2022 Kazakh unrest

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

2022 Kazakh unrest
Askar Mamin and his government
  • Removal of Murat Bektanov as Minister of Defence
  • Restoration of vehicle fuel price caps of 50 tenge
  • per litre for 6 months
    Parties
    Lead figures

    No centralized leadership[1]

    Units involved
    Number
    3,800[5]
    Casualties and losses
    238 killed[13]
    9,900+ arrested[14]
    19 killed[13]
    No casualties reported

    The 2022 Kazakh unrest, also known as January Events (

    price cap on 1 January. The protests began peacefully in the oil-producing city of Zhanaozen and quickly spread to other cities in the country, especially the nation's largest city, Almaty, which saw its demonstrations turn into violent riots, fueled by rising dissatisfaction with the government and widespread poverty.[22][23] During the week-long violent unrest and crackdowns, 227 people were killed and over 9,900 were arrested, according to Kazakh officials.[13][14]

    Growing discontent with the government and former president Nursultan Nazarbayev, who remained the chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan, also influenced larger demonstrations. As there were no popular opposition groups against the Kazakh government, the unrest appeared to be assembled directly by citizens. In response, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev declared a state of emergency in Mangystau Region and Almaty, effective from 5 January 2022. The Second Mamin Government resigned the same day,[24][25][26] and Nazarbayev himself was also removed from his position of chairman of the Security Council.[27] The state of emergency was shortly extended to the whole country. In response to Tokayev's request, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) – a military alliance of Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan – agreed to deploy troops in Kazakhstan.[28] The aim was declared to be peacekeeping while some commentators described it as helping the Kazakh government in quelling the unrest.[29][30] Russian President Vladimir Putin described the intervention as a concerted effort to protect regional allies from what he described as colour revolutions "instigated by foreign interference in allies' internal affairs".[31] CSTO troops were initially deployed to government buildings in the capital city, Astana, and then guarded key infrastructure in Almaty.[32]

    As a concession, Tokayev announced that vehicle gas price caps of 50 tenge per litre would be restored for 6 months.[33][34][35] On 7 January, he said in a statement that constitutional order had "largely been restored in all regions of the country."[36][37][38] He also announced that he had ordered troops to use lethal force against protesters, authorizing instructions to "shoot to kill" without warning, calling the protesters "bandits and terrorists" and saying that the use of force would continue to "destroy the protests."[39][40][41][42]

    On 10 January 2022, the government declared a national day of mourning for those who died during the unrest.[43] On 11 January, Tokayev said that order had been restored in Kazakhstan in what he described as an attempted coup d'état.[44] He also announced that CSTO troops would begin withdrawing from the country on 13 January,[14] and they were fully withdrawn by 20 January.[45] In an 11 January speech to the Parliament, Tokayev promised reform and acknowledged public discontent over income inequality and criticized Nazarbayev and his associates over their wealth.[46] The same day, international flights were resumed to and from the country's capital, Astana.[47] He also nominated a new prime minister that day, Älihan Smaiylov,[14] and later fired the defence minister Murat Bektanov on 18 January.[48] On 16 March 2022, Tokayev delivered a State of the Nation Address to both chambers of Parliament in which he outlined a New Kazakhstan program of economic and political reforms.[49]

    Background

    Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, wealthy individuals who had links to the former government of the Soviet Union received preferential treatment, gaining wealth from privatization and their land ownership of areas with valuable resources.[23] Nursultan Nazarbayev became Kazakhstan's first president after the dissolution, ruling the country from 1990 to 2019.[26] During this time, international observers did not recognize any of the elections in Kazakhstan as being free or fair,[26] with Nazarbayev ruling the nation through authoritarianism, nepotism and detaining opponents, according to The Daily Telegraph.[50]

    Through this period, Kazakhstan experienced one of the strongest performing economies in

    Crédit Suisse ranked Kazakhstan 169th out of 174 countries in wealth distribution.[55] By 2022, approximately 162 wealthy Kazakhs held 55% of the nation's wealth.[23]

    Zhanaozen strike

    tenge
    and has repeatedly risen since then.

    Following further protests in 2018 and Nazarbayev's crackdown on the demonstrations, he was made the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan for life.[50]

    Since January 2019, the Kazakh government phased transition policy to electronic market trading of LPG to gradually end state gas subsidies and allow for the market instead to determine prices, resulting with increased LPG prices according to Eurasianet.[56]

    In January 2020, a protest was held in Zhanaozen where city residents demanded a reduction in the price of gas that had risen from 55 to 65 tenge.

    economic stimulus from the government resulted with inflation and stagnant wages.[23]

    Since 1 January 2022, according to Zhanaozen protesters, the price of LPG almost doubled, to 120 tenge per litre (0.24 per litre; US$1.06 per gallon), causing outrage amongst citizens.[58] Further discontent with the former leader Nursultan Nazarbayev, the nation's oligarchy, corruption and economic inequality would then spark more widespread protests.[26][23]

    Aims

    Aims of the protests reported after the protests had started included calls for major political changes. According to Darkhan Sharipov of the Oyan, Qazaqstan activist group, protestors wanted "real political reforms" and "fair elections", and were angry about "corruption and nepotism".[26] According to The New York Times, protestors wanted heads of local governments (akims) to be directly elected rather than appointed by the president.[59]

    Protests

    2 January

    On the morning of 2 January, residents in the city of Zhanaozen in Mangystau Region blocked roads in protest against an increase in gas prices.[60] The demonstrators called on the akim of the region, Nurlan Nogaev, and Zhanaozen akim Maksat Ibagarov to take measures in stabilising prices and preventing fuel shortages.[60] The residents were met with acting Zhanaozen akim Galym Baijanov who advised the crowd to write a complaint letter to the city administration in which the protestors recalled that their complaints were supposedly ignored by the city officials.[60]

    3 January

    Hundreds of Zhanaozen residents gathered and camped in the city square overnight.[61] As other residents joined the crowd by the afternoon, an estimated 1,000 people were at the square, chanting and demanding direct elections of local leaders.[61] The police officers, while standing at the perimeter of the square during the demonstration, did not intervene.[61] Mangystau akim Nurlan Nogaev and Zhanaozen akim Maksat Ibagarov as well as Kazakh Gas Processing Plant director Nakbergen Tulepov arrived at the square and pledged for the gas prices to be reduced down to 85–90 tenge, which failed to please the demonstrators.[62] Nogaev and his subordinates were forced to flee the square by the angry crowd.[62]

    President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev had instructed the government to consider the situation in Mangystau Region by "taking into account economic feasibility in the legal field".[63] He also called on demonstrators to not disturb public order, reminding that Kazakh citizens have the right to publicly express their voice to local and central government in "accordance with the law".[63] A government commission headed by Deputy Prime Minister Eraly Togjanov was formed to consider the socio-economic situation in Mangystau.[64]

    Reports of arrests were received from the cities of Astana, Aktobe and Almaty where the Republic Square and Astana Square were closed off and security officers deployed.[65] Other cities witnessed an increased police presence in public areas.[65]

    In Aktau, a group of protestors showed up at the Yntymaq Square in front of the city administration building, setting up tents and yurts for the encampment.[66] By evening, an estimated 6,000 demonstrators were at the square, demanding reductions in the cost of gas as well as the resignation of the government.[66] They were joined by other groups of supporters reportedly from neighbouring regions and cities across Kazakhstan.[66] Mangystau akim Nurlan Nogaev visited the rally, reminding the crowd that the Kazakh government had reduced the price of gas and that the Agency for the Protection and Development of Competition had launched an antitrust probe into gas suppliers for a suspected price collusion; he urged the protestors to maintain public order and suggested that they hold a constructive dialogue with the authorities.[67]

    Protesters setting up a yurt in Aktobe, 4 January 2022.

    4 January

    On the night of 4 January, around 1,000 marched to the Republic Square in Almaty which was cordoned off by the police.[68] From there, clashes broke out between both parties with the security forces using stun grenades and tear gas to disperse the protesters who in-turn vandalized police cars and setting some of them ablaze.[68][69] Armoured military vehicles were spotted throughout the streets of Almaty during the night of unrest which videos on social media later showed them fleeing by chasing protesters.[70]

    President Tokayev signed decrees to introduce a

    Taldıqorğan
    .

