28th Infantry Division (United States)
The 28th Infantry Division ("Keystone")
It was originally nicknamed the "Keystone Division,"[4] as it was formed from units of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard; Pennsylvania being known as the "Keystone State." During World War II, it was given the nickname the "Bloody Bucket" division by German forces due to the shape and color of its red keystone insignia.[5] Today the 28th Infantry Division goes by the name given to it by General Pershing during World War I: "Iron Division." The 28th is the first Army National Guard division to field the Stryker infantry fighting vehicle, as part of the Army's reorganization in the first decade of the 2000s.
The 28th is also one of the most decorated infantry divisions in the United States Army.[6]
Creation
On 12 March 1879, Governor
The division was mustered into federal service for the
The division was called up to respond to labor disturbances in 1877 and 1900.
In 1914 the division was designated the 7th Division as part of a broad reorganization of the National Guard.
The remnant left on the border included the 8th and 13th Regiments, the newly formed 3rd Artillery and Company C of the Engineers.[14] They were released from active service in March 1917. However, the call-up process for World War I was underway as these units left the border. The 13th Regiment began its return home from Texas on 21 March 1917, but en route were told that their mustering-out orders had been rescinded.
World War I
Federalization
The division moved to Camp Hancock, Georgia, in April 1917, the same month of the American entry into World War I, and was there when the entire division was federalized on 5 August 1917. From May to 11 October 1917, the division was reorganized into the two-brigade, four-regiment scheme, also known as a square division, and thus became the 28th Division.
The Turner Publishing account says that:[15]
The situation for the division at Camp Hancock was dismal. The men arrived there in summer uniforms, which were not replaced by winter ones until the winter was well along. Adequate blankets were not available until January. Training equipment was woeful. There was but one bayonet for each three men; machine guns made of wood; and there was but one 37-mm gun for the whole division.
Overseas service
By May 1918, after several months of training, the division had arrived in Europe, and began training with the British. On 14 July, ahead of an expected German offensive, the division was moving forward, with most of it committed to the second line of defense south of the
During World War I, the division was involved in the
Order of battle
- Headquarters, 28th Division
- 55th Infantry Brigade
- 109th Infantry Regiment
- 110th Infantry Regiment
- 108th Machine Gun Battalion
- 56th Infantry Brigade
- 111th Infantry Regiment
- 112th Infantry Regiment
- 109th Machine Gun Battalion
- 53rd Field Artillery Brigade[19]
- 107th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
- 108th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
- 109th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
- 103rd Trench Mortar Battery
- 107th Machine Gun Battalion
- 103rd Engineer Regiment
- 103rd Field Signal Battalion
- Headquarters Troop, 28th Division
- 103rd Train Headquarters and Military Police
- 103rd Ammunition Train
- 103rd Supply Train
- 103rd Sanitary Train
- 109th, 110th, 111th, and 112th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals[20]
Interwar period
The 28th Division headquarters arrived at the
Commanders
- Major General William G. Price, Jr. (22 December 1921–23 March 1933)
- Major General Edward C. Shannon (23 March 1933–24 June 1939)
- Major General Edward Martin (26 June 1939–27 January 1942)
World War II
Federalization
The division, commanded by Major General Edward Martin, was called into federal service on 17 February 1941 during World War II (although the United States was neutral at this point) at Camp Livingston, Louisiana. In February 1942, the division, now commanded by Major General James Ord, was reorganized; the brigade headquarters were disbanded, and the 111th Infantry Regiment was detached from the 28th and reorganized as a separate regimental combat team, initially used to guard important Eastern Seaboard industrial facilities under the Eastern Defense Command.
Order of battle
- Headquarters, 28th Infantry Division
- 109th Infantry Regiment
- 110th Infantry Regiment
- 112th Infantry Regiment
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 28th Infantry Division Artillery
- 107th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
- 108th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
- 109th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
- 229th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
- 103rd Engineer Combat Battalion
- 103rd Medical Battalion
- 28th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
- Headquarters, Special Troops. 28th Infantry Division
- Headquarters Company, 28th Infantry Division
- 728th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
- 28th Quartermaster Company
- 28th Signal Company
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
- 28th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment
The division trained in the Carolinas, Virginia, Louisiana, Texas, and Florida, under the command of Major General Omar Nelson Bradley.[23]
Overseas
The division, now under Major General
The 28th Infantry Division pushed east towards the French capital of
After enjoying a brief respite, absorbing replacements of men and equipment, the division, now commanded by Brigadier General Norman Cota, formerly the Assistant Division Commander (ADC) of the 29th Infantry Division, headed to the German defensive Westwall.
