iota.[3] In Honduras, both cyclones destroyed tens of thousands of homes and severely impacted more than 4 million people. Furthermore, the Honduras Foreign Debt Forum noted that the two hurricanes set back economic development in Honduras by 22 years.[29]
The season also occurred during the
Pre/early season activity
Tropical cyclogenesis began in the month of May, with tropical storms Arthur and Bertha. This marked the first occurrence of two pre-season tropical storms in the Atlantic since 2016, and the first occurrence of two named storms in the month of May since 2012. For the sixth consecutive year, a tropical cyclone developed in the Atlantic basin prior to the official start of the Atlantic hurricane season,[46] extending the record, which was broken during the previous season.[47] Tropical Storm Cristobal formed on June 1, followed by Tropical Storm Dolly on June 23. Tropical storms Edouard, Fay, and Gonzalo, along with hurricanes Hanna and Isaias, formed in July.[48] Hanna became the first hurricane of the season and made landfall in South Texas,[49] while Isaias became the second hurricane of the season and struck much of the Caribbean and the East Coast of the United States.[50] Tropical Depression Ten also formed in late July off the coast of West Africa but quickly dissipated.[51] July 2020 tied 2005 for the most active July on record in the basin, with five named storms.[52][48]
Peak season activity
Tropical storms Josephine and Kyle formed in August, as did hurricanes Laura and Marco.[53] Marco ultimately became the third hurricane of the season, but rapidly weakened and then dissipated near the south central Louisiana coastline.[54] Laura subsequently became the fourth hurricane and first major hurricane of the season. The hurricane later made landfall in southwest Louisiana on August 27 at Category 4 strength with 150 mph (240 km/h) winds.[55] Additionally, a tropical depression formed on the final day of the month which intensified into Tropical Storm Omar on September 1.[56]
September featured the formations of nine named storms: tropical storms Rene, Vicky, Wilfred, and Beta; Subtropical Storm Alpha; and hurricanes Nana (which rapidly formed and was named a few hours ahead of Omar), Paulette, Sally, and Teddy.[57] This swarm of storms coincided with the peak of the hurricane season and the development of La Niña conditions.[58][59] Nana developed on September 1 and made landfall in Belize as a Category 1 hurricane.[60] Paulette struck Bermuda as a Category 2 hurricane, becoming the first tropical or subtropical cyclone to make landfall on that British overseas territory since Gonzalo in 2014.[61] Sally made landfall in Florida just south of Miami as a tropical depression before also striking the Gulf Coast of the United States as a slow-moving Category 2 hurricane and causing extensive damage there.[62]
Teddy, the season's eighth hurricane and second major hurricane formed on September 12,[63] while Vicky formed two days later. With the formation of the latter, five tropical cyclones were simultaneously active in the Atlantic basin for the first time since 1971.[57] Meanwhile, Hurricane Teddy went on to strike Atlantic Canada after transitioning into an extremely large extratropical cyclone on September 23.[63] Additionally, Paulette redeveloped as a tropical storm on September 20 before once again becoming post-tropical two days later.[61] Alpha developed atypically far east in the Atlantic and became the first tropical cyclone on record to strike Portugal.[64] Beta's intensification into a tropical storm made September 2020 the most active month on record, with 10 named storms.[28] Beta went on to make landfall in Texas and impact the Deep South before dissipating,[65] marking an abrupt end to the heavy peak season activity.[27]
Late season activity
Rank | Cost | Season |
---|---|---|
1 | ≥ $294.803 billion | 2017 |
2 | $172.297 billion | 2005 |
3 | $120.425 billion | 2022 |
4 | ≥ $80.727 billion | 2021 |
5 | $72.341 billion | 2012 |
6 | $61.148 billion | 2004 |
7 | ≥ $51.114 billion | 2020 |
8 | ≥ $50.526 billion | 2018 |
9 | ≥ $48.855 billion | 2008 |
10 | $27.302 billion | 1992 |
October and November were extremely active, with seven named storms developing, five of which intensified into major hurricanes – more than twice the number recorded during this period in any previous season.[66] Hurricane Gamma formed on October 2, before strengthening into the ninth hurricane of the season on October 3. Shortly afterward, Gamma made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula as a minimal Category 1 hurricane.[67] On the next day, Hurricane Delta developed in the Caribbean south of Jamaica and became the 10th hurricane of the season. Delta explosively intensified into a Category 4 hurricane, before rapidly weakening and making landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula on October 7, as a high-end Category 2 hurricane. It regained Category 3 status in the Gulf of Mexico, before weakening again and making its second landfall in Louisiana on October 9.[68]
After 14 more days of inactivity in the basin, Tropical Storm Epsilon formed in mid-October and became the season's 11th hurricane on October 20.[69] By the following day, Epsilon became a Category 3 hurricane, making it the fourth major hurricane of the season. Afterward, the storm weakened as it slowly moved northward and then northeastward, before becoming extratropical on October 26.[69] During the same month, Hurricane Zeta formed southwest of the Cayman Islands and took a nearly identical track to Delta, striking the Yucatán Peninsula late on October 26, before turning northeastward, accelerating, and making landfall in southeast Louisiana as a Category 3 hurricane, on October 28. Then, after moving rapidly across the eastern United States,[40] its extratropical remnants left behind accumulating snow across parts of New England.[70]
Hurricane Eta, the season's sixth major hurricane, made landfall as a Category 4 storm along the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua on November 3. Eta subsequently moved back into the Caribbean and restrengthened into a tropical storm before taking a winding and erratic path that went over Cuba and through the Florida Keys before stalling in the southern Gulf of Mexico. It then moved north-northeast towards the west coast of Florida, briefly restrengthening into a minimal hurricane along the way.[42] On November 10, Subtropical Storm Theta formed from a non-tropical low over the northeastern Atlantic, before transitioning to a tropical storm later that day.[71] Just after Eta became extratropical off the U.S. East Coast, Hurricane Iota formed over the central Caribbean on November 13, tying 2005 for the most tropical and subtropical cyclones in one year. Iota rapidly intensified into a high-end Category 4 hurricane, becoming the strongest storm of the season, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 155 mph (249 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 917 mbar (27.1 inHg).[3] The 2020 season became the first with two major hurricanes in the month of November.[39] Iota then went on to ravage the same areas in Central America that Eta had devastated only two weeks earlier, and dissipated on November 18, over El Salvador.[3]
Systems
Tropical Storm Arthur
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | May 16 – May 19 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 990 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC issued a Special Tropical Weather Outlook on May 15 concerning the potential for tropical or subtropical cyclogenesis from a trough of low pressure located over the Straits of Florida.[72] Tropical Depression One formed from this low around 18:00 UTC on May 16, about 125 mi (200 km) east of Melbourne, Florida. Six hours later, an Air Force reconnaissance aircraft found that it had attained tropical storm strength. Tropical Storm Arthur weaved along the Gulf Stream and changed little in intensity as it encountered increasing wind shear. At 06:00 UTC on May 19, while located about 190 mi (305 km) east-northeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the storm reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 990 mbar (29 inHg). Shortly thereafter, Arthur interacted with a non-tropical front and became an extratropical cyclone by 12:00 UTC on May 20. The low turned southeast before dissipating near Bermuda a day later.[73]
The precursor of Arthur dropped heavy rainfall over portions of the Bahamas, Cuba, and Florida. Precipitation in South Florida peaked at 9.95 in (253 mm) near Marathon.[73] Overall, stormy conditions in the state caused $112,000 in damage.[74] After Arthur became a tropical cyclone, tropical storm watches were issued in North Carolina from Surf City to Duck and from Pamlico Sound to Albemarle Sound on May 16; these were upgraded the following to tropical storm warnings as Arthur approached the Outer Banks. When Arthur passed by to the east, it produced an area where 3–5 in (76–127 mm) of rainfall fell across the Inner Banks region of North Carolina. It also created minor storm surge from Cape Hatteras to the southeastern Virginia coast.[73]
Tropical Storm Bertha
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | May 27 – May 28 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 1005 mbar (hPa) |
On May 26, a weak low-pressure area developed over central and northeastern Florida. By 06:00 UTC the next day, the system, then near the
In Florida, the precursor of Bertha brought up to 15 in (380 mm) of rainfall and localized flooding to the Miami area.[75][76] However, floodwaters entered some buildings in Hialeah and Miami Beach,[77] while roof collapses were reported in Hallandale Beach and Hollywood.[76] The storm also spawned an EF1 tornado in the vicinity of Redland, causing minor damage, although it was directly associated with the storm.
