28th Virginia battle flag
Use |
|
---|---|
Proportion | Roughly 1:1 |
Design | Square red flag bearing a blue saltire with white stars |
The 28th Virginia battle flag is a
The battle flag was captured at the Battle of Gettysburg by Private Marshall Sherman of the 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, and remained in Sherman's possession in Minnesota after being inventoried by the United States War Department in 1867. A 1905 congressional resolution that flags from the American Civil War should be returned to their places of origin did not lead to the return of the flag to Virginia, nor did requests by Virginia or groups therein for its return in 1961, 1998, 2000, and 2003; a request by the governor of Virginia to borrow the flag in 2013 was also declined.
The flag is stored in a drawer at the Minnesota Historical Society, with its exact location undisclosed for security reasons. There are several holes in the flag, and the middle eyelet is torn; however, it is mostly intact with less than one percent of its fabric missing.
Background
During the American Civil War, flags played important strategic and emotional roles in battles. They were used to guide soldiers and mark advances. Enemy forces would concentrate fire on standard-bearers, and if they were hit, soldiers near them would pick up the flags. As a result, flag designs were created to be recognizable and effective on the battlefield. One design developed on the Confederate side and was carried by the Army of Northern Virginia, with nine different variations; this design was used for the 28th Virginia battle flag.[2]
Creation
The 28th Virginia battle flag is made from wool
Appearance and issue
The 28th Virginia battle flag, as an instance of the typical Army of Northern Virginia design, is a square red flag bearing a blue saltire with white stars.[2] The flag measures 44.5 inches (1,130 mm) in height and 48 inches (1,200 mm) in width.[3] Records suggest that the battle flag was issued to George Pickett's division of the Army of Northern Virginia within a few weeks prior to the Battle of Gettysburg, when it would be captured. The battle would be its first use in combat.[2]
Capture
On the morning of July 3, 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee ordered an attack on the Union Army during the Battle of Gettysburg. The 28th Virginia Infantry Regiment was part of a brigade led by Brigadier General Richard Garnett, positioned at the point of a lopsided V-shape formed by the marching Confederate troops. The Union soldiers, located ahead of and above the Confederate troops, opened fire, but the Confederates broke through up Cemetery Ridge in places, reaching the area that would become known as the high-water mark of the Confederacy. Confederate reinforcements did not arrive, while Union troops entered the breaches.[2]
The Union's 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment was ordered to attack the flank of the Confederate troops, and did so while protecting their own flag after the last remaining member of their color guard was shot through the hand.[2] More than 70% of the regiment's members were killed, wounded, or captured in the course of the battle.[4]: 142
During this attack by the 1st Minnesota, Sergeant John Eakin of the 28th Virginia was shot three times while carrying the 28th Virginia battle flag. A private was immediately shot upon picking up the battle flag, after which Colonel Robert Allen picked it up and was also immediately fatally wounded. Allen handed the flag to Lieutenant John Lee, who stepped on top of the Union wall and began waving it. The pole of the flag was shot, but Lee picked the flag back up and continued to wave it even after being wounded.[2]
The 28th Virginia battle flag was subsequently captured by Private Marshall Sherman of the 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, Company C. Sherman would later be awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle.[3] Accounts of the capture vary:[2]
Sherman's account
After the Battle of Gettysburg, Marshall Sherman told a newspaper reporter that he had run directly toward Confederate Lieutenant John Lee, eventually holding his bayonet inches from Lee's chest and saying "Throw down that flag or I'll run you through". In Sherman's account, Lee hesitated, Sherman shouted again, and Lee dropped the flag and put his hands up, after which Sherman picked up the flag and took Lee as a prisoner.[2]
Daniel Bond's account
An account by Daniel Bond, a private in the 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment along with Sherman, conflicts with Sherman's account. According to Bond, the flag was sighted resting unguarded against a tree, and Sherman obtained it by running to it faster than Bond could.[2]
Subsequent possession
In October 1864, the United States War Department ruled that all captured Confederate flags "belong to the United States" and were required to be deposited with the department for an inventory. The number 58 was stenciled on the 28th Virginia battle flag in this inventory, indicating that Sherman deposited it with the department at some point prior to the official inventory in 1867.[2]
Possession disputes
19th century