A small night
The Ardennes Offensive was launched along the entire divisional front by the 5th Panzer Army led by General der Panzertruppe Hasso von Manteuffel.[27] The 28th, which had sustained heavy casualties in the First Army drive to the Roer, fought doggedly in place using all available personnel and threw off the enemy timetable before withdrawing to Neufchâteau on 22 December for reorganization, as its units had been badly mauled.[28]
At the end of November 1944 a German "pocket" of resistance formed in the French
Battle plans were soon made and, on 19 January, the 28th went into action on the northwestern section of the pocket in the Kaysersberg Valley supporting the beleaguered 3rd Infantry Division, which had been holding there since late November 1944. Despite the bitterly cold conditions, the Allies prevailed. German intelligence knew nothing about the 10th and 28th presence in their sector until they attacked. The 28th advanced westward and pressed steadily toward the city of Colmar. In less than 10 days they reduced the pocket by half and Adolf Hitler gave the order in the early morning of 29 January for a partial retreat of his troops in the northern sector of the pocket. By 2 February, the 28th had cleared Colmar's surrounding areas and the French 5th Armored Division led the way into the town.[31] On 9 February, the final organized German troops in Alsace were pushed back across the Rhine.
The
The division was on the front line for 196 days of combat. Francis J. Clark was awarded the Medal of Honor; and 29 Distinguished Service Crosses ; 1 DSM; 435 Silver Stars; 27 Legion of Merit; SM - 21; Bronze Star Medal 2,312; AM - 100 were awarded.[33] The division returned to the United States on 2 August 1945 and was inactivated there on 13 December 1945.
Casualties
- Total battle casualties: 16,762[34]
- Killed in action: 2,316[34]
- Wounded in action: 9,609[34]
- Missing in action: 884[34]
- Prisoner of war: 3,953[34]
Assignments in ETO
- 22 October 1943: V Corps, First Army.
- 14 April 1944: XX Corps, Third Army
- 24 April 1944: Third Army, but attached to First Army
- 26 July 1944: XIX Corps
- 30 July 1944: XIX Corps, First Army
- 1 August 1944: XIX Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group
- 28 August 1944: V Corps
- 19 November 1944: VIII Corps
- 20 December 1944: VIII Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
- 5 January 1945: VIII Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to Oise Section, Communications Zone, for supply.
- 6 January 1945: VIII Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
- 8 January 1945: Third Army, 12th Army Group.
- 9 January 1945: Fifteenth Army, 12th Army Group.
- 16 January 1945: Fifteenth Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
- 20 January 1945: French II Corps.
- 28 January 1945: XXI Corps.
- 14 February 1945: Fifteenth Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
- 19 February 1945: 12th Army Group.
- 21 February 1945: V Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group.
- 16 March 1945: VIII Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
- 22 March 1945: V Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group.
- 28 March 1945: III Corps.
- 7 April 1945: First Army, 12th Army Group.
- 10 April 1945: Fifteenth Army, 12th Army Group.
- 13 April 1945: XXII Corps.
- 26 April 1945: XXIII Corps.[33]
Medal of Honor
Desertion
Edward Donald Slovik (18 February 1920 – 31 January 1945) was a private in the 109th Infantry Regiment during World War II and the only American soldier to be executed for cowardice since the American Civil War. Although over 21,000 soldiers were given varying sentences for desertion during World War II, including 49 death sentences, Slovik's was the only death sentence carried out.[36]
Post World War II service
After being inactivated as part of the Army on 13 December 1945 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, the 28th Infantry Division was reorganized on 20 November 1946 and returned to the Pennsylvania Army National Guard at Harrisburg.
The 28th was ordered into active federal service on 5 September 1950 at Harrisburg following the outbreak of the
On 1 June 1959, the division was reorganized under the
The division was not mobilized during the
In 1996, after the signing of the
21st century
In 2003, the 28th Division again led KFOR, the NATO peacekeeping mission in Kosovo, as part of KFOR 5A for a 9-month rotation. The 28th was the first reserve component division headquarters to take on this role in Kosovo. Later in 2005, elements of the 28th Division would again return to Kosovo as part of KFOR's KFOR 6B rotation, the first year-long rotation by U.S. troops to the region.