Tropical Storm Cristobal
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 1 – June 9 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 988 mbar (hPa) |
A large area of disturbed weather, associated with the
The storm turned northward on June 5 and by 06:00 UTC that day, despite being situated inland over the Yucatán Peninsula, Cristobal re-intensified into a tropical storm. As Cristobal moved farther north into the Gulf of Mexico, it again reached winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) before dry air and interaction with an upper-level trough to the east began to displace most of the central convection to the east and north of the center. Late on June 7, Cristobal made landfall over southeastern Louisiana. The system weakened to a tropical depression on the next day, as it moved inland over the state. The storm continued northward along the Mississippi River Valley, before becoming an extratropical low early on June 10 over Iowa. The low moved northeastward across Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Northern Ontario, and the southern Hudson Bay, before dissipating on June 12.[82]
On June 1, the government of Mexico issued a
Tropical Storm Dolly
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 22 – June 24 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1000 mbar (hPa) |
Around June 17, an area of disturbed weather developed just north of the Bahamas after part of a tropical wave and an upper-level trough interacted. The disturbance moved north and organized into a low-pressure area early on June 22. Shortly thereafter, the low became a subtropical depression about 405 mi (650 km) east-southeast of
Tropical Storm Edouard
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 4 – July 6 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1005 mbar (hPa) |
A weak
Edouard further intensified later that day, attaining maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,005 mbar (29.7 inHg) around 18:00 UTC.[86] By then, however, it was entering region of strong southwesterly vertical wind shear and colder water, and was approaching a frontal system.[87] Edouard became extratropical just six hours later as its circulation merged with the frontal system about 490 mi (790 km) east-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland, at 00:00 UTC on July 7. The extratropical low began to slowly weaken on July 8, turning eastward and continuing to move rapidly within the strong mid-latitude westerlies. It crossed southern Ireland and the southern United Kingdom on July 9 and dissipated over the latter country that day.[86]
The Bermuda Weather Service issued a gale warning for the entirety of the island chain in advance of the system on July 4.[88] Unsettled weather later ensued, and the depression caused tropical storm-force wind gusts and moderate rainfall on the island early on July 5. Impacts were relatively minor.[88][89] Edouard's extratropical remnants brought brief, but heavy, rain to the British Isles, the Netherlands, Germany, southern Denmark and north-west Poland.[90][91]
Tropical Storm Fay
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 9 – July 11 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 998 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC began to track an area of disorganized cloudiness and showers over the far northern
Fay's precursor brought flooding to parts of the Southeastern United States, especially South Carolina, which recorded up to 12.96 in (329 mm) of precipitation near Saint Helena Island. Tropical storm warnings were issued for coastal areas of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island on July 9. A similar warning was issued for coastal Delaware on July 10.[93] New Jersey experienced some of the worst impacts from the storm. Heavy rainfall caused flooding in several Jersey Shore towns and resulted in closures along many roadways, including the New Jersey Turnpike.[94] Wind gusts up to 54 mph (87 km/h) left at least 10,000 people in the state without electricity.[93][95] Fay directly caused the deaths of two people, who drowned due to rip currents; four others drowned due to the residual high surf conditions after Fay had passed by.[93] Overall, damage from the storm in the Northeastern United States totaled at least $350 million, based on wind and storm surge damage on residential, commercial, and industrial properties.[84]
Tropical Storm Gonzalo
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 21 – July 25 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min); 997 mbar (hPa) |
A dry, thermal low-pressure area merged with a tropical wave just offshore the west coast of Africa on July 15. Scatterometer data early on July 21 indicated that a small, but well-defined low-pressure area formed well east of the Lesser Antilles. After a steady increase in deep convection, the low developed into a tropical depression around 18:00 UTC about 1,440 mi (2,315 km) east of the Windward Islands. Light wind shear and sea surface temperatures of 82 °F (28 °C) allowed the depression to intensify into Tropical Storm Gonzalo around 06:00 UTC on July 22. Gonzalo moved generally westward due to the Bermuda-Azores high-pressure. The storm continued to strengthen throughout the day, with an eyewall under a central dense overcast and hints of a developing eye becoming evident.[96]
Gonzalo soon reached peak intensity, however, with sustained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 997 mbar (29.4 inHg) at 06:00 UTC on July 23, as very dry air from Saharan Air Layer to its north significantly disrupted the central dense overcast. Although convection quickly redeveloped, the storm then encountered high wind shear, causing the cyclone to weaken. It weakened to a tropical depression before landfall on Trinidad just north of Manzanilla Beach. Likely due to land interaction, Gonzalo weakened further and degenerated into an open trough near Venezuela's Paria Peninsula by 00:00 UTC on July 26.[96]
Although the system moved westward across the Cabo Verde Islands, little rainfall was recorded as the disturbance had a limited amount of convection then. On July 23, hurricane watches were issued for Barbados and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and a tropical storm watch was issued later that day for Grenada and Tobago. After Gonzalo failed to strengthen into a hurricane on July 24, the hurricane and tropical storm watches were replaced with tropical storm warnings. The storm brought squally weather to Trinidad and Tobago and parts of southern Grenada.[96] However, the storm's impact ended up being significantly smaller than originally anticipated.[97] Only two reports of wind damage were received: a fallen tree on a health facility in Les Coteaux and a damaged bus stop roof in Argyle.[96]
Hurricane Hanna
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 23 – July 26 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min); 973 mbar (hPa) |
On July 11, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa. Dry air caused the system to be mostly devoid of convection by the time it reached the Lesser Antilles on July 17. Thereafter, unfavorable upper-level winds prevented the wave from developing significantly, as it crossed the Bahamas and Florida on July 20 and July 21. After the wave reached the Gulf of Mexico, upper-level winds became more favorable. The system acquired a well-defined circulation, and a tropical depression formed at 00:00 UTC on July 23 about 235 mi (380 km) south-southeast of Port Eads, Louisiana. Despite light to moderate wind shear and warm seas, mid-level dry air caused the depression to strengthen slowly. About 24 hours after forming, the depression became Tropical Storm Hanna as it moved west-northwestward.[49]
Later on July 24, Hanna began intensifying slightly faster as convective banding increased and an
The precursor disturbance to Hanna dropped heavy rain to parts of
Hurricane Isaias
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 30 – August 4 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min); 986 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on July 24. The wave gradually organized and became better defined, developing a broad area of low pressure on the following day.
