2022 in Somalia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

2022
in
Somalia

Decades:
See also:

Events in the year 2022 in Somalia.

Incumbents

Events

Ongoing –

January

February

  • 19 February – February 2022 Beledweyne bombing: An al-Shabaab suicide bomber kills 14 people at a restaurant in Beledweyne, including a candidate in the parliamentary vote.[4][5]
  • 24 February – Only 175 of the 275 MPs are reported to have been elected for the elections set to take place the next day as the federal states continue debates over venues, delegates, and fairness of the polls.[6]
  • 25 February – The scheduled presidential and parliamentary elections are again postponed to 15 March.[7]

March

April

Deputy Force Commander of the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia at the Speaker of the House elections
  • 26 April
    • Speaker of the House Abdi Hashi Abdullahi is reelected in a vote by the 54-seat Upper House of Parliament. In the vote, Abdullahi won 28 votes, while his rival Salah Jama, got only 24 votes. Osman Dubbe won the remaining 2 votes.[34]
    • PM Roble authorises
      ATMIS peacekeepers to secure an aeroplane hangar in Mogadishu where a speaker of the lower house of parliament should be voted on on 27 April and to take care of the necessary security responsibilities for a successful election as well. President Mohamed countermanded the order, saying police are responsible for security.[33][35]
  • 27 April
    • Internal Minister of Security Abdullahi Haji Hassan Mohamed Nuur, a close ally of PM Roble, suspends the Chief of Police, Maj. Gen. Abdi Hassan Mohamed Hijar for "sabotaging" elections and taking instructions from Villa Somalia, which are supposed to conclude today with the Lower House electing the leadership of the new parliament. To still ensure the security of the elections, the work of the Commander will continue with the Deputy Commander.[33][35][36]
    • Before his dismissal, Maj. Gen. Hijar insisted he wanted the lower house elections today to be postponed because he could not guarantee proper security.[35]
    • Police tried to block the entrance to the aeroplane hangar organized yesterday for lower house parliament elections to take place, but Roble's security forces ordered them to leave, according to Reuters journalists at the scene.[33]
  • 28 April
    • Lower House parliamentary elections conclude, electing Aden Madobe as the new Speaker of the House in a vote that was delayed most of the previous day due to disagreements over the security of the venue of the vote. Nur beat his nearest rival 98 to 74 votes.[37] Both President Mohamed and PM Roble send congratulatory messages on their Twitter accounts.[38][39]