    5 January

    Nur Otan party office in Almaty
    after being vandalized by protesters

    At 04:00, Almaty akim

    Bakhytzhan Sagintayev made a video address to the residents, asserting that the situation in the city had been brought under control.[74] From there, he accused of "provocateurs from within and outside" being behind in destabilization and extremist actions and urged people not to succumb to "provocations and lawlessness".[74] In spite of Sagintayev's remarks, explosions of stun grenades were continued to be heard throughout Almaty in early morning with protesters setting up barricades and clashing with the National Guard in central streets.[75][76]

    President Tokayev accepted the government's resignation. On the same day, a Reuters correspondent reported thousands of protesters pressing ahead towards Almaty city centre after security forces failed to disperse them with tear gas and stun grenades.[24][77] Later on the same day, Tokayev announced that former president Nursultan Nazarbayev has resigned as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan, and Tokayev has assumed this position himself.[78] Digital rights monitor NetBlocks reported that internet disruptions had intensified by 5:00 p.m. local time, leaving Kazakhstan in the "midst of a nation-scale internet blackout" after a day of mobile internet disruptions and partial restrictions.[72][79][80][81]

    video icon Mayor's building on fire, Almaty, January 5

    In Almaty, as the protesters had reached the Republic Square again, the offices of the city mayor were stormed and set aflame.

    Nur Otan party were also set on fire.[87] Atameken, Kazakhstan's business lobby group, reported attacks on banks, stores and restaurants.[88]

    The interior ministry reported government buildings were also attacked in the southern cities of Shymkent and Taraz.[89] In Aktobe,

    In

    Taldıqorğan, a statue of former leader Nazarbayev was pulled down and destroyed by demonstrators chanting "Old man, leave!".[90][86]

    In the late afternoon, President Tokayev announced a nationwide state of emergency until 19 January. This would include a curfew from 23:00 to 07:00, temporary restrictions on movement, and a ban on mass gatherings.[91] During a televised address, Tokayev threatened to crackdown on protesters, stating "I plan to act as toughly as possible", and said that he had no intentions of fleeing the country.[26]

    By around late evening, chaos had broken out in Almaty as large numbers of riot police began to arrive as automatic gunshots were being heard throughout the city with armed demonstrators and security forces exchanging fire while residents were urged to stay away from the streets by loudspeakers.[92] Various state-media agency buildings stationed in Almaty were burnt down and looting had taken place in which grocery stores, banks, ATMs, and shopping centers were targeted.[93]

    6 January

    Oil production at Kazakhstan's highest-producing oil field Tengiz was reduced.[94][95][96] US oil producer Chevron Corporation holds a 50% stake in Tengizchevroil (TCO) which operates the Tengiz oil field.[97]

    Kazakhstan's Interior Ministry issued a statement saying: "Employees of the Almaty police department have launched a mop-up operation in the streets of Karasay-batyr and Masanchi. Measures are being taken to detain the violators. In total, some 2,000 people have been taken to police stations."[98]

    Dozens of protesters and at least 12 police officers were killed with one police officer who was found beheaded.[99] Witnesses in Almaty described scenes of chaos with government buildings stormed or set on fire and widespread looting. The interior ministry said 2,298 people had been arrested during the unrest, while the police spokesperson Saltanat Azirbek told state news channel Khabar 24 that "dozens of attackers were liquidated".[100]

    3,000 Russian paratroopers arrived in Kazakhstan on the morning of 6 January, after president Tokayev made a formal request for assistance to the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan also sent troops.[101][102]

    Protestors remained in the Aktau town square on 6 January. Six thousand people protested in the centre of Zhanaozen. The akim of Zhanoazen, Maksat Ibagarov, stated that "none of the local activists [would] be persecuted".[103]

    National Security Committee chief Karim Massimov was arrested, per the official account, after being detained the previous day on 5 January.

    7 January

    Burned building in Republic Square, Almaty

    On 7 January, as a concession, President Tokayev said that the vehicle fuel price caps of 50 tenge per litre had been restored for 6 months.[33][34][35]

    Tokayev said in a statement, "Constitutional order has largely been restored in all regions of the country."[36][37][38] He also announced that he had ordered troops to shoot without warning at anyone protesting, calling protesters 'bandits and terrorists' and saying use of force will continue.[39][40][41] In a speech to the nation, he said, "We hear calls from abroad for the parties to negotiate to find a peaceful solution to the problems, this is just nonsense. What negotiations can there be with criminals and murderers? They need to be destroyed and this will be done." He went on to thank Russia for sending troops to help establish order.[104]

    Russia's Defence Ministry stated that more than 70 planes were flying, around the clock, to bring Russian troops into Kazakhstan and that they were helping to control Almaty's main airport.[36] According to several Russian media sources, former president Nursultan Nazarbayev had left the country with his three daughters and their families. It was not clear where Nazarbayev had gone, but he had apparently left the country for health reasons.[105]

    A peaceful protest took place in Zhanaozen, where protestors asked for a new government, more freedom for civil rights activists, and a return to the 1993 Kazakh constitution.[106] Protests also continued in Aktau.[107]

    The Kazakh government announced that seven additional policemen had been killed in Almaty.

    better source needed] Levan Kogeashvili, a 22-year-old Israeli national was shot and killed while driving to work in Almaty. The Israeli Foreign Ministry stated that he had been residing in Kazakhstan for several years and his family said that he was not involved in the protests.[109][110]

    8 January

    Armed militant patroller on the roof top of the Auezov District Department of Internal Affairs in Almaty, 8 January 2022
    Kazakh forces in search of anti-government militants, 8 January 2022

    Protests continued in Zhanaozen.[111]

    The National Security Committee said that its former chief and former prime minister, Karim Massimov, had been arrested on suspicion of treason.[112]

    The Ministry of Internal Affairs announced that 4,404 people had been detained and at least 40 people had died as a result of the protests.[113][114]

    Kazakhstan authorities launched a countrywide antitrust investigation into 180 LNG sellers due to a suspected collusion.[115][116]

    9 January

    On 9 January, the interior ministry, said initial estimates put property damage at about 175 million euros, adding that more than 100 businesses and banks had been attacked and looted and about 400 vehicles destroyed. The ministry confirmed that more than 160 people had been killed and more than 5,000 had been arrested for questioning as part of 125 separate investigations into the unrest.[117] The Interior Ministry reported more than 2,200 people sought treatment for injuries from the protests, and about 1,300 security officers were injured.[118] The office of Kazakhstan's president said that in total 5,800 people had been detained.[119] The health ministry said in total 164 people, including two children, had been killed. It also specified that 103 people had died in Kazakhstan's largest city, Almaty. Interior Minister Erlan Turgumbayev held a press conference, saying, "Today the situation is stabilised in all regions of the country ... the counterterror operation is continuing in a bid to re-establish order in the country".[117]

    10 January

    Electronics store after being ravaged by looters in Almaty, 10 January 2022

    On 10 January, the government declared a day of mourning for the victims of the protests. Kazakhstan's Interior Ministry reported that a total of 7,939 people have been detained across the country. The National Security Committee, Kazakhstan's counterintelligence and anti-terrorism agency, said that the situation in the country had "stabilized and is under control."[43] Tokayev called the protests a "coup attempt."[120] The government also stated that "foreign-trained Islamist radicals" were among those who had attacked government buildings and security forces in the last week and that police had then detained almost 8,000 people to bring the situation under control.[121]

    Internet service was restored in Almaty following a five-day blackout.[122]

    Military general and politician Zhanat Suleimenov committed suicide, at the age of 59, after a criminal case was opened against him during the protests.[123]

    11 January

    On 11 January, in a speech to an online meeting of the CSTO military alliance by video link, Tokayev said that order had now been restored in Kazakhstan and called the protests over.[44] He announced that the CSTO had completed its mission in Kazakhstan and would begin withdrawing from the country on January 13 and would be fully withdrawn in the next 10 days.[124] Russian President Vladimir Putin claimed victory in defending Kazakhstan from what he described as a "foreign-backed terrorist uprising", and promised leaders of other ex-Soviet states that a Moscow-led alliance (CSTO) would protect them too.[125]

