28th (Thames and Medway) Anti-Aircraft Brigade
28th (Thames & Medway) AA Brigade 54 (Thames & Medway) AA Brigade | |
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Active | 1925 – 1946 1947 – September 1948 |
Country | Baby Blitz Operation Diver |
28th (Thames and Medway) Anti-Aircraft Brigade (28 AA Bde) was an air defence formation of the British
From mid-1944 the German
The brigade was formally disbanded in 1946, following the end of the war. It was reformed in 1947 as 54 (Thames and Medway) AA Brigade, but permanently disbanded in 1948.
Interwar period
At first, 28th AD Bde was subordinate to the Home Counties Area of
Order of Battle 1935
The composition of 28 AA Group in December 1935 was as follows:[3]
- 55th (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, RA (TA)
- HQ at Fort Clarence, Rochester
- 163rd (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Battery at Tunbridge Wells
- 166th (City of Rochester) Anti-Aircraft Battery at Fort Clarence, Rochester
- 205th (Chatham and Faversham) Anti-Aircraft Battery at Chatham
- 58th (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Brigade. A RA (TA) HAA gun unit formed in 1935 by conversion of 52nd (Kent) Medium Brigade, Royal Artillery
- 61st (Finsbury Rifles) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, RA (TA). An AA unit formed in 1935 by conversion of 11th Battalion, the London Regiment (Finsbury Rifles), affiliated to the Middlesex Regiment.[9]
- HQ at Pentonville
- 170th Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun Battery at Finchley
- 171st Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun Battery at Pentonville
- 195th Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun Battery at Finchley
- 272nd Anti-Aircraft Battery added later at Southgate
- 29th (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, RE (TA). Formed in 1935 from the Kent and Middlesex Group Anti-Aircraft Searchlight Companies, Royal Engineers.[9]
- HQ at Marine School, Chatham
- 313rd (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Company at Chatham
- 314th (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Company at Tonbridge
- 322nd Anti-Aircraft Company at Greenhithe
- 347th (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Company at Sidcup
- 32nd (7th City of London) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, RE (TA). A searchlight unit formed in 1935 by conversion of 7th London Regiment (Post Office Rifles) affiliated to the Middlesex Regiment
- HQ at Finsbury Square
- 328th Anti-Aircraft Company at Finsbury Square
- 329th Anti-Aircraft Company at Grove Park, Lewisham
- 330th Anti-Aircraft Company at Grove Park
- 331st Anti-Aircraft Company at Bexleyheath
The 28th and other anti-aircraft groups adopted the more normal formation title of 'Brigades' after the Royal Artillery redesignated its Brigades as "Regiments" in 1938.[10]
Mobilisation
Order of Battle 1939
By the outbreak of the Second World War on 3 September 1939 the London and searchlight units had left 28th AA Bde, which was now entirely composed of heavy AA artillery regiments based in Kent. It was serving in 6 AA Division, which was formed on 30 May 1939 to take responsibility for the air defence of the Thames Estuary, Essex and Kent.[8][11][12][13]
- 55th (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA[14]
- New 307th Battery formed at Tunbridge Wells
- 205th Battery transferred to 89th HAA Regiment
- 58th (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA[15]
- New 264th Battery formed at Dartford
- 75th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA (TA). HAA Regiment converted from field artillery in 1938.