The storm then fluctuated in intensity due to strong wind shear and dry air, with Isaias reaching its initial peak intensity early on July 31 with winds of 85 mph (137 km/h). At 13:00 UTC on August 1, Isaias made landfall on North Andros with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), and the system weakened to a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC. It then turned north-northwest, remaining offshore Florida and Georgia while fluctuating between 65 and 70 mph (105 and 113 km/h) wind speeds. As the cyclone accelerated northeastward and approached the Carolina coastline, wind shear relaxed, allowing the storm to quickly re-intensify into a hurricane at 18:00 UTC on August 3. At 03:10 UTC the next day, Isaias made landfall in Ocean Isle Beach, North Carolina, at peak intensity with sustained winds of 90 mph (140 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 986 mbar (29.1 inHg). Following landfall, Isaias accelerated and weakened slowly, dropping below hurricane status at 06:00 UTC over North Carolina. The storm passed over the Mid-Atlantic states before transitioning to an extratropical low around 00:00 UTC on August 5 while situated over central Vermont, and dissipating several hours later over Quebec.[50]
Numerous tropical storm watches warnings as well as hurricane watches and hurricane warnings were issued for the Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Cuba, and the entire East Coast of the United States. Isaias caused devastating flooding and wind damage in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Several towns were left without electricity and drinking water in Puerto Rico.[50] In the United States, Isaias triggered a large tornado outbreak that prompted the issuance of 109 tornado warnings across 12 states.[101][102][103] A total of 39 tornadoes touched down, several of which caused significant damage. Impact was mostly minor in Florida and Georgia. Storm surge in South Carolina left significant impacts in Horry County, with 483 homes damaged in Myrtle Beach alone. In North Carolina, storm surge destroyed some bulkheads and dunes, while water flooded streets and entered the ground floors of businesses in downtown Wilmington. An EF3 tornado in Bertie County demolished several mobile homes and stick-built dwellings, killing two people and injuring 14. Strong winds, storm surge, and many tornadoes left significant damage in the Northeastern United States. Almost 3 million people were without electricity at the height of the storm, including over 1 million people in New Jersey alone. Isaias caused 17 deaths across the Greater Antilles and eastern United States: 14 in the continental United States, 2 in the Dominican Republic, and 1 in Puerto Rico. Damage estimates exceeded $4.8 billion, with almost $3.5 billion of which occurring in the Northeastern United States, making Isaias the costliest tropical cyclone to strike the region since Hurricane Sandy in 2012.[50]
Tropical Depression Ten
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 31 – August 1 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min); 1008 mbar (hPa) |
On July 28, a tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa. The system soon developed a defined low pressure center on July 29 as it turned north along the east side of an upper-level low. Associated convection became sufficiently organized for the system to be classified as a tropical depression the following day; at this time the cyclone was located about 230 mi (370 km) east-southeast of the easternmost Cabo Verde Islands. The system reached its peak intensity with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a pressure of 1008 mbar (29.77 inHg) around 00:00 UTC on August 1. Scatterometer data revealed conflicting data, with tropical storm-force winds noted in one pass within the deepest convection to the southwest of the storm's center where the weakest winds are typically found. A near-concurrent pass from another satellite showed lower winds and the highest winds were determined to be rain-inflated, and given the conflicting data the NHC determined the system to have not become a tropical storm. Thereafter, a combination of decreasing sea surface temperatures and dry air caused convection to dissipate. The depression turned west-northwest and degraded into a remnant low later that day. It soon dissipated on August 2 north of the Cabo Verde Islands.[51]
Tropical Storm Josephine
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 11 – August 16 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1004 mbar (hPa) |
On August 7, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave over the tropical Atlantic. Shower and thunderstorm activity on the wave axis increased as it moved westward at 17–23 mph (27–37 km/h) and a mid-level circulation formed on August 9, although the low-level circulation remained elongated and poorly-organized. The wave's circulation then became defined and a low-pressure system with disorganized convection formed late on August 10. A burst of convection near the center followed by some subsequent organization allowed the system to be designated Tropical Depression Eleven at 06:00 UTC on August 11 about 920 mi (1,480 km) west-southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands. However, the depression's ability to intensify was initially hindered by dry mid-level air and moderate easterly wind shear. After over two days with little change in intensity, the shear relaxed some, allowing convection to begin to form closer to the estimated center of the depression. This allowed it to strengthen into Tropical Storm Josephine at 12:00 UTC on August 13, reaching an initial peak intensity of 45 mph (70 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,005 mbar (29.7 inHg).[104]
Josephine's intensity began to fluctuate on August 14, as
Tropical Storm Kyle
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 14 – August 15 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 1000 mbar (hPa) |
A mesoscale convective system moved offshore of South Carolina and Georgia early on August 11. The convective activity weakened that day, but a small mid-level circulation formed from the system and it re-developed some thunderstorm activity that night while it moved slowly northeastward off the coast of South Carolina. This activity generated the development of a weak low-level circulation that moved near the coast of southern North Carolina late on August 12. The system became better organized the next day, although it lacked a well-defined center and banding features. The low then moved offshore of the Outer Banks early on August 14,[105] and deep convection increased as most of the circulation was over the warm water temperatures in the Atlantic.[106] The low became better defined overnight as a result of the convection, and became Tropical Storm Kyle around 12:00 UTC on August 14, about 105 mi (170 km) east-northeast of Duck, North Carolina. The storm then moved quickly east-northeastward along the Gulf Stream due to the flow between a broad mid-level trough over the Northeastern United States and the western Atlantic subtropical ridge. Despite moderate-to-strong wind shear, Kyle strengthened on August 15, reaching its peak intensity around 12:00 UTC with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a minimum pressure at 1,000 mbar (30 inHg) about 230 mi (370 km) southeast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The storm began to weaken afterward due to increasing shear and interaction with a stationary front; its circulation began to become elongated as a result. Kyle became an extratropical cyclone when it embedded itself within the front at 00:00 UTC August 16. Its center dissipated and the remnants were absorbed into the front shortly thereafter.[105] Several days later, extratropical European windstorm Ellen, which contained remnants of Tropical Storm Kyle, brought hurricane-force winds to the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom.[107][108]
Hurricane Laura
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 20 – August 29 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min); 937 mbar (hPa) |
On August 16, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic. The wave combined with a broad area of low pressure located a few hundred miles west-southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands on August 18. Deep convection steadily increased and became better organized as the disturbance moved across the central tropical Atlantic, and by 00:00 UTC on August 20, the presence of a sufficiently well-defined low-level circulation indicated that Tropical Depression Thirteen developed about 980 mi (1,580 km) east-southeast of Antigua. By 12:00 UTC that same day, the cyclone organized further and strengthened into Tropical Storm Laura. However, moderate wind shear then prohibited further intensification.[55] The storm had a disorganized appearance in satellite imagery as it crossed the northern Leeward islands on August 21. It then became organized on August 22, while passing just south of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.[109] Early on August 23, Laura made landfall about 25 mi (40 km) west of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). The storm weakened little as it moved across the mountainous terrain of Hispaniola. Laura made landfall near Uvero in Cuba's Santiago de Cuba Province with winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) at 02:00 UTC on August 24, before re-emerging into the Caribbean and striking near Playa de las Tunas in Pinar del Río Province at the same intensity about 22 hours later.[55]
Laura entered the Gulf of Mexico later on August 25, where it became a hurricane around 12:00 UTC that day. Later, while situated over the central Gulf, Laura began a period of