    In a speech to parliament regarding the past days, Tokayev promised reform and acknowledged public discontent over income inequality and criticized Nazarbayev and his associates due to their wealth. He said the public discontent was justified and that he wanted associates of the former president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, to share their wealth to the people. Tokayev told parliament, "Thanks to Nazarbayev, a group of very profitable companies emerged in the country as well as a group of people wealthy even by international standards, I think it is time they pay their dues to the people of Kazakhstan and help them on a systemic and regular basis." He went on to say that the financial system is dominated by large business groups, "based on the principle 'everything for friends, and laws for everyone else'". He spoke of initiatives to narrow the wealth gap, raise taxes on the mining sector, and eliminate irregularities in state procurement and areas where associates of Nazarbayev have business interests.[46]

    The Interior Ministry mentioned that security forces had detained over 9,900 people in connection with the protests.[14] Tokayev nominated a new prime minister, Älihan Smaiylov.[124] International flights were resumed to and from the country's capital, Astana.[47]

    Violence

    On 5 January, authorities in Almaty reported that over 400 businesses were damaged from the protests and that 200 people had been arrested; police in Atyrau fired into protesters which resulted in the death of at least one individual.[90] The government reported on 5 January that eight law enforcement personnel were killed and 317 were wounded.[126] A report carried by the French AFP news agency stated that dozens of protestors had been killed,[127] while the Russian TASS news agency aired footage of a heavy gunfight near Almaty's Republic Square.[128] On 6 January, dozens of protestors were killed during an operation, while the number of security forces killed rose to 18.[129][130] According to local authorities, two of the security officers were found decapitated.[131]

    On 7 January, President Tokayev stated that the army and law enforcement agencies had been ordered "to shoot to kill without warning."[132]

    By 19 January, the death toll of the unrest reportedly reached 227.[13]

    Analysis

    Dosym Satpaev, a Kazakh political analyst, said that the Kazakh government would mainly use force to respond to protests, stating: "The authorities are trying everything to calm things down, with a mix of promises and threats, but so far it's not working. ... There will be imitations of dialogue but essentially the regime will respond with force because they have no other tools."[26] Political scientist Arkady Dubnov of the Carnegie Moscow Center observed that such protests were unsettling for the Russian government, with Dubnov saying: "There is no doubt that the Kremlin would not want to see an example of such a regime beginning to talk to the opposition and conceding to their demands."[90]

    In an article for Foreign Policy, Eugene Chausovsky wrote that "Tokayev felt the need to get CSTO assistance in order to secure strategic sites and installations, including government buildings and airports in key cities such as Almaty, while Kazakh security forces could focus on handling the demonstrators directly."[133]

    Joanna Lillis, writing in

    Ermukhamet Ertysbayev that a coup d'état had been attempted, as signs of a significant shift of power within the Kazakh political elites from Nazarbayev to Tokayev. She considered the claims of an attempted coup d'état to be credible.[135] Other analysts dispute this, as no details were provided upon Massimov's arrest on what actions could have represented an attempted overthrow of the government.[136]

    Hans-Henning Schröder, a political scientist and expert on Russia, told Deutsche Welle: "All of Russia's major neighbors have been rocked by social unrest. If I were in the Kremlin, I would start to worry about whether Russia could be next."[137]

    Daniil Kislov, the founder and General Director of the Ferghana Information Agency, speculated to The New York Times that the violence in Almaty was "all artificially organized by people who really had power in their hands," as a proxy for a power struggle between Tokayev and former president Nazarbayev. Kislov claimed that Nazarbayev's nephew Samat Abish, who was previously deputy head of the Kazakh State Security Service before being ousted by Tokayev, was responsible for orchestrating much of the violence. Galym Ageleulov, a human rights activist in Almaty, stated that the violence only started in Almaty when a crowd that was "clearly organized by crime group marauders" started the march to the City Hall, while at the same time police presence dissipated.[138]

    Sergey Khestanov, macroeconomic adviser to the general director of Otkritie-Broker, claimed that the massive protests weren't caused directly due to economic factors, suggesting Kazakhstan's high standard of living within the former Soviet Union comparably to Russia and that the average age in Kazakhstan being relatively young leads to higher social activity, which played role in fueling discontent due to "a sufficiently long, stable and powerful economic growth" being "sharply inhibited".[139]

    Economic impact

    Global market

    As Kazakhstan produces more than 40% of the world's uranium, uranium prices rose after the protests erupted.[140][141] Canadian uranium company Cameco stated that "any disruption in Kazakhstan could of course be a significant catalyst in the uranium market. If nothing else, it's a reminder for utilities that an over-reliance on any one source of supply is risky."[142] The internet blackout also impacted cryptocurrency mining operations, with the global cryptocurrency computational capacity (hashrate) dropping by 12 per cent. Prior to the protests, Kazakhstan accounted for around 18 per cent of global hashrate for Bitcoin, due to the fact that neighbouring China in 2021 banned the mining of cryptocurrencies and many of the cryptominers moved to Kazakhstan.[143][144]

    Craig Erlam, senior market analyst at OANDA, suggested that further oil production outages during protests could impact global oil prices by reaching the October 2021 peak and possibly three-digit prices as well.

    better source needed
    ]

    Economy

    During the protests and riot in Kazakhstan, the fortune of four local billionaires shrank by $3 billion according to Forbes. At the same time, the middle daughter and son-in-law of former President Nursultan Nazarbayev, Dinara and Timur Kulibayev, lost $200 million. The couple controls the country's largest bank in terms of assets, Halyk Bank; the fortune of each co-owner is estimated at $3.1 billion. One of the most affected billionaires was Kazakh businessman Vyacheslav Kim, who is the chairman of the board of directors of the fintech company Kaspi Bank. In two days, its shares fell by 30%, from $188 as of 4 January to $87 on 6 January; according to Forbes, decreasing his fortune by $1.4 billion to $4.2 billion. By the end of the week, his assets grew slightly and were estimated at $4.4 billion. The general director of Kaspi.kz, a billionaire from Georgia Mikhail Lomtadze living in Kazakhstan, lost about $1.4 billion. The size of his fortune fell to $3.8 billion.[148][149][150]

    Reactions

    National

    Speaking from France, the leader of Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan, Mukhtar Ablyazov, told Reuters on 7 January 2022: "I see myself as the leader of the opposition". Ablyazov also stated that the West should remove Kazakhstan from Russian influence to prevent Russian President Vladimir Putin from incorporating Kazakhstan into "a structure like the Soviet Union".[151]

    International

    Collective Security Treaty Organization

    CSTO

    Unrest in Kazakhstan caught international observers by surprise.[26] President Tokayev began communications with President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko, who had quashed the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, and was in discussions with President of Russia Vladimir Putin, calling for the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) to intervene against protesters that he described as "international terrorists".[26][90] Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan, who had just been made chairman of the CSTO on 3 January 2022, responded to Tokayev's request, stating "As the Chairman of the CPC Assembly Security Council, I am starting immediate consultations with the leaders of the CSTO countries".[86][152]

    On 6 January, the CSTO agreed to intervene in Kazakhstan with a collective group of forces that it described as having the aim of peacekeeping, with the organization citing the Collective Security Treaty's Article 4, which states "In the case of aggression (an armed attack threatening safety, stability, territorial integrity and sovereignty) against any Member States, all other Member States at the request of this Member State shall immediately provide the latter with the necessary aid, including military".[153][2] Pashinyan said that the CSTO was to be deployed due to "the threats to national security and sovereignty to the Republic of Kazakhstan, including from external interference".[2] A Russian Air Force regiment in Orenburg was reported to be readying itself for deployment to Kazakhstan.[2] Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said: "Peacekeeping forces of the Collective Security Treaty Organization were sent to the Republic of Kazakhstan for a limited time to stabilize and normalize the situation." She confirmed armed forces of Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan were sent to Kazakhstan as part of the wider CSTO effort.[154] According to CSTO, its armed forces are only authorised to participate in the protection of strategic infrastructure facilities, including Almaty International Airport and Russia's Baikonur Cosmodrome in south-central Kazakhstan.[155] Russian State Duma member Leonid Kalashnikov stated that actions in relation to the protesters themselves were to be handled by local Kazakhstani law enforcement.[156]