In 1887, a group of American Civil War veterans from Pennsylvania planning a reunion at Gettysburg proposed the return of Confederate battle flags from three units, including the 28th Virginia battle flag, in hopes of enticing Confederate veterans to attend. Grover Cleveland, then president of the United States, issued an executive order in support of the plan. However, many Union veterans opposed the idea, as did some Southerners. Opposers included then-Governor of Virginia Fitzhugh Lee (a Confederate veteran and the nephew of Robert E. Lee) as well as Jefferson Davis who stated that the flags belonged to the capturing states and that returning them would break "all known military precedents." Cleveland eventually rescinded his executive order; the event was successfully held without the return of flags, drawing 500 Pennsylvanian and 200 Confederate veterans.[5]
In an 1888 inventory by the War Department, the flag was "supposed to have been loaned and never returned." Alexander Ramsey may have retrieved it from the department while serving as its secretary between 1879 and 1881, and subsequently taken it to Minnesota where he became the first president of the Minnesota Historical Society. Another hypothesis suggests that Sherman kept the flag, though this does not explain how it was inventoried at the War Department in 1867. The latter hypothesis is supported by an image of Sherman posing with the flag in Saint Paul in early 1864.[5] After being returned to Minnesota, the flag was periodically exhibited at the Minnesota State Capitol for several years, likely lent by Sherman. It was displayed prominently at Sherman's 1896 funeral, but because it was not mentioned in his will, it eventually became a part of the permanent collection at the Minnesota Historical Society.[2]
20th century
In 1905, the
As early as 1960, a movement in Virginia called for the "recapture" of the 28th Virginia battle flag, wanting it to be returned from Minnesota to Virginia.[2] In 1961, Virginia requested the return of the flag in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Civil War, but it was not returned.[6] The request was made by John Jennings, then director of the Virginia Historical Society, after the Minnesota Historical Society had returned a flag that had been captured from a Georgia Confederate regiment by the 2nd Minnesota Infantry Regiment. In a letter to Jennings, the director of the Minnesota society stated that the actions of the 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment had been one of the proudest moments in the history of the state, and argued that the flag "has greater historical value if it remains in Minnesota than if it is returned to Virginia."[5]
In 1998,
In 2000, members of the
[The flag] was taken in a battle with the cost of the blood of all these Minnesotans. It would be a sacrilege to return it to [Virginia]. It's something that was earned through the incredible courage and valor of the men who gave their lives and risked their lives to obtain it.
– Mark Dayton, then Governor of Minnesota, in response to the Governor of Virginia's 2013 request to borrow the flag[6]
In response to the 2000 resolution by Virginia, Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura stated "Why? I mean, we won" and that "We took it, that makes it our heritage".[1][8]
21st century
In 2002, John S. Brown, then Chief of Military History at the United States Army Center of Military History, declared that the flag should be housed in a military history museum in Virginia. The flag was not returned. In 2003, officials in Virginia including then-Governor of Virginia Mark Warner demanded the return of the flag; Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty responded that Virginia was "not getting it. […] We believe it's rightfully ours, and we're not giving it back to Virginia." In 2013, 150 years after the Battle of Gettysburg, the governor of Virginia requested to borrow the flag. Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton declined.[6]
Present condition
Based on photos of the 28th Virginia battle flag, less than one percent of its fabric is missing, according to Fonda Thomsen of Textile Preservation Associates, Inc. The middle eyelet is torn, while there are roughly 12 holes in the red quadrants, and some holes in the border of the fly end. The flag has not been tested for blood,[2] though some reports have indicated that it is bloodstained.[6] It is kept in a drawer inside a cabinet within the Minnesota Historical Society, the location of which is undisclosed for security reasons.[2]
References
- ^ a b c "Ventura Won't Give Flag Back To Virginia". Chicago Tribune. February 29, 2000. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Sawyer, Kathy (April 23, 2000). "Capture the Flag". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
- ^ Minnesota State Historical Society. Archivedfrom the original on December 26, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-61608-401-1.
- ^ a b c d e f Hemphill, Michael (July 4, 2000). "A disputed legacy". The Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g Stassen-Berger, Rachel E. (August 20, 2017). "Minnesota has a Confederate symbol — and it is going to keep it". St. Paul Pioneer Press. Archived from the original on December 26, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
- ^ a b Ginsberg, Steven (February 9, 2000). "Va. Wants Civil War Flag Back". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
- ^ Pareene, Alex (August 29, 2018). "Southerners Tore Down Silent Sam. Now Northerners Need to Tear Down Confederate Flags". HuffPost. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021.