As Laura passed through the Northern Leeward Islands, it brought heavy rainfall to Guadeloupe and Dominica,[111] and prompted the closing of all ports in the British Virgin Islands.[112] The storm produced heavy downpours upon Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.[113] The storm left extensive damage in Louisiana, especially in the southwest region of the state. Storm surge penetrated up to nearly 35 mi (55 km) inland, while Creole and Grand Chenier were inundated with coastal floodwaters ranging from 12 to 18 ft (3.7 to 5.5 m) above ground, sweeping away structures in Cameron Parish. Wind gusts reached up to 153 mph (246 km/h) at Holly Beach, resulting in catastrophic wind damage in Calcasieu and Cameron parishes. Outside of the two parishes, Beauregard and Vernon parishes were next hardest hit, with the core of the storm passing directly over. Several other parishes reported damage to homes and buildings due to strong winds or falling trees.[55] Laura destroyed approximately 10,000 homes and damaged over 130,000 others in the state.[114] Damage in Louisiana alone totaled about $17.5 billion. Texas was second hardest hit by the storm, with high winds downing many power lines, power poles, and trees in the eastern part of the state, while some counties reported damage to businesses and homes. Laura produced 16 tornadoes in the United States, the most significant of them being an EF2 tornado in Randolph County, Arkansas. Altogether, there were 81 storm related deaths. Of these, 47 were direct deaths associated with Laura, including 31 in Haiti, 9 in the Dominican Republic, and 7 in the United States. There were also 34 indirect deaths, all of them in the United States.[55]
Hurricane Marco
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 21 – August 25 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 991 mbar (hPa) |
Between August 10 and August 11, a tropical wave entered into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. Convection remained poorly organized for several days as the wave moved eastward across the Atlantic and into the Caribbean. However, showers and thunderstorms within the wave became more concentrated as it reached the central Caribbean on August 19, with a low-pressure area developing on the next day. By 06:00 UTC on August 21, the wave possessed a closed circulation and sufficient organized convection, resulting in its designation as Tropical Depression Fourteen near the coasts of Nicaragua and Honduras. The system moved northwestward and intensified, becoming Tropical Storm Marco around 00:00 UTC on August 22, as it moved over the northwestern Caribbean. This strengthening trend continued as Marco moved through the Yucatán Channel. The storm reached hurricane strength at 12:00 UTC on August 23 while centered over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 991 mbar (29.3 inHg). This would be Marco's peak intensity, as strong southwesterly wind shear caused the system to weaken to tropical storm strength by 00:00 UTC on August 24, while the center was about 265 mi (425 km) south-southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River. The storm made a westward turn as it neared the Louisiana coast later that day. Marco then weakened to a depression shortly after 00:00 UTC on August 25 and degenerated into a remnant low about six hours later, without making landfall.[54]
The storm produced rainfall in western Cuba, with amounts generally ranging from 2–5 in (51–127 mm) in
Tropical Storm Omar
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 31 – September 5 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); 1003 mbar (hPa) |
A vigorous mid to upper-level
Hurricane Nana
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 1 – September 3 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 994 mbar (hPa) |
On August 23, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. Convection increased noticeably as the wave crossed the
Nana caused street flooding in the
Hurricane Paulette
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 7 – September 22 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min); 965 mbar (hPa) |
On September 2, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. The wave organized over the eastern Atlantic and formed a low-pressure area on September 6, as it moved generally westward. Around 00:00 UTC on the next day, the low developed into Tropical Depression Seventeen roughly 1,150 mi (1,850 km) west of the Cabo Verde Islands. About 12 hours later, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Paulette. The storm moved generally west-northwestward while gradually intensifying. At 12:00 UTC on September 9, Paulette reached an initial peak intensity with sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), which lasted for about 12 hours, before increasing wind shear weakened the storm. Despite unfavorable conditions, Paulette began to re-intensify on September 11. Eventually, lessening wind shear allowed Paulette to become more organized and begin to form an eye, becoming a hurricane early on September 13, about 415 mi (670 km) southeast of Bermuda. Dry air entrainment gave the storm a somewhat ragged appearance, but Paulette continued to slowly strengthen as it approached Bermuda, with its eye clearing out and its convection becoming more symmetric. Paulette then turned sharply northward and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane as it made landfall on Bermuda at 08:50 UTC on September 14 with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The storm continued to strengthen after moving over Bermuda, reaching its peak intensity later that day, with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 965 mbar (28.5 inHg).[61]
After attaining its peak intensity, Paulette accelerated northeastward on September 15 and began an extratropical transition, which it completed the next day about 405 mi (650 km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. After gradually weakening over the following few days and slowly curving southward, the extratropical cyclone began to redevelop a warm core as the convection associated with the low gradually increased in coverage and organization. By 18:00 UTC on September 20, the system reorganized into a tropical storm about 230 mi (370 km) south-southwest of the Azores. Then, at 00:00 UTC on September 22, Paulette reached a secondary peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h). It moved eastward over the next day, and became post-tropical for the second and final time on September 23 while situated roughly 690 mi (1,110 km) southeast of the Azores. Although the remnant low briefly re-strengthened again, drier and more stable air as well as colder ocean temperatures prevented redevelopment. The low meandered to the south of the Azores before degenerating into a trough of low pressure late on September 28.[61]
Paulette produced hurricane-force winds on Bermuda, with sustained winds reaching 79 mph (127 km/h) at Pearl Island and surface-level gusts reaching 97 mph (156 km/h) at L.F. Wade International Airport.[61] Trees and power lines were downed throughout Bermuda as Paulette passed over,[123] leading to roughly 25,000 power outages, which accounts for approximately 70 percent of electrical customers on the island. Damage on Bermuda totaled approximately $50 million. There were two direct deaths and one injury associated with Paulette, each of which occurred due to rip currents along the Atlantic coast of the United States. Between September 13 and September 15, several water rescues were conducted along the coast of New Jersey.[61]
Tropical Storm Rene
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 7 – September 14 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1001 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa over the Atlantic Ocean on September 6. A well-defined low-pressure area already existed, though
Rene brought gusty winds and heavy rain to the Cabo Verde Islands on September 8.[125] A tropical storm warning was issued for the islands on September 7, which remained in effect though late the next day.[124]
Hurricane Sally
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 11 – September 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min); 965 mbar (hPa) |
In early September, a well-defined surface trough developed over the western Atlantic just south of Bermuda. The trough moved slowly west-southwestward towards the Bahamas, where it produced disorganized convection beginning on September 10. By 18:00 UTC on September 11, convection within the system became better organized and a well-defined center of circulation developed, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Nineteen between Andros Island and Bimini in the Bahamas. The depression moved westward and made landfall near Cutler Bay, Florida, around 06:00 UTC on September 12, with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). Six hours later, while its center was over the Everglades, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Sally. Sally emerged over the Gulf of Mexico a few hours later and turned to the northwest once offshore. Moderate northwesterly shear hindered its steady strengthening. When the shear decreased somewhat early the next day, a burst of deep convection developed near and to the east of the storm's center and it began to go through a period of rapid intensification. During this time, Sally became a category 1 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on September 14, while centered about 145 mi (235 km) south of Pensacola, Florida, as its intensity increased from 60 to 85 mph (95 to 135 km/h) over an 18-hour period. After weakening to 80 mph (130 km/h) early on September 15, Sally slowed to a crawl while turning north-northeastward. Later that same day, Sally began a second period of rapid intensification, becoming a high-end Category 2 hurricane by 06:00 UTC September 16. At around 09:45 UTC, the system made landfall at peak intensity near Gulf Shores, Alabama, with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 965 mbar (28.5 inHg). Sally rapidly weakened to a tropical storm by 18:00 UTC as it moved slowly inland. Later, the storm weakened to a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on September 17, and became an extratropical low six hours later over eastern Alabama. It was subsequently absorbed within a cold front and dissipated over South Carolina on the following day.[62]