- HQ at Dover
- 223rd (Cinque Ports) Battery at Folkestone
- 233rd (Kent) Battery at Dover
- 306th Battery at Ashford, Kent
- 89th (Cinque Ports) Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA (TA). HAA Regiment raised as duplicate of 75th AA Rgt in April 1939[16]
- HQ at Sittingbourne
- 205th (Kent) Battery at Sittingbourne (from 55th (Kent) AA Regiment)
- 234th (Kent) Battery at Deal
- 235th (Kent) Battery at Margate
Early War
Opportunities for action were rare during the Phoney War, but on the night of 22/23 November 1939 the HAA guns of 28 AA Bde ("Thames South") combined with those of 37 AAB on the other bank of the river ("Thames North") to engage at least two German mine-laying aircraft that had strayed into the mouth of the estuary. One wrecked aircraft was found on the marshes and credited to 206 Battery of 58th HAA Regiment, based at Allhallows, Kent.[17]
During the summer of 1940 the brigade was joined by 53rd (City of London) HAA Regiment, which had been evacuated from Marseille after abandoning its guns in the wake of the Fall of France.[18]
28 AA Brigade was responsible for the defences on the south side of the Thames Estuary (Thames South) including the Royal Naval Dockyard at Chatham, as well as the Port of Dover.[19] By 11 July 1940, the Thames South AA layout operated by 28 AA Bde had a total of 70 HAA guns (3.7-inch and 4.5-inch).[20]
Battle of Britain
The Luftwaffe began its 1940 bombing offensive against the British mainland with small-scale raids on coastal targets. In July 1940 it began heavy daylight raids against south coast ports and shipping; the guns at Dover were in action virtually every day. Lieutenant-Colonel N.V. Sadler of 75th HAA Regiment developed an effective system of HAA barrages over individual points in
The brigade was heavily engaged throughout the Battle of Britain. On 18 August, for example, German air raids appeared over RAF airfields at
One of the lessons the Germans learnt during the Battle of Britain was that day bombers needed to fly in tight formation for mutual protection against fighters. However, the tighter formations made easier targets for ground based guns and were more vulnerable to AA fire. On 8 September a formation of 15 Dornier Do 17s flew along the Thames at 15,000 feet. The opening salvo from a troop of four 3.7-inch guns of 28 AA Bde brought down the three leading aircraft and scattered the others in disorder; they jettisoned their bombs as they escaped.[29] On 15 September, remembered as the zenith of the battle, the guns of 28 AA Bde were in prolonged combat, engaging German aircraft over Chatham in the morning, and again in the afternoon.[26][30]
Overall, British anti-aircraft defences have been considered to have performed poorly during the Battle of Britain. They have been compared unfavourably with similar German efforts of the same period. General
The Blitz
After 15 September the intensity of Luftwaffe day raids declined rapidly, and it began a prolonged night bombing campaign over London and industrial towns known as
At this time Thames South had a planned layout of 25 HAA sites (of which only 16 were occupied), controlled from a Gun Operations Room (GOR) at Chatham. It ran from Dartford to Chatham, where there was a strongly defended area containing the naval dockyards at Chatham and Sheerness and the aircraft factory at Rochester. 28 AA Bde was so stretched that 6 AA Division gave responsibility for LAA cover for Vulnerable Points (VPs) at Crayford, Northfleet, Rochester and the Isle of Grain to 56 LAA Bde. The searchlight layout in Thames South had the dual role of assisting both AA guns and night fighters.[37][23] As the Blitz continued, the number of HAA guns increased and they became more effective: an average of 20,000 shells were fired each German bomber shot down in September 1940; this reduced to 4,087 in January 1941; and to 2,963 shells per kill in February 1941. This was aided by the deployment of more radar and searchlights and more effective use of them.[38]
Operational research