    On 7 January, the Belarusian Telegraph Agency reported that President Lukashenko "discussed in detail the state of affairs in Kazakhstan" via phone with former president and chair of Security Council of Kazakhstan, Nazarbayev.[157]

    On 11 January, Tokayev announced that the CSTO had completed its mission in Kazakhstan and would begin withdrawing from the country on January 13;[14] they were fully withdrawn by 19 January.[45]

    Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

    On 7 January, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation's regional anti-terrorist structure announced that it was ready to extend assistance to Kazakhstan upon request, and voiced support for the Kazakh government's security measures.[158]

    By country

    Yerevan residents protesting against Armenian involvement in the CSTO intervention in Kazakhstan
    • Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: The Afghan Foreign Ministry spokesperson Fazilrabi Zahin published a statement saying the administration is "closely monitoring the situation in Kazakhstan and, as a close neighbor and economic partner state, is concerned about the recent unrest." The ministry also "urges both the government and protestors to resolve issues through talks and peaceful means, and to return calm and stability to the country."[159]
    • street protests.[161] "The people of any country must choose their own government; no other country has the right to interfere in its internal affairs. Today, the Armenian armed forces have a mission to protect the borders of our country. We condemn the short-sighted and irresponsible actions of the Armenian government." a coalition of Armenian NGOs said in a statement.[162]
    • Azerbaijan: The Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs had expressed condolences on 10 January "to the families and loved ones of people who lost their lives in a number of regions of the country, brotherly Kazakh people. We wish Kazakhstan peace, stability, peace and well-being."[163]
    • Belarus: President Alexander Lukashenko called on demonstrators to negotiate with President Tokayev who called him as "a decent person, a diplomat" and "very intelligent and educated man", telling "It's a lesson for us. One more lesson. In the sense that we now understand what could have happened to us."[164] State Secretary of the Belarusian Security Council Alexander Volfovich on 6 January described the Kazakh unrest as an "external hybrid threat" that aims to destroy a legitimate government via unconstitutional methods similarly to a colour revolution.[165] He called on the Belarusian military personnel to be deployed in Kazakhstan "to provide assistance to the fraternal people of Kazakhstan, prevent the situation from aggravating and send peacekeeping forces there."[165]
    • Canada: The Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying it was "closely monitoring the unrest". It called for "restraint and de-escalation" and that the situation be resolved "quickly and peacefully".[166]
    • China: The Chinese Foreign Affairs Ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin expressed that China and Kazakhstan shared friendly relations and are strategic partners and "hopes for early restoration of public order" in Kazakhstan and also reiterated that the matter is an "interior affair of Kazakhstan" and believes in the ability of the "Kazakh authorities to resolve the issue properly".[167] Wang hoped for a speedy stabilization of the situation.[167] On 7 January, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping stated that "China opposes external forces that deliberately trigger unrest and incite a 'colour revolution' in Kazakhstan".[168][169]
    • France: Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian on 6 January called the events in Kazakhstan "worrying" and urged all parties "to show moderation and open a dialogue".[170] President Emmanuel Macron expressed his concern in regards with the deadly unrest, adding that he would continue in monitoring the situation.[171]
    • Germany: Federal Foreign Office spokesman Christofer Burger said that the officials were looking into the reports of Tokayev's shooting order, telling "it must be said very clearly that a use of lethal force, of live ammunition against civilians can only be a very last resort, particularly if military forces are deployed."[172]
    • Hungary: Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó in a video briefing stated that violent protesters need to be held accountable and concerns over human rights have "no place" when it comes to restoring order, saying that "Destabilization efforts or coups are completely opposed to Hungary's security interests" and that "Hungary supports efforts to restore peace and order in central Asia, specifically Kazakhstan."[173]
    • India: The Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Arindam Bagchi stated that events in Kazakhstan were being closely followed, and extended "deepest condolences to families of innocent victims who have lost lives in the violence". The statement hoped for "an early stabilization of the situation".[174] The Indian community in Kazakhstan of about 7,800 – including 5,300 students and some 1,000 construction workers – was reportedly safe. The violence erupted at a time when leaders of the five Central Asian states were expected to be chief guests at India's Republic Day celebrations on January 26.[174][175]
    • Iran: Foreign Ministry spokesperson Saeed Khatibzadeh stated, "We believe that the wise government and nation of the friendly, brotherly and neighborly country can resolve their problems and disputes peacefully and through dialog, without foreign interference and based on their own national interests."[176]
    • Kyrgyzstan: The Kyrgyz Ministry of Foreign Affairs called on a "civilized dialogue within a legal framework" to prevent a "further escalation of the situation", hoping for Kazakhstan to resolve the current crisis "independently and without outside interference" while positioning Kyrgyzstan as strategic partner by conforming its readiness to "provide all possible support to the brotherly Kazakhstan, if necessary."[177] During a telephone conversion between leaders of CTSO on 5 January, President Sadyr Japarov expressed concern about the reports of casualties, numerous cases of looting and pogroms, and other cases of violence.[178] Japarov later expressed condolences to President Tokayev and the Kazakh people, wishing for "stability, unity, peace and prosperity."[179]
    • Malaysia: Minister of Foreign Affairs Saifuddin Abdullah stated that Wisma Putra is monitoring the developments closely. He also confirmed that 50 Malaysians in the country are in safe condition.[180]
    • Mongolia: The Mongolian Ministry of Foreign Affairs advised its citizens to not attend demonstrations and rallies and that it would continue to monitor the situation closely.[181]
    • Pakistan: The Foreign Ministry of Pakistan formed 'help desks' within its embassies in Almaty and Astana in an attempt to facilitate Pakistanis in Kazakhstan requiring emergency services.[182]
    • Romania: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania stated that it was closely following the unrest in Kazakhstan since its inception. It also declared that it had been in contact with the around 100 Romanian citizens in the country and that the personnel of the Romanian embassy in Astana were not in danger, and called for a peaceful and inclusive settlement of the situation without the need to resort to violence.[183]
    • Russia: President Vladimir Putin claimed victory on 10 January in defending Kazakhstan from what he described as a "foreign-backed terrorist uprising",[184] promising regional allies that a Moscow-led alliance (CSTO) would protect them from colour revolutions. Putin also drew a parallel between the Kazakh protests and the Euromaidan protests and referenced other pro-democracy movements that toppled allied leaders in Georgia, and Kyrgyzstan.[185]
      • Bashkortostan: Head Radiy Khabirov after meeting with Kazakh officials on 19 January said, "When the 'well-known events' began in Kazakhstan, we were in touch with our colleagues, wishing them good luck and strength. And we were absolutely sure that the people of Kazakhstan would choose the right path of development."[186]
      • Chechnya: In a joint live Instagram broadcast, Head Ramzan Kadyrov called on Kazakh citizens to not destroy the state and compared the events with the beginning of the Chechen War.[187]
    • Serbia: President Aleksandar Vučić stated that in Kazakhstan there will be "hundreds or thousands of dead, a devastated country" and that "foreign services, various great powers, have also intervened".[188]
    • South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed hope for the restoration of peace in Kazakhstan and that South Korea will closely monitor political situations and take measures for the safety for its nationals residing in the country.[189]
    • Tajik Foreign Affairs Ministry on January 6 expressed concerns over violence, seizure of government buildings and looting as well as emergence of armed groups sharing support to the Kazakh government in attempts at stabilizing the situation and that the "wise people of Kazakhstan and their leadership will put an end to acts of violence in the shortest possible time through dialogue."[190] That same day, the Ministry issued a travel warning as well as guidelines towards Tajik citizens in Kazakhstan "to exercise maximum vigilance and avoid crowded places."[191]
    • Turkish Grand National Assembly issued a solidarity message with the participation of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), along with the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP), Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and Good Party (İYİ Party), in which they expressed support to the Kazakh government's reform agenda to further improve the well-being and welfare of the people.[193]
    • Turkmenistan: President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow in a letter to Tokayev expressed deep condolences in response to high casualties and injuries resulting from the days of violent unrest.[194] Berdimuhamedow expressed sympathy and support to the families and relatives of the victims, as well as wishes for quick recovery to the injured.[194]
    • Ukraine: The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued statement to which it condemned violence and expressed condolences with the deaths and urged for the conflict to de-escalate and foreign deployed CSTO troops to respect sovereignty of Kazakhstan and not to maintain presence beyond the declared time period.[195]
    • United Arab Emirates: Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan during phone call with President Tokayev on 10 January "expressed his confidence in the ability of the Kazakhstan government and people to overcome this difficult period quickly."[196]
    • United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary Liz Truss, in the House of Commons, condemned the violence and said that the British government would be coordinating with allies.[197]
    • United States: The U.S. government appealed for calm while reported by The Independent to be monitoring the unrest.[198][199] U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken questioned Kazakhstan's decision to seek CSTO's military assistance, saying that "one lesson of recent history is that once Russians are in your house, it's sometimes very difficult to get them to leave".[200]
    • Uzbekistan: The Uzbek Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the events "alarming" and that it would continue monitoring the development of the situation with a written statement saying "We are convinced that the wise people of Kazakhstan will be able to prevent the escalation of instability, avoid violence and human casualties" and that the people of Kazakhstan "have the necessary determination and will to preserve unity, restore peace and tranquility in the country and independently overcome the problems that have arisen."[201] In a 10 January letter, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev expressed deep condolences to President Tokayev and the Kazakh citizens in connection with the numerous victims and serious injuries among the servicemen and the population, as well as significant damage as a result in the aftermath of the conflict.[202] On 11 January, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Uzbek citizens will be evacuated from Kazakhstan by the nearest flights of Uzbekistan Airways.[203]

