2020 United States elections

A total of two legislative chambers changed partisan control in 2020, as Republicans gained control of both chambers in New Hampshire.[78]^[79] This represented the fewest partisan changes in state legislatures since 1944.^[80]

Prior to the November 2020 elections, Democrats held 15 "trifectas" (control of the governor's office and both legislative chambers), Republicans held 20 trifectas, and 14 states have a divided government. Not included in this tally is Nebraska, as its legislature officially recognizes no party affiliations.^[81][82] Nationwide, Republicans controlled approximately 60 percent of the legislative chambers and 52 percent of the legislative seats.^[83] The 2020 elections created two new trifectas, as the New Hampshire and Montana state government shifted from divided government to Republican control.

Attorney general

Regularly-scheduled elections were held in 10 of 43 states that elect attorneys general. The previous

No attorneys general offices changed party control in 2020.[85]

Other state elections

In 2020, 82 state supreme court seats are up for election in 35 states. This constitutes 24% of all state supreme court seats in the country. Various other state courts will also hold elections in 2020. Various state executive positions are also up for election in 2020.

Referendums and ballot measures

In the 2020 elections, voters considered a number of referendums, initiatives, ballot measures, and state constitutional amendments on a variety of topics, ranging from

• In the
  voted for statehood; the measure was nonbinding (since only Congress may admit a state to the Union) but was a significant step forward in Puerto Rico's effort to become a state.^[88][89]
• Four states
  Montana I-190), and Arizona (Proposition 207).^[90] The measures passed by broad margins.^[90]
• Oregon became the first U.S. state to decriminalize possession of small amounts of "harder drugs" such as cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine, making possession a civil violation rather than a criminal offense. The measure also directed revenue raised from marijuana sales taxes to drug addiction treatment.^[90]
• Oregon also became the first state to legalize the use of
  psychedelic mushrooms, with Measure 109 passing with 56% of the vote. The measure allows the regulated use of psychedelic mushrooms by adults over the age of 21 in supervised, therapeutic settings, and requires secure storage at licensed facilities.^[91]
• Alabama, Colorado, and Florida voters passed state constitutional amendments narrowing the right to vote in elections by replacing language in the state constitution stating "every citizen" has the right to vote with "only a citizen." These measures had no practical impact since non-citizens were not permitted to vote in U.S. elections before the measures were adopted.^[92][93][94]
• Colorado voters decided to keep the state in the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact by a 52-to-48 margin, rejecting a repeal effort.^[95]
• Voters in
  Providence Plantations" from the state's official name.^[96]
• In California, voters rejected Proposition 16, a measure to repeal the state ban on affirmative action.^[97][98]
• In California,
  independent contractors.^[99][100]
• In California, Proposition 25, a veto referendum, passed by broad margins, thus nullifying a state bill that would have replaced cash bail with risk assessments for suspects detained pending trial.^[101]
• In Mississippi voters overwhelmingly approved a new state flag, replacing the former divisive state flag, which included the Confederate battle flag.^[102][103]
• Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, circumventing the Republican-dominated state legislature, which had refused to do so.^{[104][105][106]} The Missouri constitutional amendment will expand Medicaid access to a quarter-million more adults starting in July 2021.^[106]
• legislatively referred state constitutional amendment prohibiting the unreasonable search and seizure of electronic data and electronic communications and requiring state and local police to obtain a search warrant before searching electronic data.^[107] The measure, passed with 89% of the vote.^[108] Michigan became the 13th state to include privacy protections in a state constitution, and the third state to add such protection by ballot measure.^[107]
• Maryland voters approved by a 2–1 margin, a ballot measure to legalize sports betting at stadiums and casinos, with tax proceeds benefiting K-12 public schools; the vote made Maryland the 18th state to legalize sports betting.^[109]
• Ballot measures to remove "penal exceptions" from state constitutional prohibitions on
  prisoner labor.^[102][110]
• Maine voters, in the March 2020 primary ballot, rejected (by a wide margin) a veto referendum that sought to overturn a new Maine state law that eliminated religious and philosophical exemptions from mandatory vaccinations for K-12 and college students and employees of healthcare facilities.^[111]
• open primaries and ranked-choice voting for state, federal, and presidential level.^{[112][113][114][115]}
• In
  jungle primaries" (also called "top-two" primaries), with the top two vote-getters advancing to the November ballot (irrespective of party) was defeated; 57% voted to approve, short of the three-fifths (60%) vote required.^[116][117]
• Question 2, an initiative to implement ranked-choice voting for future state elections, with about 55% voting against the question.^[118][119] Massachusetts voters approved Question 1 with a 75% "yes" vote,^[119] extending the "right to repair" to certain vehicles, extending 2012 legislation and consumers' rights to obtain telematics data.^[120][121]
• graduated income tax.^[122][123]
• Georgia approved, by wide margins, ballot questions that aimed to make funds collected from taxes and fees used for their intended projects (passed with 82% of the vote); waived sovereign immunity in cases alleging unconstitutionality of a law; and exempting certain charities from property tax.^{[124][125][126][127]}
• questions on the ballot or added hurdles to enacting laws via ballot measure. In Florida, voters defeated a measure would have required voters to pass future state constitutional amendments by 60% in two successive elections (rather than one election) in order for the amendment to be adopted.^[128] In North Dakota, voters defeated a measure would have required future successful citizen-initiated constitutional amendments to be sent to the legislature for further approval, and would refer those which failed to get legislative approval back to the ballot in the next general election;^[129] In Arkansas, voters defeated Issue 3, a measure would have required future ballot initiatives to gain half of the required petition signatures from each of 45 counties instead of the current 15 counties and also raised the threshold for the legislature to place a proposed constitutional amendment on the ballot from a simple majority of both chambers to three-fifths vote of both chambers.^[130]

