2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)
The 2nd Infantry Division was an
During the mid- to late-19th century, several
The division was re-formed in 1902, but this time as a permanent formation and not on an ad hoc basis for a particular emergency. It was based at
Napoleonic Wars
Peninsular War
During the
Major-General
The following year, on 21 June, the division fought at the
Waterloo
At the end of the war, British and
At the
Following the battle, the division marched into France with the rest of the coalition force. It arrived at Saint-Denis, on the outskirts of Paris, on 1 July.[32] Six days later, Adam's brigade entered Paris and marched along the Champs-Élysées, the only British troops to enter the capital.[33] In October the Army of Occupation was formed and included the 2nd Division. By the end of the year the German elements of the division had left, and a newly formed British brigade had replaced them. Clinton remained in command of the division until it and the Army of Occupation were disbanded in December 1818, when they left France for the UK.[34]
Victorian Era
Crimean War
On 28 March 1854, in support of the Ottoman Empire, the British and the Second French Empire declared war on the Russian Empire. Anglo-French forces landed at Gallipoli, to be in a position to defend Constantinople if needed.[42] In mid-June the British force advanced to Varna, on the Black Sea coast of Ottoman Bulgaria. At Varna they were reorganised into divisions, and the expeditionary force suffered from a cholera outbreak.[43][44][45] Sir George de Lacy Evans was given command of the division, which was around 3,500 men strong, on 20 June. Clive Ponting, a historian, described him as "the only British commander with even the remotest experience of European war", based on his service in the Peninsular War and Spanish Carlist Wars of the 1830s.[46][47][48] During this period, British strategic policy was to destroy the Russian Black Sea Fleet based at Sevastopol to end the war and carry out long-term British goals. The French also adopted this immediate goal.[49]
On 14 September the Anglo-French expeditionary landed north of Sevastopol. They marched south and encountered the Russians at the Alma River, which blocked further progress. Communication between the British and French was poor, and the British expeditionary force's commander did not communicate the overall battle plan.[50] On 20 September the division formed the right wing of the British advance with the French on their right. In the afternoon, it attacked across the river, fended off a counter-attack, and pushed the Russians from their positions, suffering 498 casualties during the day including Evans who was wounded.[46][51][52] The advance resumed on 23 September, and the expeditionary force surrounded the Russian port in October. This began the Siege of Sevastopol.[53] On 26 October the division fended off a Russian attack, and inflicted around 270 casualties for 100 of their own. During this action, Evans was injured when he fell from his horse, and Major-General John Pennefather, one of his brigade commanders, replaced him.[54] On 5 November, under heavy fog, the 2nd Division was assailed by an overwhelming Russian force and played an important role during the Battle of Inkerman. Pennefather ordered his force to counter-attack, and they inflicted heavy losses on the Russians that saw close range bayonet fighting. The division continued to fight throughout the day following subsequent Russian attacks and suffered at least 744 casualties, including 194 killed. Although the battle ended in an Allied victory, it created the conditions that dragged the siege on through the winter into 1855.[55][56] After the city had been subjected to several major cannonades, the division launched several failed attacks on Russian defensive positions, leading up to, and including the Battle of the Great Redan in 1855.[57][58] This marked the division's final effort of the campaign. The expeditionary force remained in the Crimea until the war ended in 1856, after which the army demobilised.[59][60]
Second Boer War
Following the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) the British Army reviewed and attempted to implement a similar organisation to that used by the Prussian Army. The resultant 1875 mobilisation scheme called for twenty-four divisions spread across eight army corps. These formations did not exist, and the scheme looked for scattered units to coalesce in a time of crisis.[61][62][d] The Second Boer War broke out on 11 October 1899, after tensions rose between the British Empire and the South African Republic and the Orange Free State.[63] In response, and to reinforce their military presence in southern Africa, the British Government mobilised the Natal Field Force. This force, also known as the First Army Corps, corresponded with the I Corps of the 1875 mobilisation scheme, and include the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Divisions.[64][65]
On mobilisation, the 2nd Division consisted of the
The 2nd Division swelled to include four brigades, seven mounted infantry companies, engineers, and artillery. This force totalled 16,000 men and 44 artillery pieces.