    Entities with limited recognition

    • expansionist project, and that more than 20,000 militants arrived in Kazakhstan likely through the territory of Turkey and Azerbaijan.[206]

    By international union

    • European Union: On 5 January 2022, the EU issued a statement saying: "We call on all concerned to act with responsibility and restraint and to refrain from actions that could lead to further escalation of violence. While recognising the right to peaceful demonstration, the European Union expects that they remain non-violent and avoid any incitement to violence".[207]
    • The Organization of Turkic States stated "their confidence in the capacity of the Kazakh authorities to peacefully defuse tensions and reestablish calm and order."[208]
    • United Nations: On 6 January, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet called on all sides in Kazakhstan to refrain from violence and to seek a peaceful resolution to their grievances following mass unrest after days of demonstrations. In a statement, Bachelet said: "People have the right to peaceful protest and freedom of expression. At the same time, protesters, no matter how angry or aggrieved they may be, should not resort to violence against others".[209][210] On 10 January, the United Nations criticised Kazakhstan over photos showing military personnel wearing United Nations peacekeeper helmets. United Nations spokesman Stephane Dujarric said the United Nations had complained to Kazakhstan's diplomatic outpost in New York about the apparent use of United Nations peacekeeping equipment and said the issue "had been addressed".[211]
    • NATO: On 7 January, NATO's Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs & Security Policy and Special Representative for the Caucasus & Central Asia, Javier Colomina, said on Twitter: "NATO shares the serious concern over the situation in Kazakhstan, including reports of casualties. We call on all parties to exercise restraint, refrain from violence, and pursue dialogue. Authorities must respect international human rights obligations, including the right to peaceful protest".[212][213]
    • Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE): on 5 January the Chairman-in-Office of the OSCE, Zbigniew Rau, declared "I call for a peaceful return to order and respect for democratic processes, while rights and freedoms, including freedom of assembly and freedom of expression, must be protected."[214]

    Legacy

    On December 23, 2022, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev opened a Tagzym memorial dedicated to the victims of the January events (Qantar) in Almaty.[215]