One of the operational sites in Thames South, TS21, was taken over by AA Command's Operational Research Group[a] to combat-test and develop new technologies coming forward such as gun-laying (GL) radar and searchlight control (SLC) Radar. Improved GL Mark I E/F sets began to appear in November 1940, replacing sound-location for HAA sites, and the number of rounds that were fired on average for each "kill" began to fall. The GL radar was also effective in providing target heights for fighters, and the SL batteries were able to pass these to the night fighter controllers at RAF Kenley.[30][39]
Order of Battle, Winter 1940–41
On 15 September 1940, 89th HAA Rgt was relieved of operational duties and ordered to prepare to move overseas. It sailed on 15 December for Egypt; its batteries later fought in the Battle of Crete and the Siege of Tobruk.[40] On 24 November 1940, 75th HAA Regiment was transferred to 62 AA Bde to defend the North Midlands,[8] but 28 AA Bde was strengthened by 90th HAA and 4th LAA regiments:
- 90th HAA Regiment, RA (TA). HAA Regiment raised at Southgate, London in April 1939.[41][42]
- 272, 284, 285 Batteries
In February 1941, 53 (City of London) HAA Regiment moved to Croydon and was transferred to the command of 48 AA Bde.[18]
Mid-War
During 1942 more of the brigade's experienced units were transferred to
A reorganisation of AA Command in October 1942 saw the AA divisions disbanded and replaced by a smaller number of AA Groups more closely aligned with the organisation of RAF Fighter Command. 28 AA Brigade came under a new 1 AA Group covering London and the Thames Estuary.[44][45]
Order of Battle 1941–43
During this period the brigade was composed as follows (temporary attachments omitted):[46][47][48][44][49][50]
- 55th (Kent) HAA Rgt to WO control Spring 1942, then to Persia and Iraq Command (PAIFORCE)[14][51][52]
- 163, 166, 307 HAA Btys
- 308 HAA Bty left June 1941; became an independent battery in West Africa Command[53]
- 418 HAA Bty joined July 1941
- 58th (Kent) HAA Rgt to 9 AA Division Autumn 1941[15]
- 206, 207, 208, 264 HAA Btys
- 419 HAA Bty joined July 1941
- 59th (Essex Regiment) HAA Rgt from 37 AA Bde in 6 AA Division Autumn 1941, to 8 AA Division December 1941[54]
- 164, 167, 265, 418 HAA Btys
- 60th (City of London) HAA Rgt joined by October, left to become unbrigaded mobile unit by November 1942[55]
- 168, 169, 206 HAA Btys
- 72nd (Hampshire) HAA Rgt joined January 1942; to WO control by May 1942, returned by October, then to Operation Torch December 1942[51][56][57][58]
- 217, 218, 393 HAA Btys
- 76th (Gloucestershire) HAA Rgt joined June, left July 1942, later in Operation Torch[57][58][59]
- 236, 237, 349 HAA Btys
- 85th (Tees) HAA Rgt joined Autumn 1941; left June 1942, later in Operation Torch[57][58][60]
- 174, 175, 220, 413 HAA Btys
- 90 HAA Rgt unbrigaded July 1942, then to 71 AA Bde in 6 AA Division September 1942[42]
- 272, 384, 285, 394 HAA Btys
- 127th HAA Rgt new unit formed August 1941, joined Autumn 1941, to 71 Bde June 1942, returned by October 1942; left May 1943[61][62]
- 162 HAA Bty to WO control April 1942, then to East Africa Command[51][63]
- 396, 411, 433 HAA Btys
- 422 HAA Bty from 75 HAA Rgt, 37 AA Bde, April 1942
- 128th HAA Rgt joined by November 1942; left April 1943[64]
- 287, 407 HAA Btys
- 309 HAA Bty attached to 5 AA Bdein 6 AA Division
- 436 HAA Bty attached to 5 AA Group
- 148th (Mixed) HAA Rgt joined April 1943[65]
- 624, 628, 629 (M) HAA Btys
- 631, 633 (M) HAA Btys joined October 1943
- 159th (Mixed) HAA Rgt new unit formed May 1942, joined by October 1942; left October 1943[61][66]
- 542, 543 (M) HAA Btys
- 169th (Mixed) HAA Rgt joined October 1943[67]
- 566, 571, 576, 578 (M) HAA Btys
- 4th (Ulster) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment Supplementary Reserve regiment formed from 3rd (Ulster) Searchlight Regiment, which had served in France with the British Expeditionary Force and had been evacuated (without equipment) from Dunkirk;[61][68][69][70]to 56 AA Bde by May 1942
- 16th LAA Rgt from 56 LAA Bde Spring 1941, to WO Reserve July 1941; later to Middle East Command[71][72][73]
- 45, 46, 83 LAA Btys
-
- 147, 148, 198 LAA Btys
- 49th LAA Rgt from 6 AA Bde in 6 AA Division June 1942; to 78th Infantry Division July 1942[76][77]