May

  • 3 May – Al-Shabaab jihadists armed with guns and
    Burundian military officer. A dozen soldiers were also declared missing. This was the first-ever attack on ATMIS since taking over AMISOM on 31 March.[40]
  • 7 May – Government officials ask the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to extend its financial support program to the country, worth nearly $400 million, by three months to 17 August, according to the head of the IMF's country mission.[41] This comes as the deadline for the IMF's funding cutoff on 17 May draws nearer, and will only continue if presidential elections are concluded by this date.[33]
  • 9 May – The
    US Agency for International Development (USAID) announces a new $6.8 million initiative called the Stabilization Through Education Program (STEP) to increase access to education in communities affected by conflict and rehabilitating more than 200 damaged classrooms and related school infrastructure.[42]
  • 11 May – Four people are killed, including two police officers and many wounded in a suicide bombing at a
    Mogadishu Airport. Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack.[43]
  • 11–20 May – US General and Commander of the
    Stephen Townsend visits many civilian and military leaders in primarily East African nations including Somalia and Somaliland. The trip concludes with his visit to Somalia, where he discussed the US Security agenda in the region and "satisfaction with the polls" of the presidential election on 15 May.[44]
  • 12 May – The price of AK-47's in gun markets dramatically rise ahead of the upcoming presidential election on 15 May.[45]
  • 14 May – A curfew is set in place in Mogadishu from 9 pm to 6 am tomorrow ahead of tomorrow's presidential elections.[46]
  • 15 May
    • The Presidential elections, after 142 days of delay, concluded with the election of former president Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, head of the Union for Peace and Development Party (UPD). The voting was broadcast live on state TV, where Mohamud received 212 electoral votes and President Mohamed only 109. Mohamud is immediately sworn in, promising his new government would be inclusive and acknowledge previous mistakes including corruption.[47][48][49]
    • Supporters of the new President Mohamud defy the curfew in Mogadishu to cheer and fire guns in the streets in celebration of the election's outcome.[47][48]
  • 16 May
  • 17 May – New President Mohamud thanks Biden on Twitter for returning US troops to the nation to counter al-Shabaab, calling the United States "a reliable partner in our quest to stability and fight against terrorism".[54]
  • 19 May – PM Roble, along with a delegation of Somalis, fly to Dubai in the UAE to return $9.6 million seized from a plane from the nation back in April 2018 in an attempt to mend poor relationships between the nations ever since.[55]
  • 20 May
    • With the election of a new president, the IMF agrees to prolong their 400 million dollar monetary support for Somalia for another three months until 17 August, giving itself time to consult with the new government.[56]
    • President of the
      Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan orders د.إ35 million AED of humanitarian aid to be sent to Somalia to support development and alleviate poverty, according to state news agency WAM.[57]
    • The Human Rights Watch implores the US military to prioritize protecting Somali civilians with the recent announcement of redeployment of 500 Special Forces troops to the nation on 16 May.[58][59]
  • 21 May – President Mohamud and now former President Mohamed tour Villa Somalia and hold key meetings discussing the economy, security, and the upcoming transition of powers on 23 May.[60]
  • 23 May – Former President Mohamed formally cedes all governmental power to President Mohamud in a ceremony at Villa Somalia in Mogadishu, which many government officials attend.[61][62] In Mohamed's speech, he also for the first time admitted to sending 5,000 soldiers to Eritrea last year to undergo training, and said their return was "delayed to prevent political upheaval".[63]
  • 24 May
  • 31 May – President Mohamud arrives in Baidoa for the first time since his election on 15 May to gain popular support of the South West State, with it having the largest number of members in parliament.[68]