    See also

    References

    1. ^ The Kazakh government claimed that the CSTO's operations were solely for peacekeeping purposes.
    1. ^ Pikulicka-Wilczewska, Agnieszka. "Do Kazakhstan's protests signal an end to the Nazarbayev era?". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved January 12, 2022. It is important to understand that protesters are never a unified mass. It is not that a single group or political party took to the streets. In all the regions where the protests took place, it was a mixed group of people.
    2. ^ a b c d Kucera, Joshua (5 January 2022). "CSTO agrees to intervene in Kazakhstan unrest". Eurasianet. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    3. ^ "CSTO agrees to intervene in Kazakhstan unrest". Eurasianet. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    4. ^ "Commander of the Airborne Forces Serdyukov became the head of the CSTO peacekeepers in Kazakhstan. (In Russian)". Ria Novosti. 7 January 2022.
    5. ^ a b c d Pannier, Bruce (6 January 2022). "Analysis: The Consequences Of Inviting Russian-Led CSTO Troops Into Kazakhstan". RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Russia is reportedly sending 3,000 soldiers to Kazakhstan, Belarus some 500, Tajikistan 200, and Armenia 70, with Kyrgyzstan set to decide on January 7.
    6. ^ "Миротворческая рота 103-й воздушно-десантной бригады ССО вылетела в Казахстан". Belteleradio. 6 January 2022. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022.
    7. ^ "Kyrgyzstan to send around 150 soldiers to Kazakhstan – report". akipress.com. AKIpress News Agency. 7 January 2022.
    8. ^ "Armenian peacekeepers left for Kazakhstan". mil.am. Ministry of Defense of Armenia. 7 January 2022. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. ...RA Armed Forces sent a peacekeeping subdivision to the Republic of Kazakhstan (100 servicemen) as part of the CSTO peacekeeping forces.
    9. ^ "Протесты против повышения цены на топливо в Казахстане переросли в столкновения с полицией. Власти начали блокировать интернет". Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    10. ^ "Протесты". meduza.io. 4 January 2022.
    11. ^ Тойкен, Сания; Мамашулы, Асылхан; Омирбек, Дархан; Иса, Дилара (3 January 2022). "«Акимов должен выбирать народ!» Протест в Жанаозене: от призывов снизить цены до политических требований". Радио Азаттык (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    12. ^ "В Атырау и Уральске сотни человек вышли на митинги в поддержку протестующих в Мангистау - Аналитический интернет-журнал Vласть". vlast.kz (in Russian). 4 January 2022. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    13. ^ a b c d "Russia-Led Military Alliance Completes Withdrawal From Kazakhstan". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
    14. ^ a b c d e f "Kazakh President Announces CSTO Troop Withdrawal, Appoints New PM". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
    15. ^ Iskakova, Botagoz. "Озвучены новые подробности о январских событиях". Kapital. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
    16. ^ "Хронология: 2022 жылғы Қаңтар оқиғасы". Báribar (in Kazakh). Almaty. 5 January 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
    17. ^ Gotev, Georgi (23 January 2023). "One year after tragic January events, Kazakhstan says it's changed". Euractiv. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
    18. ^ Imamova, Navbahor (16 February 2022). "Kazakhstan Seeks Lessons From Its Bloody January". VOA. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
    19. ^ "Қанды қаңтар: Перзентінен айырылған ата-ана, жетім қалған бала..." inbusiness.kz (in Kazakh). 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
    20. ^ "Қаңтар трагедиясы: Ұрлық пен тонау фактісі бойынша 1674 іс тіркелген". lenta.inform.kz (in Kazakh). 5 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
    21. ^ "Timeline: January tragedy in Kazakhstan". www.kt.kz. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
    22. ^ Lillis, Joanna (3 January 2022). "Kazakhstan: Gas price hike fuels Zhanaozen protests". eurasianet.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    23. ^
      ISSN 0099-9660
      . Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    24. ^ a b Auyezov, Olzhas (5 January 2022). "Kazakhstan government's resignation fails to quell protests". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    25. ^ Walker, Shaun (5 January 2022). "Kazakhstan protests: government resigns amid rare outbreak of unrest". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Shaun, Walker; Bisenov, Naubet (5 January 2022). "Kazakhstan protests: Moscow-led alliance sends 'peacekeeping forces'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    27. ^ Jacobs, Harrison (6 January 2022). "Russia-led alliance troops have arrived in Kazakhstan after mass protests". NPR. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    28. from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    29. ^ Sabin, Lamiat; Sullivan, Rory (6 January 2022). "Russian troops arrive in Kazakhstan to quell unrest as police say officer beheaded". The Independent. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
    30. ^ Rickleton, Chris (21 October 2022). "Russia's Unhappy Club: The CSTO". RFE/RL.
    31. ^ "Vladimir Putin vows to stop 'colour revolutions' after sending troops to Kazakhstan". Financial Times. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
    32. ^ Auyezov, Olzhas; Gordeyeva, Mariya (13 January 2022). Fletcher, Philippa (ed.). "Russia-led bloc starts Kazakhstan pullout after possible coup bid crushed". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022.
    33. ^ a b "Kazakhstan declares state of emergency in protest-hit city, province". Reuters. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    34. ^ a b "Kazakhstan unrest: Government restores fuel price cap after bloodshed". BBC News. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    35. ^ a b Kussainova, Meiramgul (6 January 2022). "Kazakhstan imposes 180-day state regulation on fuel, food prices amid protests". aa.com.tr. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    36. ^ a b c Auyezov, Olzhas (7 January 2022). "Kazakh president says constitutional order mostly restored". Reuters. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    37. ^ a b "Kazakhstan unrest: Fresh gunfire as president says order largely restored". BBC News. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    38. ^ a b "Kazakh President: Constitutional Order Restored". voanews.com. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    39. ^ a b Child, David; Safdar, Anealla (7 January 2022). "Kazakh leader tells troops to shoot without warning". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    40. ^ a b Walker, Shaun (7 January 2022). "Kazakhstan president says he gave order to 'open fire with lethal force'". the Guardian. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    41. ^ a b Litvinova, Dasha (7 January 2022). "Kazakh leader ordered use of lethal force on 'terrorists'". Associated Press. AP NEWS. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    42. ^ Auyezov, Olzhas (7 January 2022). "Kazakh president gives shoot-to-kill order to put down uprising". Reuters. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    43. ^ a b Litvinova, Dasha (10 January 2022). "Nearly 8,000 detained in Kazakhstan amid unrest". AP NEWS. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    44. ^ a b Vaal, Tamara; Balmforth, Tom (11 January 2022). Osborn, Andrew (ed.). "President of Kazakhstan says he has weathered attempted coup d'état". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
    45. ^ a b "Post-Soviet security bloc's last peacekeepers depart from Kazakhstan for Moscow". TASS. 19 January 2022.
    46. ^ a b Vaal, Tamara (11 January 2022). "Russian troops to quit Kazakhstan, says president, taking aim at the elite". Reuters. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
    47. ^ a b "В Нур-Султане восстановили международное авиасообщение". РБК (in Russian). 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
    48. ^ "Kazakhstan president fires defence minister for lack of leadership during protests". Reuters. 19 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
    49. ^ "Kassym-Jomart Tokayev Delivers State-of-the-Nation Address to the People of Kazakhstan". Akorda.kz. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022.
    50. ^ from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    51. ^ "IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation1 with Kazakhstan". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
    52. ^ OECD Investment Policy Reviews Archived 18 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 112, OECD, 2012
    53. from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
    54. ^ Observatører fra tidligere Sovjet jakter på valg-juks Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Aftenposten.no (10 September 2013) Retrieved 8 March 2014
    55. ^ Anthony Shorrocks; Jim Davies; Rodrigo Lluberas (October 2018). "Global Wealth Report". Credit Suisse. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. October 10, 2018 article: Global Wealth Report 2018: US and China in the lead Archived 25 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine Report[permanent dead link]. Databook[permanent dead link]. Downloadable data sheets See Table 3.1 (page 114) of databook for mean and median wealth by country
    56. ^ Kumenov, Almaz; Lillis, Joanna (4 January 2022). "Kazakhstan explainer: Why did fuel prices spike, bringing protesters out onto the streets?". eurasianet.org. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    57. ^ Tojken, Sanijash (10 January 2020). "Жанаозенцы вновь пришли в акимат, требуя снижения цен на газ". Радио Азаттык (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    58. ^ a b "В аэропорту Актау в Казахстане задерживается часть рейсов" (in Russian). TASS. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    59. ^ Bilefsky, Dan (5 January 2022). "Revolt in Kazakhstan: Here's What You Need to Know". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    60. ^ a b c Tojken, Sanijash (2 January 2022). "Жители Жанаозена перекрыли дорогу, протестуя против повышения цен на газ". Радио Азаттык (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    61. ^ a b c Tojken, Sanija; Mamashuly, Asylhan; Omirbek, Darhan; Isa, Dilara (3 January 2022). ""Акимов должен выбирать народ!" Протест в Жанаозене: от призывов снизить цены до политических требований". Радио Азаттык (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    62. ^ a b ""Мы устали от сказок!" В Жанаозене протестующие прогнали с площади акима области Ногаева". Радио Азаттык (in Russian). 4 January 2022. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    63. ^ a b "Касым-Жомарт Токаев высказался по ситуации в Жанаозене". inbusiness.kz (in Russian). 3 January 2022. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    64. ^ "А. Мамин: Мемлекет басшысы Қ. К. Тоқаевтың тапсырмасы бойынша Үкімет Жаңаөзен қаласындағы жағдайға қатысты шаралар қабылдайды". primeminister.kz (in Kazakh). 3 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    65. ^ a b "В Казахстане второй день продолжаются протесты из-за повышения цен на газ, задержаны более 20 человек". Настоящее Время (in Russian). 3 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    66. ^ a b c Tojken, Sanijash (4 January 2022). ""Правительство в отставку!" и "Шал, кет!". В Актау и Жанаозене продолжились митинги". Радио Азаттык (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    67. ^ "Нурлан Ногаев вышел к митингующим в Актау". Tengrinews.kz (in Russian). 4 January 2022. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    68. ^ a b c "В Алма-Ате проходят задержания протестующих" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 4 January 2022. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    69. ^ Molchanova, Kira (4 January 2022). "Газ, шумовые гранаты и горящие авто. Протесты в Казахстане переросли в столкновения с полицией". ukranews.com (in Russian). Retrieved 25 January 2022.