During the
D Troop 2/104th CAV[38](RSTA)was activated in January 2003 for two years. The platoon-sized element deployed to Iraq in September 2003 as a UAV platoon with elements from the Maryland National Guard. These were the first National Guard Units to fly the Shadow UAV.[39]
Company A,
Operation Enduring Freedom, Sept 2009-Nov 2010 Company C, 1/110th Inf attached to TF 2nd BCT 101st (Rakkasans) served as a platoon size force protection for PRTs in Paktika, Gardez, and Khost (FOB Chapman) with support elements in FOB Salerno. On 28 Aug 2010, the platoon under 1LT Dickey repelled a Haqanni-coordinated attack at FOB Chapman.[40][41]
Operation Iraqi Freedom
1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment
In September 2001, the
The battalion commander LTC Richard T. Curry and CSM Albert Whatmough along with the remaining companies continued their regular training cycle until October 2004, when the remaining companies of the 1–107th Cavalry were activated for service in Operation Iraqi Freedom III. One element of HHC 1–107th CAV was then deployed to Fort Dix, New Jersey for mobilization training and left for Kuwait in January 2005. The companies operated in
The FOB Endurance/Q-West Base Complex HQ elements of the 1–107th CAV were attached to the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and received the Army
2nd Squadron, 107th Cavalry
Assigned to the 28th Infantry Division in September 2008, the
1st Battalion, 109th Field Artillery
In December 2003 the 1st Battalion,
2nd Battalion, 103rd Armor
In January 2004, B and C Companies of the 2nd Battalion,
1st Battalion, 103rd Armor
In June 2004, the 1st Battalion, 103rd Armor was activated at Fort Bliss, Texas and deployed to Iraq in November in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The Task Force was composed of units from the K Troop 104th Cavalry, A Co. 1-111 Infantry, 1-112 Infantry, 1-103rd Armor, 1-109th Infantry, 103rd Engineers, and several Soldiers from the 116th CAV (Idaho NG). This marked the first deployment of a 28th ID combat battalion to a war zone since World War II. The battalion, now designated as a Task Force (Task Force DRAGOON), was stationed at Forward Operating Base Summerall, near Bayji. Attached initially to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division, and then the 1st Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, the 800-man TF 1–103rd Armor, commanded by LTC Philip J. Logan, engaged in combat operations for 12 months before redeploying to the United States in November 2005. Thirteen soldiers from TF Dragoon were killed in action during combat operations in Salah Ad Din Province, a heavily Sunni Muslim area in the north part of the "Sunni Triangle." For its outstanding performance during combat operations, TF 1-103rd Armor was awarded the Army Meritorious Unit Citation.
2nd Brigade Combat Team
The division's
In May 2005, 2nd Brigade soldiers trained at the
In late June and early July 2005, 2nd Brigade soldiers began deploying to the
The 2/28 BCT received a 'transfer of authority' for its area of operations (AO) in central Al Anbar Province in July 2005. The area of operations was very large, but 2/28 BCT focused operations along the
The mission of the 2/28 BCT was to neutralize the insurgency and develop
2/28 BCT operations resulted in: 1) Millions of dollars of humanitarian assistance projects were completed; 2) Over 3,000 insurgents and terrorists were detained or killed; 3) A successful referendum election in October 2005 and a successful general election in December 2005; 4) Approximately 5,000 Iraqi soldiers trained and integrated into all operations, including transitioning area of operations to Iraqi brigades and battalions; 5) Hundreds of tons of explosives, ammunition, and weapons seized from insurgent caches; 6) over 1,000 young men of Ramadi recruited into the Iraqi Police; 7) Coalition force and Iraqi Army outposts established and areas controlled that had formerly been insurgent strongholds; 8) Over 1,100 roadside bombs discovered before they could be used against civilians, Iraqi government officials, or coalition forces and Iraqi soldiers.
2/28 BCT was awarded the Navy Unit Commendation as part of the I Marine Expeditionary Force (Forward) for the period of 28 February 2006 until the transition of authority to 1st Armored Division.