The division rested in Natal until May, then spearheaded Buller's corps advance to the South African Republic capital of
Reform period
In response to the lessons learnt from the war, which included the army's failings in the opening months, the Secretary of State for War, St John Brodrick, set out to reform the standing army.[92] He intended to create six army corps, three of which would be composed of permanent standing formations that consisted of the army's regulars. They would be ready for immediate dispatch in light of an imperial crisis or in the event of European war.[93] In 1902 three corps were formed that would allow up to nine divisions, each of two brigades, to be created. This included the 2nd Division formed on 1 April 1902, under the command of Major-General Charles Douglas. The division consisted of the 3rd and the 4th Brigades, and was based in Aldershot. The division was part of the 1st Army Corps, of only two divisions (the 3rd Division would be mobilised in the event of war).[94][95] In 1907 the Haldane Reforms further restructured the regular army into six infantry divisions, each with three brigades. These would form the basis of any British Expeditionary Force (BEF) that would be dispatched to Europe in the case of war. This included the 2nd Division, which then consisted of the 4th (Guards), the 5th, and the 6th Brigades. The 1st and the 2nd Divisions were allocated to Aldershot Command, a military district based at Aldershot. On the outbreak of war, Aldershot Command would form the nucleus of a new I Corps, which would then be dispatched with the BEF.[96] The 2nd Division took part in the Army Manoeuvres of 1912 and 1913.[97]
First World War
1914
On 28 July 1914 the First World War began and a week later Germany invaded Belgium, and the British Empire entered the war against the German Empire.[98] The same day, reservists were called-up and ordered to join the division to bring it up to full strength.[99] The war establishment of each of the BEF's divisions was 18,179 men.[100] This process took until 9 August. Three days later, the majority of the division embarked ships at Southampton and began landing at Le Havre the following day. By 21 August the division had fully arrived in France and had assembled on the Belgian border along with the rest of the BEF.[99][e]
The next day, the BEF advanced into Belgium with the
1915
During February 1915 the division launched minor attacks and captured several German positions.[114] Trench raids followed, until the 2nd Division took part in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March, and suffered over 600 casualties. Trench raids were sandwiched between the division's activities in the Battle of Festubert – part of the Second Battle of Artois – in May, and the Battle of Loos (September–October).[115] The bloody fighting of the former saw minor advances made, heavy casualties inflicted on the Germans, and a further 5,446 divisional casualties.[116] At Loos the division deployed chemical weapons for the first time. Due to light wind the gas clouds hung along the division's line. The first day's attack had mixed results, and ranged from an attack that stalled as soon as the men left their trenches, to sections of the German first line of trenches being captured. Afterwards, minor attacks were launched and German counter-attacks fended off. By the end of the battle the division had lost 3,400 men with the majority inflicted on the first day.[117]
1916
In early 1916 the division played a minor defensive role during the German attack on Vimy Ridge.[118] The next major action came during the summer of 1916, when the division fought in the Battle of the Somme, in particular the Battles of Delville Wood, Guillemont and Ancre.[119] The division entered the offensive on 26 July to retake Deville Wood, which had been captured and then lost to a German counter-attack. In a two-day battle the division cleared the wood. It fended off several German counter-attacks over the following days.[120] On 30 July the division launched an attack to capture Guillemont and the nearby Falfemont Farm. these actions met with mixed results. After five days of fighting, by 31 July, the division had suffered over 3,000 casualties and reported that only one battalion was ready for further offensive operations.[121] The division remained on the line, subject to heavy shelling and trench raids, before it renewed efforts to take Guillemont on 8 August. This effort, alongside the 55th (West Lancashire) Division, lasted through 9 August and failed.[122] The division was relieved and moved to a different sector of the front. It engaged in mutual bombardments and trench raids.[123] On 13 November the Battle of Ancre began and was the final stage of the Somme fighting. The division assisted in the Capture of Beaumont-Hamel, and suffered almost 3,000 casualties. With the conclusion of the Somme offensive, the division was withdrawn from the line for rest and to train.[124]