    70. ^ "В Казахстане протестующие заставили военных развернуть бронетехнику". www.ukrinform.ru (in Russian). 5 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
    71. ^ "Президент Казахстана ввел ЧП в Алма-Ате и Мангистауской области" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 4 January 2022. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    72. ^ a b "Internet disrupted in Kazakhstan amid energy price protests". NetBlocks. 4 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    73. ^ "NetBlocks: Казакстанда интернет чектелди". Азаттык Υналгысы (in Kyrgyz). 4 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022.
    74. ^ a b "Ситуация в городе взята под контроль властей — Сагинтаев". vlast.kz (in Russian). 4 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
    75. ^ "Звуки взрывов слышны в Алма-Ате, митингующие выставляют баррикады". Interfax.ru (in Russian). 5 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
    76. ^ "В Алматы протестующие снова движутся в центр города". vlast.kz (in Russian). 5 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
    77. ^ Auyezov, Olzhas (5 January 2022). "Kazakh protesters torch public buildings; emergency declared, Cabinet resigns". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    78. ^ "Назарбаев перестал быть председателем Совбеза Казахстана". reform.by. 5 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    79. ^ Hart, Robert (5 January 2022). "Kazakhstan Reportedly Hit By Internet Blackout As Oil-Rich Nation Breaks Out In Rare Anti-Government Protests". Forbes. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022.
    80. ^ "Kazakhstan Sees 'Nation-scale Internet Blackout' Amid Protests". www.barrons.com. 5 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022.
    81. ^ Heintz, Jim (5 January 2022). "Report: Kazakh president's home ablaze as protests escalate". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    82. ^ "Здание мэрии Алматы захвачено, из здания идет дым. Видео". centralasia.media. 5 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    83. ^ a b "Moscow-led bloc to send 'peacekeeping forces' to protest-hit Kazakhstan". France 24. 5 January 2022. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    84. ^ ""Раздают оружие, слышна стрельба" – кадры из Алматы распространяют в Сети". baigenews.kz (in Russian). 6 January 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
    85. ^ "Two servicemen killed in counter-terror operation at Almaty airport". TASS. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    86. ^ a b c O'Connor, Tom (5 January 2022). "Kazakhstan president asks Russia-led military alliance for help amid protests". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    87. ^ "Office of ruling Nur Otan party set on fire in Almaty". akipress.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    88. ^ "Kazakhstan's government resigns as fuel protests rage". CNN. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    89. ^ "Kazakhstan's government resigns as fuel protests rage". CNN. 5 January 2022.
    90. ^ from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    91. ^ Satubaldina, Assel; Shayakhmetova, Zhanna (5 January 2022). "Kazakhstan Declares State of Emergency After Fuel Price Protests". The Astana Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    92. ^ "Жители Алма-Аты сообщили о перестрелке из автоматического оружия на улицах города". Interfax.ru (in Russian). 6 January 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
    93. ^ "Погромы и мародерство: кадры из охваченной беспорядками Алматы". 24 Канал (in Russian). 5 January 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
    94. ^ Wallace, Joe (6 January 2022). "Kazakhstan Unrest Pushes Up Uranium and Oil Prices". The Wall Street Journal.
    95. ^ "Oil Jumps As Key Kazakhstan Oil Field Gets Hit By Protests". Yahoo News. 7 January 2022.
    96. ^ Lee, Julian (6 January 2022). "Kazakhstan's Biggest Oil Field Adjusts Output Because of Unrest". Bloomberg.
    97. ^ Kissane, Carolyn (7 January 2022). "Why the political violence and economic grievances engulfing Kazakhstan matter". The Hill.
    98. ^ "Police detain nearly 2,000 protesters in Almaty". TASS. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    99. ^ "Dozens of protesters, 12 police dead in Kazakhstan protests". ABC News. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    100. ^ "Dozens of protesters and police dead amid Kazakhstan unrest". the Guardian. 6 January 2022. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    101. ^ Light, Felix (6 January 2022). "Russia's Involvement in Kazakhstan's Crisis Could Have Wide Implications". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    102. ^ Walker, Shaun; Bisenov, Naubet (6 January 2022). "Russian paratroopers arrive in Kazakhstan as unrest continues". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    103. ^ "Residents Of Kazakhstan Continue To Come Out To Mass Rallies In Centres Of Their Towns". Charter 97. 6 January 2022. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    104. ISSN 0362-4331
      . Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    105. ^ Sobotka, Michal (7 January 2022). "Kazachstán opustil bývalý vládce Nazarbajev i s dcerami a jejich rodinami – Novinky.cz" [Former ruler Nazarbayev and his daughters and their families left Kazakhstan]. www.novinky.cz (in Czech).
    106. ^ Ilyushina, Mary; Cheng, Amy (7 January 2022). "Kazakhstan president gives shoot-to-kill order against protesters, dismissing calls for negotiations". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    107. ^ "Aktau residents organize peaceful rally against Kazakhstan authorities". News.am. 7 January 2022. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    108. ^ "The Ministry of the Interior of Kazakhstan: 7 policemen were killed during a security operation in the city of Almaty". Twitter (in Arabic). الجزيرة.
    109. ^ "22-year-old Israeli killed by gunfire in violent Kazakhstan protests". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    110. ^ Lubell, Maayan (8 January 2022). Chopra, Toby (ed.). "Israeli killed in Kazakhstan unrest, foreign ministry says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    111. ^ Greer, Stuart (8 January 2022). "Small Protests Continue As Kazakh Government Tightens Grip". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    112. ^ Auyezov, Olzhas; Vaal, Tamara (8 January 2022). "Kazakhstan arrests ex-security chief as it presses crackdown on protests". Reuters. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    113. ^ "Gas price protests in Kazakhstan leave at least 40 dead and more than 4,400 arrested". Market Research Telecast. 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    114. ^ "Kazakhstan police detain over 4,400 people in riots". TASS. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    115. ^ "Kazakhstan launches investigation into 180 sellers of LPG". TASS. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    116. ^ Abbasova, Vusala (6 January 2022). "Kazakhstan's Biggest Fuel Sellers Under Investigation over Alleged Price Collusion". caspiannews.com. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    117. ^ a b "Kazakhstan: More than 160 killed, 5,000 arrested during riots". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
    118. ^ Heintz, Jim (9 January 2022). "Kazakhstan says 164 killed in week of protests". AP NEWS. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
    119. ^ "Kazakhstan says 5,800 detained in week of protests". Arab News. 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
    120. ^ Gromova, Viktorija (10 January 2022). "Токаев заявил о попытке госпереворота в Казахстане". РБК (in Russian). Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    121. ^ "Kazakhstan blames foreign-trained Islamic radicals for unrest". South China Morning Post. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    122. ^ "Kazakhstan unrest: Internet returns to Almaty following a five day outage". BBC News. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    123. ^ "Начальник департамента полиции на юге Казахстана покончил с собой". Interfax. Moscow. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    124. ^ a b "Kazakh President Announces CSTO Troop Withdrawal, Criticizes Predecessor". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
    125. ^ Vaal, Tamara (10 January 2022). "Putin claims victory in defending Kazakhstan from revolt". Reuters. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
    126. ^ "Во время беспорядков в Казахстане погибли 8 полицейских и военных, 317 ранены. Новости. Первый канал". Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    127. ^ "'Dozens' of Kazakhstan protesters killed by police in overnight, authorities confirm". Euronews. 5 January 2022. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    128. ^ "В Алма-Ате началась интенсивная перестрелка между военными и вооруженными людьми". ТАСС. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    129. ^ Gadzo, Mersiha; Safdar, Anealla; Child, David (6 January 2022). "Russian paratroopers arrive in crisis-hit Kazakhstan". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    130. ^ "Kazakhstan unrest: Russian troops fly in as crackdown continues". BBC. 6 January 2022. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    131. ^ Auyezov, Olzhas (6 January 2022). "Russia sends troops to put down Kazakhstan uprising as fresh violence erupts". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    132. ^ "Kazakhstan president issues 'shoot to kill' order to quell protests". news.yahoo.com. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    133. ^ Chausovsky, Eugene (7 January 2022). "Why Russia Sent Troops Into Kazakhstan". Foreign Policy.
    134. ^ Lillis, Joanna (7 January 2022). "Kazakhstan: Shoot to kill protesters, orders tough-talking Tokayev". Eurasianet. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    135. ^ Lillis, Joanna (8 January 2022). "Kazakhstan: Ex-security services chief and Nazarbayev ally arrested – Masimov faces charges of treason". Eurasianet. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    136. ^ "Kazakhstan detains former security chief for treason". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
    137. ^ Goncharenko, Roman (7 January 2022). "Kazakhstan protests: A nightmare or an opportunity for Russia?". Deutsche Welle.
    138. from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    139. ^ Perel'chuk, Evgenij (6 January 2022). "Как протесты отразились на экономике Казахстана?". BFM.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 25 January 2022.
    140. ^ Desai, Pratima (7 January 2022). "Transport disruptions the wild card for Kazakh uranium shipments". Reuters.
    141. ^ Tan, Huileng (7 January 2022). "Uranium and oil prices have spiked as Kazakhstan's political upheaval spurs fears about reduced production and supply chain disruption". Business Insider.
    142. ^ "Uranium sector monitors evolving Kazakh situation". World Nuclear News. 7 January 2022.