In its early stages, Sally dropped heavy rainfall in South Florida. Although this mostly caused street flooding, up to 6 in (150 mm) of water was reported in some businesses and homes in
Hurricane Teddy
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 12 – September 23 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min); 945 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 10. Though the wave was experiencing moderate northeasterly shear, convection increased early on September 12, which led to the development of a well-defined surface center. As a result, a tropical depression formed around 06:00 UTC about 575 mi (925 km) southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands. After overcoming a combination of northeasterly shear, dry air in the mid-levels and the large size and radius of maximum winds of the system, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Teddy around 00:00 UTC on September 14. Late the next day, the storm began its first period of rapid intensification. During this time, microwave images indicated that an eye formed, and that Teddy had become a hurricane near 00:00 UTC September 16 about 805 mi (1,295 km) east-northeast of Barbados. The storm continued to intensify, becoming a Category 2 hurricane several hours later. Some slight westerly wind shear briefly halted further strengthening, but when it subsided, the storm began another period of rapid intensification early on September 17. Teddy became a Category 3 major hurricane around 12:00 UTC while centered about 575 mi (925 km) east-northeast of Guadeloupe and became a Category 4 hurricane six hours later. Around 00:00 UTC on September 18, Teddy reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 945 mbar (27.9 inHg).[63]
An eyewall replacement cycle late on September 18 caused the storm to weaken to a Category 3, while an increase in southwesterly shear caused Teddy to drop below major hurricane strength around 00:00 UTC on September 20. The cyclone passed about 230 mi (370 km) east of Bermuda on September 21 as it turned northward and north-northeastward while interacting with a negatively tilted trough. This interaction caused an increase in both the storm's maximum wind speed and size. Teddy reached a secondary peak intensity of 105 mph (170 km/h) between 06:00 UTC and 12:00 UTC on September 22. Interaction with the trough also triggered the extratropical transition process; Teddy's wind field became more asymmetric, and the associated convection become less centralized. At about 18:00 UTC that same day, the hurricane weakened to Category 1 intensity, before becoming an extratropical low at around 00:00 UTC on September 23, while located about 190 mi (305 km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The low then moved onshore of Atlantic Canada approximately 12 hours later near Ecum Secum, Nova Scotia, with sustained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). The system weakened as it moved northward across eastern Nova Scotia and then the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where it was absorbed by a larger non-tropical low early on September 24, near eastern Labrador.[63]
The hurricane generated large ocean swells which spread along much of the U.S. Atlantic coast and from the northern Caribbean to Bermuda. Two people drowned in Puerto Rico due to rip currents generated by these swells on September 18, as did a swimmer in New Jersey. Abnormally high tides also caused coastal flooding in Charleston, South Carolina, and the Outer Banks of North Carolina. In the latter, waves swept away some sand dunes and pushed sand onto roadways. About 220 households lost power in Bermuda. Otherwise, impact was mainly limited to sand being deposited on roadways on the island's south coasts. The extratropical remnants of Teddy generated wind gusts up to 90 mph (145 km/h) in Nova Scotia. Approximately 18,000 customers throughout the Atlantic Canada region lost electricity. There were also isolated reports of minor flooding.[63] Damage from Teddy in all areas impacted totaled roughly $35 million.[118]
Tropical Storm Vicky
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 14 – September 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 1001 mbar (hPa) |
In the early hours of September 11, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa. An area of low pressure associated with the wave moved northwestward and crossed the Cabo Verde Islands on September 12, producing showers and locally heavy rain. The next day, the disturbance steadily organized, and by 00:00 UTC on September 14, the system became Tropical Depression Twenty-One about 195 mi (315 km) west of the northwesternmost of the Cabo Verde Islands. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Vicky six hours later based on scatterometer data. Despite extremely strong shear partially caused by Hurricane Teddy's outflow removing all but a small convective cluster to the northeast of its center, Vicky intensified further, reaching its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a pressure of 1,001 mbar (29.6 inHg) at 12:00 UTC on September 15. Over the ensuing couple of days, the storm was beset by increasing wind shear, and it weakened to a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on September 17. Then, about six hours later, it degenerated into a remnant low about 920 mi (1,480 km) west-northwest of the northwesternmost Cabo Verde Islands and subsequently dissipated.[126]
The precursor tropical wave of Vicky produced flooding in the Cabo Verde Islands.[126] Within a 24-hour period, approximately 5 in (88 mm) of precipitation fell in the capital city of Praia. Flooding blocked several roads and damaged automobiles, bridges, buildings, and farmland.[127] The floods killed one person in Praia on September 12.[126]
Tropical Storm Wilfred
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 17 – September 21 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); 1006 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave and its associated broad low-pressure area emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 13. A well-defined center of circulation formed on September 17 as the result of a strong burst of deep convection formed near the center of the low. Stronger and more organized convection appeared later that day, while a scatterometer pass revealed that the circulation had become better defined, and the presence of tropical-storm-force winds. As a result, Tropical Storm Wilfred developed around 18:00 UTC on September 17 while situated about 345 mi (555 km) southwest of the southernmost islands of Cabo Verde. Six hours later, the storm attained its peak intensity with sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,006 mbar (29.7 inHg). Very dry air from the Saharan Air Layer prevented further intensification, while westerly to northwesterly wind shear increased to about 23 mph (37 km/h) by September 19. Deep convection began to diminish on the following day, causing Wilfred to weaken to a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC. Early on September 21, Wilfred degenerated into an open trough approximately 920 mi (1,480 km) east of the northern Leeward Islands.[128]
Subtropical Storm Alpha
Subtropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 17 – September 19 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 996 mbar (hPa) |
A large, extratropical low-pressure area developed over the northeast Atlantic Ocean on September 14, following the interaction between a surface front and an upper-level low. The low peaked with sustained winds of 70 mph (115 km/h) on September 15. Although the low weakened as it headed south-southeastward, the wind field contracted and convection began forming closer to the circulation due to marginally warm sea surface temperatures and sufficient atmospheric instability. By 06:00 UTC on September 17, the system developed into Subtropical Storm Alpha roughly 405 mi (650 km) east of the Azores. Alpha continued to strengthen and attained its peak intensity as a subtropical system around 00:00 UTC on September 18, with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 996 mbar (29.4 inHg). At 18:40 UTC that day, the cyclone made landfall about 10 mi (15 km) south of Figueira da Foz, Portugal. Around 00:00 UTC on September 19, Alpha weakened to a subtropical depression inland over north-central Portugal.[64] Three hours later, it degenerated to a post-tropical remnant low near Viseu, Portugal.[129] and dissipated shortly thereafter.[64]
In preparation for Alpha on September 18, orange warnings were raised for high wind and heavy rain in
Tropical Storm Beta
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 17 – September 22 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min); 993 mbar (hPa) |
An area of disturbed weather, composed of a tropical wave, an upper-level low-pressure area, and a frontal trough, stretched from the western Caribbean to offshore the Southeastern United States on September 5 and September 6. Drifting westward, the disturbance reached the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and consolidated by September 12. However, development of the system was not expected at the time due to strong upper-level winds produced by Hurricane Sally, which made landfall in Alabama on September 16 and then moved across the Southeastern United States. By 12:00 UTC the next day, disturbance organized into Tropical Depression Twenty-Two about 350 mi (565 km) south-southeast of Brownsville, Texas. The depression headed slowly northeastward and intensified, becoming Tropical Storm Beta late on September 18. Although dry air generated by a surface trough and an upper-level trough prevented Beta from rapidly intensifying, the cyclone was able to reach a peak wind speed of 65 mph (105 km/h) around 12:00 UTC on September 20 and a minimum pressure of 993 mbar (29.3 inHg) around 00:00 UTC on the next day. Beta became nearly stationary after turning westward on September 20,[65] causing upwelling and weakening the storm.[131] Beta made landfall at 02:45 UTC on September 22, over the southern end of Matagorda Peninsula, near Port O'Connor, Texas, with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). By 18:00 UTC, the storm weakened to a tropical depression and turned east-northeastward. Beta soon became an extratropical low inland near the Texas coast. The extratropical low moved through the Deep South until dissipating over northeastern Alabama early on September 25.[65]