- 84, 90, 280, 298 LAA Btys
- 69th LAA Rgt new unit formed December 1940, joined Spring 1941, to 56 AA Bde January 1942[61][78]
- 199, 206, 207 LAA Btys
- 129th (1st Surrey Rifles) LAA Rgt joined June 1942, to 71 AA Bde September 1942[79]
- 425, 426, 427, 455 LAA Btys
- 132nd LAA Rgt from 71 AA Bde July 1942[80]
- 436 HAA Bty Attached to 38 AA Bde
- 437, 438, 439 LAA Btys
- 143rd LAA Rgt new unit formed October 1942; left by March 1943[61][81]
- 403, 410, 413, 484 LAA Btys
- 12th (Mixed) AA 'Z' Rgt Z Battery AA rocket unit joined from 56 AA Bde January 1942; left November 1943[82]
- 111, 126 Z Btys left by November 1942
- 124 Z Bty attached to 71 AA Bde; left January 1943
- 178 Z Bty
- 196, 211 Z Btys joined by December 1942; attached to 37 AA Bde
- 232 Z Bty joined January 1943
After this rapid turnover, the brigade only had three units under command by the end of 1943:[50][83]
- 148th (M) HAA Rgt
- 624, 629, 631, 633 (M) HAA Btys
- 169th (M) HAA Rgt
- 566, 571, 576, 578 (M) HAA Btys
- 132nd LAA Rgt
- 436, 437, 438 LAA Btys
By March 1944 AA Command was releasing manpower for the planned Allied invasion of continental Europe and 90th HAA and 4th LAA Regiments joined Second Army to prepare for the Normandy Landings (Operation Overlord).[42][69][84] Although many regiments were reduced by one or more batteries, there were few other changes to the brigade's order of battle in the early part of 1944:[83]
- 97th LAA Rgt: joined May 1944, left July 1944.[85]
- 232, 301, 480 LAA Btys
- 144th LAA Rgt: joined by October 1944.[86]
- 414, 431 LAA Btys
By October 1944, the brigade's HQ establishment was 9 officers, 8 male other ranks and 24, female, members of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS), together with a small number of attached drivers, cooks and mess orderlies (male and female). In addition the brigade had a Mixed signal office section of 1 officer, 5 male other ranks and 19 ATS, which was formally part of the Group signal unit.[87]
Operation Diver
The Luftwaffe began a new bombing campaign against London in early 1944 (the
As the launching sites were overrun by
At this time, its order of battle was:[83][89]
- 129th (M) HAA Rgt[93]
- 444, 445, 454 (M) HAA Btys
- 138th HAA Rgt joined March–April 1945[94]
- 419, 424, 437 HAA Btys
- 141st (M) HAA Rgt[95]
- 486, 490, 493 (M) HAA Btys
- 131st LAA Rgt left by February 1945[96]
- 432, 433, 434 LAA Btys
Postwar
9 AA Group was disbanded after
When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the Thames and Medway AA Brigade's Regular Army units reformed 7 AA Bde while the TA portion was renumbered as 54 (Thames & Medway) AA Brigade.[b] Once again, it had the two Kent HAA regiments under its command, now renumbered 455 and 458 rather than 55 and 58. It also had 564 Searchlight Regiment, the prewar 29 (Kent) Searchlight Regiment. It was based at Gillingham, Kent, and was subordinate to 1 AA Group.[c] However, 54 AA Bde was disbanded the following year, completely disappearing in September 1948.[6][99][100]
Footnotes
- ^ Under Patrick Blackett.
- ^ The TA AA brigades were now numbered 51 and upwards, rather than 26 and upwards as in the 1930s; the wartime 54 AA Bde was renumbered 80.
- ^ AA Command's corps and divisions had been disbanded in 1942 and a group structure introduced; 1 AA Group controlled the air defences of the London region.
Notes
- ^ Litchfield, pp. 112–3.
- ^ Monthly Army List 1925–35.
- ^ a b c d ""1st AA Division 1936–38" at British Military History" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
- ^ "Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army". digital.slv.vic.gov.au. London: The War Office. 9 November 1927. pp. 125–26. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ Routledge, p. 59.
- ^ a b Frederick, pp. 1048–50.
- ^ Monthly Army List January 1936.
- ^ a b c "6 AA Division 1939 at British Military History" (PDF). 23 September 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
- ^ a b Monthly Army List January 1939.
- ^ Routledge, p. 60
- ^ ""AA Command" at Patriot Files". Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
- ^ Routledge, Table LVIII, p. 376.