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Sports

2022 Arab Futsal Cup

Group 1 qualifications

Deaths

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ "Somalia's leaders agree to hold delayed election by February 25". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  2. ^ "Four people killed, 10 wounded in bombing in Somali capital". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  3. ^ "Arrival of U.S. Ambassador to Somalia Larry E. Andr?, Jr". zawya.com. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  4. ^ "Somalia: Suicide bomb hits restaurant on poll eve". BBC. 19 February 2022.
  5. ^ Mogadishu, Agence France-Presse in (19 February 2022). "Suicide bombing kills 14 in Somali restaurant". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  6. ^ "Somalia extends elections deadline, again". theeastafrican.co.ke. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  7. ^ "Somalia extends election deadline to next month". France 24. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  8. ^ "Somalia: Hunger Crisis 2021-2022 - Revised Emergency Appeal, №: MDRSO011". reliefweb.int. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  9. ^ Collins, Tom (8 April 2022). "Somalis changed the face of money transfers worldwide". qz.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Somalia delays election process again as deadline lapses". France 24. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  11. ^ "Somalia: U.S. Expands Visa Restrictions to More Somalians Over Held-Up Elections". allafrica.com. Shabelle Media Network. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  12. ^ "Why is the American right waging a stealth neocolonial assault on Somalia?". salon.com. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  13. ^ "Somalia's presidential poll heats up with entry of Puntland's leader". The Star (Kenya). 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  14. ^ "At Least 7 Dead in Somalia After Al-Shabab Attacks". VOA. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  15. ^ a b "Woman opposition MP among scores killed in Somalia suicide attacks". france24.com. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  16. ^ Deutsche, Welle (30 March 2022). "Attacks grow as Somalia prepares for presidential election". frontline.thehindu.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  17. ^ "Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Somalis should not be intimidated (Somali)". BBC News Somali. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  18. ^ Lederer, Edith M. "UN authorizes new AU mission in Somalia to combat extremists". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  19. ^ "Hargeisa: Huge fire destroys market in Somali breakaway region". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  20. ^ "Somaliland Special Arrangement: What is Somaliland's special arrangement?". BBC News Somali. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  21. ^ "Somali Prime Minister Orders African Union Envoy to Leave Country". voanews.com. 6 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  22. ^ a b Stein, Chris (16 April 2022). "New leader expected at AU mission in Somalia after Madeira diplomatic tiff". theeastafrican.co.ke. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  23. ^ Juma, Mercy (10 April 2022). "Somalia drought: 'Act now or 350,000 children will die'". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  24. ^ "Saudi Arabia launches iftar aid in Djibouti, Somalia, Kosovo". arabnews.com. 10 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  25. ^ "KSrelief implements health projects in Somalia, Yemen, and for Syrian refugees in Lebanon". arabnews.com. 15 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  26. ^ a b c d "Mortar shells land near airport as Somalia to swear in MPs after long wait". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  27. ^ Ali, Mohamud (14 April 2022). "Somalia's elections - where the people don't vote". BBC News. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  28. ^ "Somalia takes first step towards new government after long delay". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  29. ^ "Women Will Run this Somali Media Company". learningenglish.voanews.com. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  30. ^ "Somalia's parliament hit by Al-Shabab mortar attack". africanews.com. 18 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  31. ^ Maruf, Harun (19 April 2022). "Somali Government, US Company Dispute Legality of Oil Deal". voanews.com. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  32. ^ Faruk, Omar. "Somalia's extremists bomb restaurant in the capital; 6 dead". abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  33. ^ a b c d e "Somalia PM asks peacekeepers to secure parliamentary speaker vote". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  34. ^ "Senate speaker, Abdi Hashi re-elected in Somalia". africanews.com. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  35. ^ a b c "Somalia: Police chief suspended as Farmajo's tussle with PM hits new low". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  36. ^ "Somalia: Somali Police Boss Suspended". allafrica.com. 27 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  37. ^ "Somalia: Parliament elects new speaker after security standoff". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  38. ^ Omar, Feisal (28 April 2022). "Somalia parliament picks Sheikh Adan Mohamed Nur as new speaker". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  39. ^ Hassan, Abdiqani. "Somalia parliament picks Sheikh Adan Mohamed Nur as new speaker". wtvbam.com. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  40. ^ "Al-Shabaab claims deadly attack on AU base in Somalia". africanews.com. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  41. ^ Miriri, Duncan (7 May 2022). "Somalia seeks three-month extension of its IMF support programme". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  42. ^ "Somalia: USAID Announces U.S.$6.8 Million to Boost Rural Education in Somalia". allafrica.com. Shabelle Media Network. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  43. ^ "Police: 4 killed in Somalia blast ahead of presidential vote". foxnews.com. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  44. ^ "U.S. Africa Command's chief concludes trip to East Africa, including Somalia". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  45. ^ Mumin, Abdalle Ahmed (12 May 2022). "Gun prices soar ahead of Somalia's presidential elections". thenewhumanitarian.org. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  46. ^ Nor, Omar (15 May 2022). "Somali forces detain two al-Shabab militants". shabellemedia.com. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  47. ^ a b "Somalia elects Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as new president". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  48. ^ a b "Somali lawmakers elect president voted out 5 years ago". arabnews.com. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  49. ^ a b Princewill, Nimi (16 May 2022). "Former Somali president returns to power, vows to return Somalia to stability". cnn.com. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  50. ^ Bertrand, Natasha (16 May 2022). "Biden approves plan to redeploy US troops to Somalia". cnn.com. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  51. ^ Blinken, Antony J. "Somalia's Presidential Elections". state.gov. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  52. ^ "Ethiopia's PM Abiy Ahmed congratulates new Somalia's President". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  53. ^ Nyabiage, Jevans (18 May 2022). "US military may get access to strategic Somaliland port, airfield". scmp.com. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  54. ^ Maruf, Harun; Seldin, Jeff (17 May 2022). "New Somali President Welcomes Return of US Troops". voanews.com. Voice of America. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  55. ^ Hassan, Mohamed Olad (19 May 2022). "Somalia Releases Nearly $10M Seized from UAE Plane Four Years Ago". voanews.com. Voice of America. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  56. ^ Miriri, Duncan (20 May 2022). "IMF extends budget support for Somalia to August". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  57. ^ Bell, Jennifer (20 May 2022). "UAE President to send AED35 million humanitarian aid to Somalia". alarabiya.net. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  58. ^ Wilkins, Brett (21 May 2022). "Rights Group Urges Civilian Safeguards as Biden Sends Troops Back to Somalia". commondreams.org. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  59. ^ "Somalia: US Redeployment Should Stress Civilian Protection". hrw.org. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  60. ^ "How Farmajo is spending his final days at Villa Somalia". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  61. ^ "Somalia: Hassan Sheikh to take over power on Monday in peaceful transition". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  62. ^ Khalif, Abdulkadir (24 May 2022). "Somalia's Farmaajo hands over presidency to Mohamoud". monitor.co.ug. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  63. ^ Nor, Mohamed Sheikh (24 May 2022). "Outgoing Somali President Admits Sending 5,000 Troops to Eritrea". bloomberg.com. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  64. VOA News
    . Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  65. ^ Sheikh, Abdi (24 May 2022). "Somali minister suspended over charcoal export to Oman breaking U.N. sanctions". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  66. ^ "Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo: Afar arrimood oo laga filayo madaxweynihii hore Villa Soomaaliya kaddib (Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo: Four things to look forward to after the former president of Villa Somalia)". BBC News Somali (in Somali). BBC. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  67. ^ "Somalia: Request for an Extension of the Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility-Press Release; and Staff Report". imf.org. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  68. ^ "Xasan Sheekh oo 'tareenkiisii' uu u jiheystay Baydhabo, muxuu halkaa ka doonay? (Hassan Sheikh on his 'train' to Baidoa; what did he want from there?)". BBC News Somali (in Somali). BBC. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  69. ^ "More than 200,000 face starvation in Somalia as rains fail: UN". aljazeera.com. Aljazeera. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  70. ^ Ahmed, Fathi Mohamed (8 June 2022). "Mogadishu shops shuttered as soaring food prices add to desperation in Somalia". theguardian.com. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  71. ^ a b Williams, Matthias (7 June 2022). "'Widen gaze from Ukraine' to avert famine in Somalia, U.N. agency warns". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  72. ^ Seldin, Jeff (3 June 2022). "Somalia Hails US Airstrike Against al-Shabab". voanews.com. Voice of America. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  73. ^ Slayton, Nicholas (5 June 2022). "The U.S. is bombing al-Shabaab in Somalia, again". taskandpurpose.com. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  74. ^ "Guriga Farmaajo: Waa kuwee afarta nin ee hogaaminaya ololaha Mahadsanid Madaxweyne? (Farmajo House: Who are the four men leading the Thanksgiving campaign?)". BBC News Somali (in Somali). BBC. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  75. ^ "Dignitaries arrive in Somalia ahead of Hassan Sheikh's inauguration". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  76. ^ Mutambo, Aggrey (9 June 2022). "Somalia locks down capital ahead of inauguration". theeastafrican.co.ke. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  77. ^ "Senior Al-Shabaab fighter surrenders to military in Somalia". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  78. ^ "Saudi FM attends inauguration ceremony for Somalia's president". arabnews.com. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  79. ^ "Kenyan president arrives in Somalia for Mohamud's inauguration". theeastafrican.co.ke. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  80. ^ Kagonye, Fred. "President Uhuru attends Somalia president's inauguration". standardmedia.co.ke. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  81. ^ "Al-Shabaab claims it killed 15 Somali soldiers in blast". shabellemedia.com. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  82. ^ "Queen's birthday celebration 2022 in Mogadishu, Somalia: Kate Foster's speech". gov.uk. Embassy of the United Kingdom, Mogadishu. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  83. ^ "Kenya to restart khat exports to Somalia after two years". africanews.com. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  84. ^ "Golaha Wadatashiga Qaran: Heshiiskii London ee uu Farmaajo fulin waayay oo looga heshiiyay Villa Soomaaliya (National Consultative Assembly: The London Agreement that Farmajo failed to implement was agreed upon at Villa Somalia)". BBC News Somali (in Somali). BBC. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  85. ^ "Italy pledges to help Somalia rebuild its army". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  86. ^ "Qatar Charity delivers aid to drought-affected families in Somalia". reliefweb.int. 12 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  87. ^ "US Assures Somalia Of Support In War Against Al-Shabaab and ISIS". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  88. ^ "U.S. Support for Somalia". state.gov. Office of the Spokesperson. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  89. The East African
    . Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  90. ^ "Somaaliya iyo Somaliland: Xukuumadda Somaliland oo si adag uga hadashay shirka Tarsan dartood uga baxay (Somalia and Somaliland: Somaliland Government Slams Out of Tarsan Conference)". BBC News Somali (in Somali). BBC. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  91. ^ "Somali president nominates Hamza Abdi Barre as prime minister". aljazeera.com. Aljazeera. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  92. ^ Sheikh, Abdi (18 June 2022). "Somalia security forces, residents kill 70 militants in attack, says official". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  93. ^ "President of Somalia arrives in UAE". african.business. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  94. ^ "Somalia gets first ever acting female president as Hassan Sheikh visits UAE". garoweonline.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  95. ^ "Sheikh Mohamed reaffirms UAE's support for Somalia during a meeting with president". khaleejtimes.com. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  96. ^ "World Bank to Support Somalia's Drought Response through Cash Transfers to 500,000 Households". worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  97. ^ "Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya: Maxaa ka jira in Xasan Sheekh uu safar qarsoodi ah ku tagay Israel? (Somali President: Why did Hassan Sheikh go on a secret trip to Israel?)". BBC News Somali. BBC. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  98. ^ Hassan, Mohamed Olad (25 June 2022). "Somalia Parliament Approves New Prime Minister". voanews.com. Voice of America. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  99. ^ "Somalia's al Shabaab group makes rare attack near Ethiopia border". Reuters. 22 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  100. ^ "Suicide bombing in Somalia kills 11 including local official". AP NEWS. 27 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  101. ^ "Somali forces battle to end deadly hotel siege in Mogadishu". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  102. ^ "Somali forces end 30-hour Mogadishu hotel siege, 21 killed". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  103. ^ "Al-Shabab kills at least 20, burns food trucks in Somalia". AP NEWS. 3 September 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  104. ^ "Suicide bombing in Somalia kills one soldier and injures six". Reuters. 25 September 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  105. ^ US News, A. B. C. "Police say explosion in Somalia's capital kills 2 students". ABC News. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  106. ^ Sheikh, Abdi (7 November 2022). "Al Shabaab attack Somali military base, 10 soldiers killed". Reuters. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  107. ^ "Somali forces kill 15 al-Shabab militants, foil attack-Xinhua". english.news.cn. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  108. ^ "Somalia Villa Rays attack: Siege ends leaving eight civilians dead". BBC News. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  109. ^ "Somali troops recapture key town from al-Shabab-Xinhua". english.news.cn. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  110. ^ "Fisherman return to Iran years after Somalia kidnapping". Al Arabiya English. 25 December 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  111. ^ a b c "Arab Futsal Championship - Saudi Arabia 2022 Groups". goalzz.com. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  112. ^ "Morocco thrashes Somalia on day 2 of Arab Futsal Cup". garoweonline.com. Arab News. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  113. ^ "Somali female lawmaker among scores killed by suicide bomber". ABC News. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  114. ^ "Zahra Jama obituary". theguardian.com. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  115. ^ "Bombings in Somalia Kill at Least 20". VOA. 27 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  116. ^ "Great Somali poet Hadrawi passed away in Hargeisa". 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.