Several proposed referendums failed to secure the necessary number of signatures to appear on ballots due to disruptions and social distancing measures undertaken after the COVID-19 pandemic. These included an effort in Ohio to raise the state's hourly minimum wage from $8.70 to $13; an anti-gerrymandering efforts in Oklahoma and Arkansas; and a California effort to allow electronic signatures for future California ballot measures.[131]

Impact on redistricting

Following the 2020 United States census, the state delegations to the U.S. House of Representatives will undergo reapportionment, and both the U.S. House of Representatives and the state legislatures will undergo redistricting. In states without redistricting commissions, the legislators and governors elected between 2017 and 2020 will draw the new congressional and state legislative districts that will take effect starting with the 2022 elections. State supreme courts can also have a significant effect on redistricting, as demonstrated in states such as Pennsylvania and Virginia. Thus the 2020 elections had a significant impact on the 2020 United States redistricting cycle. Barring court orders or mid-decade redistricting, the districts drawn in the redistricting cycle will remain in place until the next round of redistricting begins in 2030.^[132][133]

In the 2020 elections, the Republican Party won several legislative chambers and gubernatorial positions that had been selected by Democrats as key redistricting targets. Republicans flipped control of the New Hampshire legislature, defended the governorship of Missouri, retained control of both legislative chambers in Iowa, North Carolina, and Texas, and gained a super-majority in both chambers of the Kansas legislature, giving the party control of the key redistricting institutions in those states. Republicans also retained control of the Pennsylvania legislature and Minnesota Senate, ensuring divided partisan control of redistricting in both states. Additionally, the passage of a referendum in Virginia removed control of redistricting from the Democratic-controlled legislature to an independent commission.^[79] However, in New York, Democrats gained a two-thirds super-majority in the State Senate and held their super-majority in the State Assembly, giving the party full control of redistricting.^[134]

Territorial elections

The

In Norfolk, Virginia, Mayor Kenny Alexander was unopposed in seeking reelection,^[139] as was Mayor John Cruz in Hagåtña, Guam.^[153] In Tulsa, Oklahoma, incumbent mayor G. T. Bynum earned reelection by winning an outright majority in the August primary.^[154]

Open mayoral seats were won in

Several mayors faced recall campaigns during 2020. Mayors in Broken Bow, Nebraska; Diamond City, Arkansas; Heyburn, Idaho; and Oregon City, Oregon, were removed from office. Mayors in Elizabeth and Idaho Springs, Colorado; Humboldt, Nebraska; Powers, Oregon; Stevensville, Montana; and Westminster, California were retained in office.^[170]

Other elections and referendums

• More than a dozen cities and counties voted on
  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.^[171]
• Voters in Washington, D.C., re-elected
  D.C. statehood.^[172]
• D.C. voters approved Initiative 81, an initiative that designated the enforcement of laws against entheogens (psychedelics), including psilocybin mushrooms, peyote, and ayahuasca,^[172][173] as "among the Metropolitan Police Department's lowest law enforcement priorities."^[174] The measure passed with 76% of the vote.^[175]

Tribal elections

A number of Native American tribal governments held elections for tribal leadership in 2020. As with other elections in the country, the coronavirus pandemic disrupted many elections, delaying primaries and shifting some voting from in-person to postal.

The

In a runoff election, former South Dakota state senator Kevin Killer defeated incumbent Oglala Lakota Tribe president Julian Running Bear, who made the runoff by a single vote after surviving an impeachment effort in September.^{[185][186][187]} Crow Nation Senator Frank White Clay defeated incumbent tribal chairman A.J. Not Afraid Jr.^[188] Kristopher Peters was elected Squaxin Island Tribe tribal council chairman, defeating incumbent Arnold Cooper,^[189] and Joseph Tali Byrd defeated long-time Quapaw Nation Business Committee Chairman John Berrey.^[190] Durell Cooper defeated incumbent Apache Tribe of Oklahoma Tribal Chairman Bobby Komardley.^[191] Walter R. Echo-Hawk was unopposed in a special election for president of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma Business Council^[192] following the April 2020 recall of the prior president, James Whiteshirt.^[193] The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community elected Keith Anderson tribal chairman, replacing the retiring Charlie Vig.^[194]