2nd Brigade – OIF Composition
- Headquarters Company, 2nd Brigade, 28th Infantry Division
- 109th Infantry Regiment (PA NG)[detached to MAW, Al Asad]
- 110th Infantry Regiment (PA NG)
- 1st Battalion, 172nd Armor (VT NG)
- A Company, 3rd Battalion, 172nd Infantry (MTN) (VT NG)
- C Company, 1/103rd Armor (PA NG)
- A Company, 3/103rd Armor (PA NG)
- B Troop, 1-104th Cavalry Regiment (PA NG)
- A Troop, 167th Cavalry Regiment (NE NG)
- 222nd Field Artillery Regiment (UT NG)
- 876th Engineer Battalion (PA NG)
- 228th Forward Support Battalion (PA NG)
- B Company, 1/125 Infantry [MI NG]
- A Company, 138th Signal Battalion (IN NG)
- D Company, 1/149 Infantry (KY NG)
- 231st Military Intelligence Company (KY NG)
- 1st Platoon, 28th Military Police Company (PA NG)
- 2–69th Armor (Fort Benning, GA), 2005–2006
- 1st Battalion, Ft Campbell, KY), 2006
- 118th ASOS (NC ANG)
- 1/5 Marines, 2005
- 3/7 Marines, 2005–2006
- 3/8 Marines, 2006
56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team
The brigade trained at Camp Shelby, Mississippi from 19 September 2008 until November 2008 when it moved to the
56th Stryker Brigade – OIF Composition
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 56th Brigade Combat Team (Stryker)
- 1st Battalion, 111th Infantry Regiment
- 1st Battalion, 112th Infantry Regiment
- 2nd Battalion, 112th Infantry Regiment
- 1st Battalion, 108th Field Artillery Regiment
- Battery B, 1st Battalion, 109th Filed Artillery Regiment
- 328th Brigade Support Battalion
- 2d Squadron (RSTA), 104th Cavalry Regiment
- 856th Engineer Company
- 656th Signal Company
- 556th Military Intelligence Company
- Company D (Anti Tank), 112th Infantry Regiment
Combat Aviation Brigade
Soldiers of the
Organization
As a modular division, the 28th Infantry Division consists of a headquarters battalion, one
- 28th Infantry Division, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
- 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, in Washington, Pennsylvania
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, in Washington, Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 1st Battalion, 109th Infantry Regiment, in Scranton, Pennsylvania
- 1st Battalion, 110th Infantry Regiment, in Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania
- MD NG)
- 107th Field Artillery Regiment, in New Castle, Pennsylvania
- 876th Brigade Engineer Battalion, in Johnstown, Pennsylvania
- 128th Brigade Support Battalion, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Horsham Air Guard Station in Horsham, Pennsylvania
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, at Horsham Air Guard Station
- RSTA), in Reading, Pennsylvania
- 1st Battalion, 111th Infantry Regiment, in Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
- 1st Battalion, 112th Infantry Regiment, in Cambridge Springs, Pennsylvania
- 2nd Battalion, 112th Infantry Regiment, in Lewistown, Pennsylvania
- 1st Battalion, 108th Field Artillery Regiment, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 328th Brigade Support Battalion, in Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, at
- 28th Infantry Division Artillery (PA NG)
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battery
-
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania
- Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania
- NJ NG)
- MD NG)
- Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, at
- 28th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade, in Springfield, Ohio (OH NG)
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, in Springfield, Ohio
- 371st Special Troops Battalion, in Newark, Ohio
- 112th Transportation Battalion, in North Canton, Ohio
Attached units:
- 55th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, in Scranton, Pennsylvania[45]
- 1st Battalion, M109A6 Paladin), in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
- 165th Military Police Battalion, in Annville, Pennsylvania
- 337th Engineer Battalion, at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania
- 1st Battalion,
Division commanders
|
|
Legacy
Shrine
A shrine dedicated to the 28th Infantry Division is located on the grounds of the Pennsylvania Military Museum in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania. This site was formerly the estate of Colonel Theodore Davis Boal. In 1916, Boal formed the Boal Troop, a State College-based, horse-mounted machine gun unit of the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, which was accepted as a provisional unit of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard. In April 1917, the Boal Troop was reconfigured as an infantry unit, Company A of the 107th Machine Gun Battalion, and deployed to France for service in World War I.