Beta caused widespread moderate to major flooding in portions of the Greater Houston metropolitan area. Rainfall amounts generally ranged from 10 to 14 in (250 to 360 mm), with a peak total of 15.77 in (401 mm) in Brookside Village.[65] Houston officials reported that over 100,000 gallons of domestic wastewater spilled at five locations in the city as a result.[132] Rising floodwaters necessitated more than 100 high-water rescues and the closures of several highways and interstates in the area.[133][134] At least 20-25 homes in the Houston metropolitan area suffered flood damage. Officials also reported that one man drowned in Brays Bayou. The extratropical remnants of Beta brought heavy rainfall to other states, especially Louisiana and Mississippi. Throughout the United States, Beta caused approximately $225 million in damage.[65]
Hurricane Gamma
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 2 – October 6 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 978 mbar (hPa) |
On September 21, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. Dry air limited convection associated with the wave for several days, before convection increased as the system reached the western Caribbean on September 30. A surface low-pressure area developed early on October 2, and then the convection became sufficiently organized, resulting in the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Five by 06:00 UTC that day about 300 mi (485 km) southeast of Cozumel, Quintana Roo. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Gamma about 12 hours later. Thereafter, Gamma quickly intensified as it moved across the northwestern Caribbean Sea, reaching Category 1 hurricane strength and peaking with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 978 mbar (28.9 inHg) as it made landfall near Tulum, Quintana Roo, at 16:45 UTC on October 3. It quickly weakened to a tropical storm while crossing the northern Yucatán Peninsula. After emerging over the southern Gulf of Mexico near Río Lagartos early on October 4, deep convection redeveloped over the center, enabling Gamma to re-strengthen and briefly reach a secondary peak intensity of 65 mph (105 km/h) at 18:00 UTC on October 4. The storm then stalled for several hours before slowly commencing a move southwestward. During this time, increasing shear and intrusions of dry air weakened the storm, leaving its center exposed by early on October 5. By 18:00 UTC that day, Gamma weakened to a tropical depression. It continued to produce disorganized convection through its final landfall, which occurred at 03:00 UTC on October 6, near San Felipe, Yucatán, with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). The storm was absorbed by Hurricane Delta by late on October 6, while its circulation promptly dissipated over land.[67]
Numerous tropical storm watches and warnings were issued by the government of Mexico for parts of the Yucatán Peninsula following the formation of Gamma and several thousand people were evacuated to shelters.
Hurricane Delta
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 4 – October 10 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min); 953 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 26. There was little convection associated with the wave until September 30, when shower and thunderstorm activity increased. Convection then fluctuated as it moved across the Caribbean Sea due to moderate wind shear and dry air. However, a well-defined center of circulation formed with sufficiently organized deep convection around 18:00 UTC on October 4, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Six. Thunderstorm activity continued to increase after formation, but was initially confined to the southern portion of the circulation due to northerly wind shear. Once the shear lessened on October 5, convection became more symmetric around the center, and the system strengthened to become Tropical Storm Delta by 12:00 UTC that day about 150 mi (240 km) south-southwest of Montego Bay, Jamaica. Delta soon began to rapidly intensify, attaining hurricane strength 12 hours later. As it moved west-northwestward over the western Caribbean Sea, Delta became a Category 3 major hurricane by 12:00 UTC October 6. The cyclone then peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 953 mbar (28.1 inHg) six hours later. This period of rapid intensification resulted in a 105 mph (170 km/h) increase in winds over a 36-hour period. This breakneck rate of strengthening was due to a combination of extremely warm ocean water temperatures, low wind shear, and sufficiently moist air aloft.[68]
The hurricane weakened early on October 7 due to a slight increase in mid-level wind shear, which inhibited upper-level outflow from the storm and disrupted its small core. Around 10:30 UTC that day, Delta made landfall near Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, as a Category 2 hurricane with sustained winds of 105 mph (170 km/h).[68] Delta spent several hours over the Yucatán Peninsula before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico north of Dzilam de Bravo, Yucatán, as a Category 1 hurricane around 18:00 UTC. Moving northwestward and situated in generally favorable atmospheric and oceanic conditions, Delta again intensified, strengthening back to a major hurricane within 24 hours. It then reached its secondary peak intensity at 00:00 UTC on October 9, with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 953 mbar (28.1 inHg). During the day, however, an increase in southwesterly shear and a decrease in the oceanic heat content over the northern Gulf of Mexico caused Delta to weaken to Category 2 strength as it moved toward the southwestern Louisiana coast. Delta made landfall near Creole, Louisiana, with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) at 23:00 UTC. Its landfall location was only about 10 mi (15 km) east of where Hurricane Laura's eye crossed the coast on August 27. Inland, Delta weakened to tropical storm strength at 06:00 UTC on October 10 near Alexandria, Louisiana. The storm continued to weaken that day as it turned northeastward, becoming extratropical over Mississippi by 18:00 UTC and subsequently degenerating into a trough of low pressure over Tennessee on October 12.[68]
As Delta was nearing landfall in Quintana Roo, Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced on October 6 the activation of the DN-III emergency plan and the mobilization of 5,000 soldiers of the Mexican Armed Forces to help with the evacuation of sheltering people in the region.[139] There were numerous reports of uprooted trees and damage to the region's electrical grids, with approximately one-third of the region's population losing power. The storm caused significant flooding in Cozumel and Playa del Carmen. Overall, damage in Mexico totaled approximately $185 million. As Delta moved into the northern Gulf of Mexico, widespread watches and warnings were issued along the U.S. Gulf Coast.[68] States of emergency were declared in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and numerous coastal, low-lying, and flood prone areas were evacuated.[140][141][142] The hurricane and its remnants produced heavy rain, strong winds, storm surge, and tornadoes across much of the Southeastern United States. In Louisiana, strong winds generated by Delta caused additional damage to structures that were impacted by Laura, while debris remaining from Hurricane Laura were scattered across roadways and drains. However, much of the damage in the state was caused by flooding, with 17.57 in (446 mm) of rainfall at LeBleu Settlement. Floodwaters entered several homes in Baton Rouge and Calcasieu. In Mississippi, roughly 100,000 businesses and homes lost electricity after rainfall and tropical storm-force wind gusts uprooted trees. Damage from Delta in the United States reached $2.9 billion. Altogether, there were six storm-related fatalities, two each in the Yucatán, Louisiana, and Florida.[68]
Hurricane Epsilon
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 19 – October 26 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min); 952 mbar (hPa) |
An upper-level trough associated with a weak baroclinic low-pressure area moved offshore the East Coast of the United States on October 13. A cold front moved into the vicinity on the system two days later, before degenerating into a surface trough. The interaction of these systems led to the formation of a non-tropical surface low on October 16. The low drifted southward into an area of warmer sea surface temperatures, allowing convection to expand and organize. A large cluster of deep convection formed just east of the low by 06:00 UTC on October 19 while it was located about 830 mi (1,335 km) east of Bermuda, resulting in a sufficiently organized structure for it to be designated as Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven. Six hours later, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Epsilon, and then slowly intensified the following day, as it encountered sporadic bouts of dry-air intrusion imported by moderate vertical wind shear while executing a small counter-clockwise loop. The vertical shear subsided somewhat and the remaining dry air was ejected from the core between October 20 and October 21, enabling the storm to undergo
The hurricane's large wind field prompted the issuance of a tropical storm watch for Bermuda at 15:00 UTC on October 20, which was later upgraded to a warning 24 hours later.