Three

Northern Cheyenne voters elected five women to the tribal council, along with electing Donna Marie Fisher as tribal president and Serena Wetherelt as vice president. It is the first time women will make up the majority on the Northern Cheyenne tribal council.^[198]

Tribal referendums

• In March, the Oglala Lakota Tribe approved a referendum allowing medical and recreational marijuana while also opposing a referendum allowing alcohol sales at the Prairie Wind Casino on the Pine Ridge Reservation.^[199]
• In July, Oneida Nation of Wisconsin voters approved a referendum supporting a long-range Oneida language initiative.^[178]
• In October, the Yurok Tribe narrowly approved a referendum supporting establishment of a cannabis marketplace on tribal land.^[200]

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Starting in March 2020, elections across the United States were delayed and disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Numerous states delayed presidential primaries, while Alabama delayed the Republican primary Senatorial run-off and North Carolina and Mississippi delayed Republican primary run-off for congressional seats.^[201] Iowa, Missouri, South Carolina, and Texas all delayed municipal elections, and in New York City the special election for Queens borough president was cancelled.^[202] The pandemic also led to the postponement of the 2020 Democratic National Convention, and both the 2020 Democratic National Convention and the 2020 Republican National Convention were held virtually.^[203]

To help enforce

While the pandemic was impacting a number of things in elections 2020, Donald Trump was reported of planning to host his Election Night party at the White House. Two officials informed that Trump was planning a large indoor party of nearly 400 people at the East Room. The Trump Hotel on Pennsylvania Avenue was initially chosen as the venue, but this was later changed due to the coronavirus restrictions that limited such gatherings to 50 people.^[205][206]

Turnout

With many states easing rules on early voting in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 election saw an unprecedented rate of early voting.^[207] By October 26, with eight days remaining until the election, the total early vote throughout the United States had eclipsed that of 2016.^[208] In total, about 100 million voters cast early votes, compared to the approximately 57 million early votes cast in 2016.^[209] Democrats disproportionately voted by mail, while Republicans tended to vote more frequently in person.^[207]

Just under 160 million people voted in the 2020 elections, compared to a turnout of approximately 137 million in the 2016 presidential election. Michael McDonald projects that about 67% of the voting eligible population voted in 2020, the highest rate of voter participation since the 1952 election.^[210][211] The 2020 elections saw the highest rate of voter participation by voting eligible population since the ratification of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibits racial discrimination in voting, and the Twenty-sixth Amendment, which effectively lowered the national voting age from 21 to 18.^[212][213]

Public perceptions and analysis

In a poll conducted in 2019, 59% of respondents expressed that they are not confident in the "honesty of U.S. elections".

According to an October 2020 poll, eight out of ten Americans consider misinformation a "major problem";^[218] Biden supporters were more likely than Trump supporters to trust the news media and their candidate's messaging.^[218][219]

Historian

According to political scientist Gary C. Jacobson, "The 2020 elections extended several long-term trends in American electoral politics that were driven to new extremes by the singularly divisive person and presidency of Donald J. Trump. The election set new records for electoral continuity, party loyalty, nationalization, polarization, and presidential influence on the down-ballot vote choices, to the point where local factors such as incumbency, candidate quality, and campaign spending barely registered in the congressional election results."^[221]

Table of state, territorial, and federal results

This table shows the partisan results of president, congressional, gubernatorial, and state legislative races held in each state and territory in 2020. Note that not all states and territories held gubernatorial, state legislative, and U.S. Senate elections in 2020. The five

• Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election
• Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections
• Voter suppression in the United States, 2019–2020

Notes

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Further reading

• Astor, Maggie (September 25, 2020), "'A Failed System': What It's Like to Vote With a Disability During a Pandemic", The New York Times
• Marks, Joseph (September 28, 2020), "Here are five big things election experts are really worried about", The Washington Post
• "American democracy: The spreading scourge of voter suppression", The Economist, UK, October 10, 2020
• "US sees record-breaking early voting numbers", BBC News, UK, October 16, 2020
• Thompson, Stuart A. (October 19, 2020), "How Could Your Ballot Be Rejected? Let Us Count the Ways", The New York Times, Pay attention to these five things when you vote
• Payne, Christopher (October 26, 2020), "20,000 Ballots an Hour, With Paper and Ink by the Ton", The New York Times. (Photos depicting printing of paper ballots)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2020 elections in the United States.

• "State Elections Legislation Database", Ncsl.org, Washington, D.C.: National Conference of State Legislatures, State legislation related to the administration of elections introduced in 2011 through this year, 2020
• Government Documents Round Table of the American Library Association, Voting & Elections Toolkits, Reference guides for each state
• McDonald, Michael P., "2020 General Election Early Vote Statistics", U.S. Elections Project, Detailed state statistics