In 1919, soldiers of the Boal Troop returning from the war erected a monument on the Boal Estate dedicated to their fallen comrades. In the 1920s, other units of the 28th began erecting their own memorials, and began to refer to the area as a "shrine." In 1931, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania purchased the site, and in 1969 the Pennsylvania Military Museum was opened. By 1971, memorials to most of the units of the 28th that served in World War I had been erected, and in 1997 a World War II memorial was dedicated at this site.
Members of the 28th Infantry Division have gathered for a memorial service at the shrine every third Sunday in May since 1919. U.S. Route 322, on which the shrine is located, is named the Pennsylvania 28th Division Highway.
Honors
Campaign participation credit
Conflict | Streamer | Year(s) |
---|---|---|
American Civil War.[47] | Peninsula[47]
|
1862 |
American Civil War | Antietam[47] | 1862 |
American Civil War | Fredericksburg[47] | 1862 |
American Civil War | Chancellorsville[47] | 1863 |
American Civil War | Gettysburg[47]
|
1863 |
American Civil War | Virginia[47] | 1863 |
American Civil War | Wilderness[47] | 1864 |
American Civil War | Spotsylvania[47] | 1864 |
American Civil War | Cold Harbor[47] | 1864 |
American Civil War | Petersburg[47] | 1864 |
War With Spain[48] | Manila[48] | 1898 |
Philippine–American War[48] | Manila[48] | 1899 |
Philippine–American War | Malolos[48] | 1899 |
World War I | Champagne-Marne | 1918 |
World War I | Aisne-Marne | 1918 |
World War I | Oise-Aisne | 1918 |
World War I | Meuse-Argonne | 1918 |
World War I | Champagne | 1918 |
World War I | Lorraine | 1918 |
World War II | Central Pacific[47]
|
1943 |
World War II | Eastern Mandates[47] | 1944 |
World War II | Normandy[49] | 1944 |
World War II | Western Pacific[47]
|
1944 |
World War II | Northern France[49]
|
1944 |
World War II | Rhineland[49]
|
1944 |
World War II | Ardennes-Alsace[49] | 1944 |
World War II | Central Europe[49]
|
1945 |
Iraq
|
Iraqi Governance[50] | 2004–05 |
Iraq | National Resolution[50] | 2005 |
Iraq | Iraqi Sovereignty[51] | 2009 |
Unit decorations
Ribbon | Award | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Presidential Unit Citation (United States) (Army), World War II | 1944 | Battle of the Bulge[52] | |
French Croix de guerre , World War II (with Palm)
|
1944 | Streamer with Palm, embroidered COLMAR.[53] | |
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), World War II | 1944–45 | Streamer embroidered EUROPEAN THEATER[54] | |
Luxembourg Croix de Guerre , World War II
|
1944–45 | Streamer embroidered LUXEMBOURG[55] |
Heraldic items
Shoulder sleeve insignia
- Description: A red Keystone.
- Symbolism: The keystone, symbol of the state of Pennsylvania, alludes to the nickname of the division.
- Background: The shoulder sleeve insignia was approved on 19 October 1918.
- TIOH Drawing. No. A-1-231
Distinctive unit insignia
- Description: On a gold disk divided per pairle reversed Gules, Argent and Azure, the crest from the National Guard of the State of Pennsylvania.
- Symbolism:
- Purportedly, the device was designed by Benjamin Franklin, who aroused the people of Philadelphia.
- The shield on the device is that of William Penn, while the colors of the wreath, red and white, denote the predominantly English origin of the early settlements.
- Background:
- The distinctive unit insignia was originally authorized for the 28th Infantry Division Headquarters; Headquarters Detachment, 28th Division; Headquarters Company, 28th Division; Headquarters Special Troops, 28th Division and Headquarters Detachment Special Troops, 28th Division on 6 February 1929.
- It was redesignated for the non-color bearing units of the 28th Infantry Division on 10 July 1968.
28th Infantry Division Song: "Roll On!"
By SGT Emil Raab (circa 1944)
We're the 28th men and we're out to fight again for the good old U.S.A.
We're the guys who know where to strike the blow and you'll know just why after we say:
Roll On, 28th, Roll On, set the pace, Hold the banners high and raise the cry, We're off to victory!
Let the Keystone shine right down the line for all the world to see.