Hurricane Zeta
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 24 – October 29 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min); 970 mbar (hPa) |
A large area of unsettled weather developed due to the combination of a tropical wave and a midlevel trough October 18–October 19 over the southwestern Caribbean Sea. The system drifted west-northwestward to near Grand Cayman on October 23. Thereafter, deep convection increased overnight into the morning of October 24. Around 12:00 UTC, satellite data indicated that a well-defined low formed, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Eight. Then, 12 hours later, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Zeta,[40] while located about 270 mi (435 km) east-southeast of Cozumel, Quintana Roo.[148] Despite experiencing some north-northwestwardly shear,[149] the storm steadily intensified, and reached hurricane strength by 06:00 UTC on October 26. At 03:55 UTC the next day, Zeta landfall near Ciudad Chemuyil, Quintana Roo, with winds of 85 mph (135 km/h). After weakening to a tropical storm inland, Zeta moved offshore of the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula about 11 hours later just east of Telchac Puerto.[40] Dry air wrapped around the northern half of Zeta's circulation as it moved offshore over the southern Gulf of Mexico, leaving its center partially exposed.[150] However, the storm soon encountered a conducive environment of low shear and warm sea surface temperatures, allowing Zeta to become a hurricane again early on October 28; this marked the start of a period of rapid intensification. Zeta peaked later that day at 21:00 UTC when it became a Category 3 major hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 970 mbar (29 inHg), as it made its second landfall near Cocodrie, Louisiana. Zeta steadily lost strength after landfall, weakening to a tropical storm over Alabama at 06:00 UTC on October 29, before transitioning into a post-tropical cyclone over central Virginia by 18:00 UTC that day, while moving rapidly northeastward. Early on October 30, Zeta's remnants dissipated east of the mid-Atlantic U.S. coast.[40]
Heavy rain in
Hurricane Eta
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 31 – November 13 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min); 922 mbar (hPa) |
On October 29, the NHC began monitoring a disturbance interacting with a pair of tropical waves while moving across the Lesser Antilles and into the eastern Caribbean Sea.
The disturbance then emerged over the Gulf of Honduras just before 00:00 UTC on November 6, where it re-acquired a surface circulation, re-developing into a tropical depression to the east of Belize around six hours later. It regained tropical storm status around 06:00 UTC on November 7, as it accelerated east-northeastward across the Caribbean Sea. Eta made its next landfall along the southern coast of Sancti Spíritus Province in Cuba around 09:00 UTC on November 8, with winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). Then, after crossing Cuba and the Straits of Florida, Eta made its third landfall, striking Lower Matecumbe Key in the Florida Keys at 04:00 UTC on November 9, with winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). Next, after moving into the Gulf of Mexico, Eta briefly re-strengthened into a hurricane southwest of Florida on November 11, before weakening back to tropical storm strength. It then turned northeastward and made its final landfall near Cedar Key, Florida, at 09:00 UTC on November 12, with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). The storm weakened over land, emerging over the Atlantic Ocean near the Florida–Georgia state line later that day. Eta re-intensified slightly on November 13 while moving northeastward off the coast of the Carolinas, before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone later that day.[42]
Hurricane and tropical storm watches and warnings were issued along the Caribbean coast of Honduras and of northeastern Nicaragua as Eta approached. The intense wind and rain generated by Eta caused flooding and landslides, resulting in crop losses, plus the destruction of roads, bridges, power lines and houses throughout Central America. The storm damaged or demolished at least 6,900 homes, 45 schools, 16 healthcare facilities, and some 560 mi (900 km) of bridges and roadways throughout Nicaragua. Eta also damaged hundreds of dwellings to some degree in both Guatemala and Honduras. Washed-out bridges and roads isolated more than 40 communities in the latter. In Guatemala, flooding also ruined more than 290,000 acres (119,000 ha) of crops.
Tropical Storm Theta
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 10 – November 15 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min); 987 mbar (hPa) |
On November 6, the NHC began monitoring a non-tropical area of disturbed weather in the central Atlantic for possible gradual subtropical development.[159] A non-tropical low subsequently formed about 1,300 mi (2,100 km) west-southwest of the Azores on November 8. The system became better organized as it began to detach from a frontal boundary during the following day. At 00:00 UTC on November 10, it developed into Subtropical Storm Theta. By 18:00 UTC that afternoon, the storm had transitioned into a tropical storm; it simultaneously attained what would be its peak intensity, with maximum winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 987 mbar (29.1 inHg). By the following morning, the effects of strong southwesterly shear had weakened Theta somewhat, though it soon began to regain some strength, and by 00:00 UTC on November 12, re-intensified to its earlier peak. Steady weakening occurred on November 13–14, as the storm experienced strong northerly vertical shear. By 06:00 UTC on November 15, Theta had weakened to a tropical depression about 120 mi (195 km) southwest of Madeira Island, and it degenerated to a remnant low six hours later.[71]
Hurricane Iota
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 13 – November 18 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 155 mph (250 km/h) (1-min); 917 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa at a low-latitude on October 30. The wave moved westward and remained disorganized for several days. Deep convection increased significantly on November 12 while the system was located over the central Caribbean, becoming a broad low-pressure area that day. At around 12:00 UTC on November 13, Tropical Depression Thirty-One formed about 185 mi (300 km) northwest of
In
Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2020.