    143. ^ Madhok, Diksha (7 January 2022). "Kazakhstan is huge for crypto mining. Political upheaval could jeopardize that". CNN. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
    144. ^ Sigalos, MacKenzie (6 January 2022). "Kazakhstan's deadly protests hit bitcoin, as the world's second-biggest mining hub shuts down". CNBC. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
    145. ^ Pandey, Ashutosh (10 January 2022). "Unstable Kazakhstan could push up uranium, oil prices". DW. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
    146. ^ "Oil slips, but set for weekly gain on Kazakh, Libyan concerns". CNBC. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
    147. ^ Allen, Nathan (10 January 2022). "Chevron increasing production in Kazakhstan following protest-linked interruption". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
    148. ^ "Казахстанские богачи потеряли миллиарды долларов из-за протестов". secretmag.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    149. ^ "At Least 164 Dead in Kazakhstan Protests". VOA. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    150. ^ Sofiienko, Nataliia (10 January 2022). "Мільярдери з Казахстану втратили $3 млрд за кілька днів протестів". LIGA (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    151. ^ Faulconbridge, Guy (7 January 2022). Richardson, Alex (ed.). "West must stand up to Russia in Kazakhstan, opposition leader says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    152. ^ "Հայ խաղաղապահները մեկնել են Ղազախստան". mil.am (in Armenian). Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    153. ^ "CSTO Council decides to send collective peacekeeping forces to Kazakhstan". TASS. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    154. ^ "Moscow-led alliance sends first troops to Kazakhstan". DefenceTalk. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    155. The Daily Guardian
      . 8 January 2022.
    156. ^ "Overnight developments in Kazakhstan's uprising CSTO peacekeepers have been deployed, and an 'antiterrorist operation' is underway against protesters and rioters". Meduza. 6 January 2022.
    157. ^ Trevelyan, Mark (7 January 2022). Jones, Gareth (ed.). "Belarus leader Lukashenko spoke to Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    158. ^ Ng, Teddy; Ziwen, Zhao (8 January 2022). "Chinese-led Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 'ready to act in Kazakhstan if needed'". South China Morning Post.
    159. ^ O'Connor, Tom (6 January 2022). "Taliban "closely monitoring" unrest in Kazakhstan after Russia-led intervention". Newsweek.
    160. ^ Harutyunyan, Lilit (12 January 2022). "Ալմաթիում հայ խաղաղապահների հիմնական խնդիրներից էր կանխել ջրատարի թունավորումը". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան (in Armenian). Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    161. ^ Mejlumyan, Ani (7 January 2022). "Armenians take dim view of deployment to Kazakhstan". Eurasianet. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    162. ^ "Հասարակական կազմակերպությունների արձագանքը Ղազախստան ՀԱՊԿ զորք ուղարկելու մասին". «Հանուն հավասար իրավունքների» (in Armenian). Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    163. ^ Öztürk, Alparslan (10 January 2022). "Azərbaycan XİN Qazaxıstana başsağlığı verib". Report İnformasiya Agentliyi (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    164. ^ "Lukashenko urges demonstrators in Kazakhstan to negotiate with Tokayev". TASS. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    165. ^ a b "Belarus' security chief calls situation in Kazakhstan external hybrid aggression". TASS. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    166. ^ "Statement on protests in Kazakhstan". www.canada.ca. 6 January 2022. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    167. ^ a b "China expresses hopes for early restoration of public order in Kazakhstan". Aninews. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    168. ^ "China opposes external forces triggering unrest in Kazakhstan, says Xi Jinping". ANI News. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    169. ^ "Xi sends verbal message to Kazakh president-Xinhua". english.news.cn. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    170. ^ "France Urges 'Moderation' From All Sides In Kazakhstan: Foreign Minister". www.barrons.com. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    171. ^ Irish, John; Van Overstraeten, Benoit (7 January 2022). Kar-Gupta, Sudip (ed.). "French President Macron says he is concerned about Kazakhstan situation". Reuters. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    172. ^ Litvinova, Dasha (7 January 2022). "Kazakh president: Forces can shoot to kill to quell unrest". AP NEWS. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    173. ^ Simon, Zoltan (11 January 2022). "Hungary Rejects Rights Concerns Over Kazakhstan Crackdown". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    174. ^ a b "Official Spokesperson's response to media queries on recent developments in Kazakhstan". Ministry of External Affairs. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    175. The Hindustan Times
      . Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    176. ^ "Kazakhstan Able to Resolve Problems Peacefully via Dialogue: Iranian Spokesman". Tasnim News Agency. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
    177. ^ Podolskaya, Darya (6 January 2022). "Protests in Kazakhstan: Foreign Ministry of Kyrgyzstan issues statement". 24.kg. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    178. ^ "Президент Садыр Жапаров провел ряд телефонных разговоров с лидерами стран ОДКБ". president.kg (in Russian). 6 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    179. ^ "Президент Садыр Жапаров выразил соболезнования Президенту Казахстана Касым-Жоомарту Токаеву в связи с трагическими событиями в соседней республике". president.kg (in Russian). 10 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    180. ^ "Malaysians in protest-hit Kazakhstan safe, says foreign minister". The Malay Mail. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
    181. ^ "Казахстан Улсад Байгаа Иргэдийн Анхааралд". consul.mn (in Mongolian). 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    182. ^ "Pakistan Embassy Help Desks for Pakistanis residing in Kazakhstan". mofa.gov.pk. 8 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
    183. ^ "Ambasada României în Kazahstan a luat legătura cu cei 100 de români din țara marcată de revolte". Digi24 (in Romanian). 6 January 2022.
    184. ^ Vaal, Tamara (10 January 2022). "Putin claims victory in defending Kazakhstan from revolt". Reuters. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    185. ^ "Vladimir Putin vows to stop 'colour revolutions' after sending troops to Kazakhstan". Financial Times. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
    186. ^ Gizzatullin (Гиззатуллин), Azat (Азат) (19 January 2022). "Радий Хабиров: Мы были абсолютно уверены, что народ Казахстана выберет правильный путь развития". bashinform.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 21 February 2022.
    187. ^ "Кадыров призвал казахский народ не идти на поводу у провокаторов". РИА Новости (in Russian). 5 January 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
    188. ^ "Vučić: Opozicija ne veruje da će pobediti kandidata SNS na izborima". Novinska agencija Beta (in Serbian). Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    189. ^ 강윤승 (8 January 2022). "S. Korea calls for restoration of peace amid unrest in Kazakhstan". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    190. ^ "Заявление МИД Таджикистана в связи с ситуацией в Казахстане". www.mfa.tj (in Russian). 6 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
    191. ^ "Вниманию граждан Республики Таджикистан, находящихся в Республике Казахстан". www.mfa.tj (in Russian). 6 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
    192. ^ "Kazakhstan unrest: From Russia to US, the world reacts". AlJazeera. 6 January 2022. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    193. Hurriyet Daily News
      . 13 January 2022.
    194. ^ a b "The President of Turkmenistan has sent a letter of condolences to the President of Kazakhstan". www.mfa.gov.tm. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    195. ^ Kitsoft (10 January 2022). "Міністерство закордонних справ України – Заява МЗС України щодо розвитку ситуації в Республіці Казахстан". mfa.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    196. ^ "UAE reiterates support for stability in Kazakhstan". Arab News. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    197. ^ James, William; Bruce, Andy (6 January 2022). "UK's Truss condemns Kazakhstan violence, says talking with allies". news.trust.org. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    198. ^ Auyezov, Olzhas (5 January 2022). "Kazakh president fails to quell protests, 8 deaths reported". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    199. ^ Mathers, Matt (5 January 2022). "Kazakhstan protesters seize airport amid anger over fuel price rise – follow live". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    200. ^ "Kazakhstan unrest: Blinken questions Russian troop deployment". BBC News. 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
    201. ^ "Qozog'istondagi voqealar yuzasidan O'zbekiston Respublikasi Tashqi ishlar vazirligining bayonoti". Mfa.uz (in Uzbek). 5 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.[permanent dead link]
    202. ^ "O'zbekiston Prezidenti Qozog'iston xalqi va Prezidentiga ta'ziya yo'lladi". Mfa.uz (in Uzbek). 10 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.[permanent dead link]
    203. ^ "Узбекистан эвакуирует своих граждан из Казахстана". EADaily (in Russian). 11 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
    204. ^ "Artsakh President blames "pan-Turkist radicals" and "extremist groups" for Kazakhstan events". /armenpress.am. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
    205. ^ Ghazanchyan, Siranush (10 January 2022). "Artsakh President says developments in Kazakhstan dangerous for neighboring regions". Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
    206. ^ Levina, Mariam (10 January 2022). "Karabakh MFA: Events in Kazakhstan are result of actions planned by Turkey". news.am. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
    207. ^ "Kazakhstan: Statement by the Spokesperson on the latest developments". 5 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
    208. ^ Bir, Burak (6 January 2022). "Organization of Turkic States offers support to protest-hit Kazakhstan". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    209. ^ "UN rights chief urges step back from violence in Kazakhstan". Al Araby. 6 January 2022. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    210. ^ "Kazakhstan unrest: Bachelet urges peaceful resolution of grievances". OHCHR. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
    211. ^ Reinl, James (10 January 2022). "UN criticises Kazakhstan over unauthorised blue peacekeeper helmet use". The National. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
    212. ^ "Javier Colomina". Twitter. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    213. ^ "NATO expressed concern over events in Kazakhstan". news.am. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    214. ^ "Statement on the situation in Kazakhstan by the OSCE Chairman-in-Office". Twitter. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    215. ^ "President Tokayev unveils memorial to victims of January tragedy in Almaty". www.inform.kz. 23 December 2022.