When we meet the foe we'll let them know we're Iron Infantry,
So Roll On, 28th, Roll On!
In popular culture
The 28th Infantry Division was portrayed in the 1998 HBO film When Trumpets Fade, a movie about the Battle of Hürtgen Forest.
The 1919 silent film J'accuse, a romantic drama set against the horrors of World War I, includes references to the 28th Division's role in the war.[56]
In the 1968 film The Subject Was Roses the character Timmy, played by Martin Sheen wears his 28th Division uniform throughout the picture.[57]
In the 1974 TV movie The Execution of Private Slovik starring Martin Sheen as Slovik, the 28th Division patch is seen on many characters, including on Sheen's character.
In the opening scenes of the 1978 film Dawn of the Dead, Soldiers are seen wearing red keystones on their uniforms.[58] The Soldier in the movie The Happening is wearing keystone patches on his uniform.[59]
The 28th Infantry Division is mentioned in the miniseries Band of Brothers in episode 5, "Crossroads" at approximately 43 minutes in the movie theater scene.[60]
References to the 28th Infantry Division's World War II experiences appear in the book Company Commander by Charles Brown MacDonald. They appear in Chapter 2 of the print version or at 43:17 of the audio version.[61]
Notable personnel
- Hervey Allen served with the 28th Division in World War I
- Art Carney served with the 28th Division, World War II
See also
References
- ^ a b "Special Unit Designations". United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "History of the 28th Division". Pennsylvania Army National Guard. 2006. Archived from the original on 7 February 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.
- ^ Pennsylvania National Guard (published 19 September 2012), "28th Infantry Division Change-of-Command Ceremony", minute 1:10/3:53
- ^ "Connecticut Servicemen in the "Bloody Bucket" Division - Connecticut History | a CTHumanities Project". Connecticut History | a CTHumanities Project - Stories about the people, traditions, innovations, and events that make up Connecticut's rich history. 19 August 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-253-35521-8.
- ^ "28th ID Change-of-Command Ceremony". PA National Guard. 16 September 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "28th Infantry Division". Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
- ^ "National Guard Orders" (Google News Archive). Gettysburg Compiler. 17 July 1894. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
- ^ "The News of a Day's Doings: Domestic" (Google News Archive). Baltimore American. 13 August 1894. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
- ^ "Signal Corps for Soldiers" (Google News Archives). Gettysburg Compiler. 31 July 1894. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
- ^ Turner Publishing, 20–21.
- ^ Wilson, Maneuver and Firepower
- ^ Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades, 28th Div
- ^ a b 28th Infantry (Keystone) Division: Mechanized: 125 Years of Service, Turner Publishing, 26.
- ^ 28th Infantry (Keystone) Division: Mechanized: 125 Years of Service, Turner Publishing, 27.
- ^ Turner Publishing, 29.
- ^ "Recipients, World War I". Medal of Honor. Center of Military History, U.S. Army. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
- ^ Martin, Edward (1923). The Twenty-Eighth Division: Pennsylvania's Guard in the World War. Norwood, MA: The Plimpton Press.
- ^ File:Activities_and_citations_of_the_53rd_field_artillery_brigade_(IA_activitiescitati00pric).pdf
- ^ McGrath, The Brigade, p.168
- ^ "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- ^ Clay, Steven (2014) [2010]. U.S. Army Order of Battle 1919–1941, Volume 1, The Arms: Major Commands and Infantry Organizations. Fort Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 239–240. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Lone Sentry: 28th Roll On: The Story of the 28th Infantry Division -- WWII G.I. Stories Booklet". www.lonesentry.com. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- ^ MacDonald, Charles B. (1993) [1961]. The Siegfried Line Campaign (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-8050-6290-8.
- ^ Marshall, S.L.A. (2010) [1946]. Bastogne: The Story of the First Eight Days (PDF). United States Army. pp. 4 and 5.
- ^ Marshall S.L.A. (1988) [1946]. Bastogne: The Story of the First Eight Days. United States Army. p. 1.