Auxiliary list | ||
Retirement
On March 17, 2021, during the joint 42nd and 43rd Sessions of the RA IV Hurricane Committee, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) retired the name Laura from its rotating name lists due to the damage and loss of life it caused, and it will not be used again in the North Atlantic basin. Laura was replaced with Leah, which will first appear on the 2026 season list. The letters Eta and Iota were also retired.[163][164] The WMO did not retire the names of several 2020 hurricanes that caused extensive damage, specifically: Isaias, Sally, Delta and Zeta. This made Sally, the most destructive of the four, with a damage total of around $7.3 billion (2020 USD), the most expensive non-retired North Atlantic hurricane on record.[164][165][166]
Following the 2005 season, there had been considerable discussion on whether to continue using the Greek alphabet as an auxiliary list. The WMO decided that it would be used in future seasons when the annual name list was exhausted. It was also decided that it was not feasible to retire a Greek letter from further use.[167] Consequently, the WMO adopted a policy whereby a deadly or damaging Greek letter named storm, where that storm's name would otherwise be eligible for retirement, the Greek letter would appear in the retired name list along with the year of occurrence; the Greek letter would continue to be available for use in future years.[168] However, when faced with several highly devastating storms with Greek letter names in 2020, particularly Eta and Iota (which, under the previous policy, would have been retired as "Eta (2020)" and "Iota (2020)" respectively),[169][170] the WMO decided to discontinue the use of the Greek alphabet.[163] A new supplemental list consisting of 21 given names (making retirement of names feasible) was put in its place beginning with the 2021 season.[171]
Season effects
This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2020 USD.
Saffir–Simpson scale | ||||||
TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
Storm name |
Dates active | Storm category at peak intensity |
Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) |
Min. press. (mbar) |
Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Ref(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arthur | May 16–19 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 990 | Southeastern United States, The Bahamas, Bermuda | $112,000 | None | [74] | ||
Bertha | May 27–28 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1005 | Southeastern United States, The Bahamas | > $130,000 | None | [75] | ||
Cristobal | June 1–9 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 988 | Central America, Mexico, Central United States, Great Lakes region, Northern Ontario | ≥ $665 million | 6 | [82][84] | ||
Dolly | June 22–24 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1000 | None | None | None | |||
Edouard | July 4–6 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1005 | Bermuda, southern Ireland, southern United Kingdom | Minimal | None | |||
Fay | July 9–11 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 998 | East Coast of the United States, Southeastern Canada | ≥ $350 million | 2 (4) | [84][93] | ||
Gonzalo | July 21–25 | Tropical storm | 65 (100) | 997 | Windward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela | Minimal | None | |||
Hanna | July 23–26 | Category 1 hurricane | 90 (150) | 973 | Greater Antilles, Gulf Coast of the United States, Mexico | $1.2 billion | 4 (5) | [49] | ||
Isaias | July 30 – August 4 | Category 1 hurricane | 90 (150) | 986 | Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, East Coast of the United States, Eastern Canada | $4.8 billion | 12 (5) | [50] | ||
Ten | July 31 – August 1 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1008 | Cabo Verde Islands
|
None | None | |||
Josephine | August 11–16 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1004 | None | None | None | |||
Kyle | August 14–15 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1000 | The Carolinas
|
None | None | |||
Laura | August 20–29 | Category 4 hurricane | 150 (240) | 937 | Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, The Bahamas Southern United States, Eastern United States | $19.1 billion | 47 (34) | [55][122] | ||
Marco | August 21–25 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 991 | Lesser Antilles, Venezuela, Central America, Greater Antilles, Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States | ≥ $35 million | None | [116][118] | ||
Omar | August 31 – September 5 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1003 | Southeastern United States, Bermuda | None | None | |||
Nana | September 1–3 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 994 | Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Central America, Southeastern Mexico | ≥ $20 million | None | [122] | ||
Paulette | September 7–22 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 (165) | 965 | > $50 million | 2 | [61][118] | |||
Rene | September 7–14 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1001 | Cabo Verde Islands
|
Minimal | None | |||
Sally | September 11–17 | Category 2 hurricane | 110 (175) | 965 | The Bahamas, Cuba, Southeastern United States | $7.3 billion | 4 (5) | [62] | ||
Teddy | September 12–23 | Category 4 hurricane | 140 (220) | 945 | Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Bermuda, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada | > $35 million | 3 | [63][118] | ||
Vicky | September 14–17 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1001 | Cabo Verde Islands
|
Minimal | (1) | [126][127] | ||
Alpha | September 17–19 | Subtropical storm | 50 (85) | 996 | Iberian Peninsula | > $24.2 million | (1) | [64][122] | ||
Beta | September 17–22 | Tropical storm | 65 (100) | 993 | Mexico, Gulf Coast of the United States | $225 million | 1 | [65] | ||
Wilfred | September 17–21 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1006 | None | None | None | |||
Gamma | October 2–6 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 978 | Cayman Islands, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula | > $100 million | 6 | [67][118] | ||
Delta | October 4–10 | Category 4 hurricane | 140 (220) | 953 | Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States | $3.09 billion | 2 (4) | [68] | ||
Epsilon | October 19–26 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 (185) | 952 | Bermuda | Minimal | 1 | [69] | ||
Zeta | October 24–29 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 (185) | 970 | Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States, East Coast of the United States | ~$4.42 billion | 7 (2) | [40] | ||
Eta | October 31 – November 13 | Category 4 hurricane | 150 (240) | 922 | San Andrés, Jamaica, Central America, Mexico, Cayman Islands, Cuba, The Bahamas, Southeastern United States | $8.3 billion | ≥ 172 (3) | [42][157][156] | ||
Theta | November 10–15 | Tropical storm | 70 (110) | 987 | Canary Islands, Madeira | None | None | |||
Iota | November 13–18 | Category 4 hurricane | 155 (250) | 917 | San Andrés and Providencia , Central America, Mexico
|
$1.4 billion | ≥67 (17) | [3] | ||
Season aggregates | ||||||||||
31 systems | May 16 – November 18 | 155 (250) | 917 | > $51.114 billion | ≥ 336 (81) |
See also
- Tropical cyclones in 2020
- List of Atlantic hurricane records
- Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
- South Atlantic tropical cyclone
- 2020 Pacific hurricane season
- 2020 Pacific typhoon season
- 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21
Notes
- ^ Hurricanes reaching Category 3 (111 miles per hour or 179 kilometers per hour) and higher on the five-level Saffir–Simpson wind speed scale are considered major hurricanes.[1]
- ^ The record set by one storm, Tropical Storm Edouard, was broken the following year by Hurricane Elsa.[2]
- ^ Operationally, Iota was considered a Category 5 hurricane. However, post-analysis resulted in the storm being downgraded to a Category 4 hurricane.[3]
- United States dollarsunless otherwise noted.
- ^ Also visible: the tropical waves that would later spawn Beta and Wilfred, respectively located to the left of Sally and to the bottom-right of Vicky; along with the extratropical cyclone that would later become Alpha, located north of Rene
- ^ According to the NHC's protocol, a tropical cyclone that degenerates into a remnant low in one basin and reforms in another is given a different name.[82]
- ^ At the time, the National Hurricane Center did not name the system at that point because it was unclear whether it had a well-defined low-level-circulation.[60] Already producing tropical-storm-force winds, the cyclone was classified as Tropical Storm Nana at the time of formation. However, with the storm posing an imminent threat to Central America, the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on the system as Potential Tropical Cyclone Sixteen on September 1 at 15:00 UTC.[119]
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