- ^ Farndale, Annex J. p. 301
- ^ a b 55 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ a b "58 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
- ^ "89 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
- ^ Routledge, pp. 374–5.
- ^ a b 53 HAA Regt War Diary 1940–41, The National Archives, Kew (TNA) file WO 166/2343.
- ^ 6 AA Division at RA 39–45
- ^ Farndale, p. 106.
- ^ "Collier Appendix XXIII". Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ Routledge, pp. 381–6.
- ^ a b Farndale, Annex D, p. 333.
- ^ Price, p. 26
- ^ Deighton, p. 125
- ^ a b Routledge, pp. 385–6.
- ^ Farndale, p. 109.
- ^ Deighton, p. 182
- ^ Farndale, p. 107.
- ^ a b Farndale, p. 110.
- ^ Deighton, p. 302–03
- ^ Shores 1985, p. 56.
- ^ Hooton 1997, p. 33.
- ^ Richards 1954, p. 201.
- ^ Richards 1954, p. 202.
- ^ Gaskin 2006, pp. 186–187.
- ^ Routledge, pp. 387–9.
- ^ Ray 1996, p. 193.
- ^ Routledge, pp. 392–4.
- ^ 89 HAA Rgt War Diary, 1939–40,TNA file WO 166/2380.
- ^ Litchfield, p. 177.
- ^ a b c "90 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
- ^ Routledge, pp. 399–400.
- ^ a b The National Archives, Kew Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 1 October 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/82.
- ^ Routledge, pp. 400–1.
- ^ The National Archives, Kew Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/79.
- ^ The National Archives, Kew Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/80.
- ^ The National Archives, Kew Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/81.
- ^ The National Archives, Kew Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 13 March 1943, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/83.
- ^ a b The National Archives, Kew Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Order of Battle of AA Command, 1 August 1943, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/84.
- ^ a b c The National Archives, Kew Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional units), 2 April 1942, TNA file WO 212/515.
- ^ Joslen p. 488.
- ^ Joslen, p. 490.
- ^ 59 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ 60 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ "72 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
- ^ a b c Joslen, p. 465.
- ^ a b c Routledge, Tables XXX–XXXII, pp. 188–90.
- ^ 76 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ 85 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ a b c d e f Farndale, Annex M. p. 347
- ^ 127 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ Joslen, p 491.
- ^ 128 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ 148 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ 159 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ 169 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ 3 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ a b 4 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ Keith Brigstock 'Royal Artillery Searchlights', presentation to Royal Artillery Historical Society at Larkhill, 17 January 2007. Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Joslen, p. 485.
- ^ The National Archives, Kew Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional units), 25 March 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/5.
- ^ 16 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ Joslen, p. 523.
- ^ 43 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ Joslen, p. 101.
- ^ 49 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ 69 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ 129 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ 132 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ 143 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ 12 AA 'Z' Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ a b c d The National Archives, Kew Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Order of Battle of AA Command, 27 April 1944, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/85.
- ^ Joslen, p. 463.
- ^ "97 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
- ^ "144 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
- ^ The National Archives, Kew Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine AA Command Organisation Table, October–November 1944, TNA file WO 212/148.
- ISBN 978-0-413-76540-6.
- ^ a b c d Routledge pp. 408–21.
- ^ a b c d Ellis, p. 231
- ^ Pile, p.
- ^ a b Atkinson p. 110–11
- ^ "129 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
- ^ "138 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
- ^ "141 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
- ^ "131 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
- ^ The National Archives, Kew Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Order of Battle of AA Command, 15 November 1945, TNA file WO 212/86.
- ^ "130 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
- ^ Graham Watson, The Territorial Army 1947 at Orbat.com Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "AA Brigades 30–66 at British Army Units 1945 on". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
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- Pile, Sir Frederick (1956), Ack-Ack: Britain's Defence against Air Attack during the Second World War, Stafford: Hamilton OCLC 153294137
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- Ray, John. The Night Blitz: 1940–1941. Cassell Military, London. 1996. ISBN 978-0-304-35676-8
- Richards, Denis (1974) [1953]. Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight At Odds. Vol. I (paperback ed.). London: ISBN 978-0-11-771592-9. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- Routledge, Brig N.W. History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, ISBN 1-85753-099-3.
- Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927.