- ^ Cole, Hugh M. (1993) [1965]. The Ardennes: The Battle of the Bulge (PDF). Chapter VIII: United States Army, Center of Military History. pp. 173–211. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
- ^ Clarke, Jeffrey J. & Smith, Robert Ross (1993). Riviera to the Rhine (PDF). Chapter XXIV: United States Army. pp. 433–445. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ^ Riviera to the Rhine (PDF). Chapter XXIX. p. 534. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ^ Riviera to the Rhine (PDF). pp. 534–560. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ^ Dalessandro, Robert J. (6 February 2013). "Lineage and Honors". Organizational History Program. United States Army. pp. 109th Infantry Regiment. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ^ a b Order of Battle of the United States Army European Theater of Operations. Paris, France: U.S. Army. 1945. pp. 109–119. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)
- ^ "Medal of Honor Recipients, World War II". U.S. Army. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
- ^ "History of the 109th Infantry Regiment". Lane Memorial Library, Hampton, NH. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
- ^ Turner Publishing, 56.
- ^ Zapotoczny Jr., Walter S. (30 November 2007). "Shadow Warriors Pennsylvania ARNG Tactical UAS Training Program" (PDF). Army Aviation. pp. 36–41.
- ^ "MD, PA First Army Guard Units to Fly Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle". www.defense-aerospace.com. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- ^ eye witness B. Pastorini USACE Civ
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
- ^ AUSA, Torchbearer Special Report, 7 November 2005; "Army National Guard Division and Brigade Combat Team Designations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ "28th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade". Pennsylvania National Guard. 19 November 2019.
- ^ "Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Aviation Brigade, 28th Infantry Division | Lineage and Honors | U.S. Army Center of Military History".
- ^ "55th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade". Pennsylvania Army National Guard. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ Roles, Doug (9 March 2024). "Iron Division welcomes 40th commanding general". DVIDS. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: 28th Infantry Division. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Earned only by the 56th Brigade, 28th Infantry Division Units.
- ^ a b c d e Earned only by the 2nd Brigade, 28th Infantry Division units.
- ^ a b c d e Earned by all units of the 28th Infantry Division Except 56th Infantry Brigade.
- ^ a b Earned by units of the 2nd Brigade only.
- ^ Earned by the 56th Brigade and 28th Combat Aviation Brigade only.
- ^ "1st Battalion - 109th Field Artillery Regiment". GlobalSecurity.Org. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
- ^ 109th Infantry cited; DA GO 43, 1950.
- ^ 28th Quartermaster Company cited; Headquarters, 28th Infantry Division also entitled. GO 11, 28th Infantry Division, 1945.
- ^ Headquarters, 28th Infantry Division, 28th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, 28th Quartermaster Company, 109th Infantry, and 110th Infantry cited; DA GO 43, 1950.
- ^ J'accuse 1919 Film Retrieved 10 February 2011.
- ^ The Subject Was Roses (1968) Retrieved 11 March 2018.
- ^ Dawn of The Dead (1978) Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ^ The Happening, 2008 Retrieved 12 November 2016
- ^ Band of Brothers Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-5047-3891-0.
Bibliography
- American Battle Monuments Commission (1938–1992). American Armies and Battlefields in Europe. Washington, D.C.: OCLC 25316157.
- American Battle Monuments Commission (1944). 28th Division Summary of Operations in the World War. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 1022279.
- OCLC 78605078.
- Clyma, Carleton B., ed. (1945). Connecticut Men, 28th—Bloody Bucket—Division, September 1945. Hartford, Connecticut.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Colbaugh, Jack, ed. (1973). The Bloody Patch: A True Story of the Daring 28th Infantry Division. New York, New York: Vantage Press. OCLC 1092266.
- Cole, Hugh M. (1965). The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. OCLC 78624377.
- Curry, Cecil B. (1984). Follow Me and Die. The Destruction of an American Division in World War II. New York, New York: OCLC 9895460.
- Ent, Uzal W. (1979). The First Century of the 28th Infantry Division. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: OCLC 5563914.
- Gabel, Christopher R (1991). The U.S. Army GHQ Maneuvers of 1941. United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. OCLC 23651527.
- Gilbert, Eugene (1919). The 28th Division in France. Nancy, France: Berger-Levrault. OCLC 3147481.
- Historical and Pictorial Review of the 28th Infantry Division in World War II … Normandy; Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes, Central Europe. Atlanta, Georgia: Albert Love Enterprises. 1946. OCLC 1823326.
- Historical and Pictorial Review of the 28th Infantry Division in World War II … Normandy; Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes, Central Europe (Reprint ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Battery Press. 1980. OCLC 7169903.
- Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in World War; American Expeditionary Forces; Divisions. Washington, D.C.: Historical Section, Army War College / Government Printing Office. 1931–1988. OCLC 16582087.
- Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in World War; American Expeditionary Forces; Divisions. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. 1988.
- McLemore, H; Kahn, E.J. Jr. (1945). Fighting Divisions. Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press. OCLC 1520083.
- McLemore, H; Kahn, E.J. Jr. (1980). Fighting Divisions. Washington, D.C.: Zenger Publishing Company.
- The 'Keystone Division.' A Condensed History of the 28th Infantry Division. National Guardsman. June 1948. pp. 13–14.
- Keystone News, Organization Day, 1953 (1953). Keystone Division's 36th Anniversary. Goppingen, Germany.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - MacDonald, Charles B, Charles B. (1973). The Last Offensive. United States Army in World War II. Washington, District of Columbia: United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. OCLC 614914511.
- MacDonald, Charles B. (1963). The Siegfried Line Campaign. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. OCLC 1351714.
- MacDonald, Charles B. & Mathews, Sydney T (1952). Three Battles: Arnaville, Altuzzo, and Schmidt. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. OCLC 1350067.
- Martin, Edward, ed. (1924). The Twenty-Eighth Division, Pennsylvania Guard in the World War. Norwood, Mass: Washington Press. OCLC 2886171.
- Nevitt, Thomas R (October 1948). A Guard Division Trains for M—Day. Washington, D.C.: Army Information Digest. p. 35.
- Ohe, John K (Summer 1978). The Keystone Division in the Great War. Washington, D.C.: Prologue, The Journal of the National Archives. pp. 82–89.
- Peterman, I.H. (28 September 1946). "They Took the Nazis' Sunday Punch". Saturday Evening Post. pp. 2 Otf.
- Pennsylvania in the World War. An Illustrated History of the Twenty-Eighth Division. 2 vols. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: States Publications Society. 1921. OCLC 3878635.
- Proctor, Henry George (1919). The Iron Division, National Guard of Pennsylvania in the World War; the Authentic and Comprehensive Narrative of the 28th Division in the World's Greatest War. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: John C. Winston Co. OCLC 587848.
- A short history and illustrated roster of the 109th Field Artillery, Third Penna. Field Artillery, 53rd Artillery Brigade, 28th Division, armies of the United States. Colonel OCLC 5621531.
- Smith, Herbert E. (1 January 1934). A. E. F. Divisional Insignia- The Twenty-Eighth Division. Washington, D.C.: Recruiting News. p. 3.
- National Guardsman. SRF. November 1965. pp. 8–16. OCLC 1713900.
- The States Pass in Review: Pennsylvania, 28th Infantry (Keystone Division). Washington, D.C.: National Guard. January 1991. p. 125.
- Taylor, Benjamin G. (August 1954). Operation Schmidt. Washington, D.C.: Military Review. pp. 30–39. OCLC 173329860.
- 28th Infantry Division—Germany, 1953. n.p. 1953.
- 28th Infantry Division, Pennsylvania National Guard Summer Encampment, 1956. n.p. 1956. OCLC 23466167.
- Twenty-Eighth Infantry Division, United States Army, Camp Atterbury, Indiana, "Roll on 28th," Pictorial Review, 1950–1951. Atlanta, Georgia: Albert Love Enterprises. 1951.
- Twenty-Eighth Infantry Division, United States Army, Europe, Pictorial Review, 1951–1952. Atlanta, Georgia: Albert Love Enterprises. 1952.
- 28th Roll On: The Story of the 28th Infantry Division. Paris, France: G.I. Stories. 1945.
- Warner, Frank A. (1919). Journal of Operations, Twenty-Eighth Division A.E.F., August 5,1917 [to] November 2, 1918. n.p. OCLC 4139192.
- Weaver, Michael E. (2010). Guard Wars: The 28th Infantry Division in World War II. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35521-8.
Further reading
- Triplet, William S. (2000). OCLC 43707198.
External links
- GlobalSecurity.org 28th Infantry Division
- 28th Infantry Division Association
- Reconstructed Roster of the 28th INF DIV by Jim West
- US Army, 28th Infantry Division Records, 1867-1868 at Dartmouth College Library