1917
During the opening months of 1917 the division conducted
1918
By 1918 the number of front-line infantry within the British Army in France had decreased because of casualties and a lack of eligible reinforcements, leading to a manpower crisis. To consolidate manpower and to increase the ratio of machine guns and artillery support available to the infantry, the number of battalions in a division was reduced from twelve to nine; with each brigade being reduced from four to three battalions.[133][134] This reduced the establishment of a division from 18,825 men to 16,035.[135] For the 2nd Division, this change took place in February when three battalions were disbanded. The troops from one were redistributed to other units within the division, while the others left. Major-General Cecil Pereira, the division's commander during this period, said "The old soldiers who have survived many a fight are very hard hit by this."[136][f] During the opening months of the year, the division again manned the frontline. Its last week in the line, which ended on 20 March, saw the division suffer 3,000 casualties from the German use of gas.[137]
On 21 March Germany launched Operation Michael. This attack, which became the opening salvo of their spring offensive, aimed to deliver a single, decisive, war-winning blow. The Germans intended to strike the southern British flank, to separate the British and French armies and then move north to engage the bulk of the British forces in France in a battle of annihilation. The aim was to inflict such a defeat upon the British that the country would abandon the war, which in turn would force the French to sue for peace.[138] As a result, the greatly weakened division reentered the line on 21 March and engaged in heavy fighting through April. When the division was relieved on 4 April it had suffered 4,000 casualties and been reduced to a fighting strength of around 6,000.[139] Wyrall wrote, "fighting divisions with such fine records as that held by the 2nd Division were not allowed long out of the line".[140] Consequently, the division returned to the frontline by 15 April, and was soon engaged in more back and forth fighting. By 6 June the German offensive had ended. The division rebuilt its strength, trained, and tutored newly arrived American troops.[141]
On 8 August the Allied armies launched the Battle of Amiens that began the Hundred Days Offensive, the culminating offensive of the war.[142] On 21 August the division took part in the Third Battle of Albert, part of the Second Battle of the Somme, and liberated several villages.[143] This was followed by fighting at Arras, between 2–3 September, and then an advance to the Canal du Nord.[144] Over the course of the rest of the month, the division took part in preliminary operations for the Battle of Havrincourt and then the Battle of the Canal du Nord. In October the division fought at Second Battle of Cambrai and liberated the village of Forenville.[145] By this point of the offensive, divisional casualties had reached 3,900.[146] The Battle of the Selle followed, between 17 and 25 October, and the division reached the outskirts of Forêt de Mormal. Wyrall noted that some of the division's old hands had last marched through this forest in 1914.[147] The division carried out its last trench raid of the war on 1 November, before it moved into reserve and ended the war near Le Quesnoy, France.[148][149] Casualties in the final year of the war amounted to 10,201.[132] Don Farr, a historian, wrote the division had "an excellent reputation" and continued "to be rated as one of the BEF's best" throughout the war.[112]
Inter-war period
After the conclusion of fighting, the division advanced into Germany to join the occupation force, the
Second World War
Battle of France and home defence
On 3 September 1939 the UK declared war on Germany, in response to the German invasion of Poland. The division landed at Cherbourg on 21 September 1939 and arrived on the Franco–Belgian border on 3 October. Along with the three other divisions of the BEF, it was based east of Lille.[154][155] During the rest of the year and into 1940, the division trained and assisted in the construction of field fortifications. David Fraser, a historian and former British general, wrote that the regular formations of the BEF were well-trained in small arms, but lacked tactical skill. Though mobile, the formations lacked specialist weapons, ammunition, spare parts, and communication equipment because of the budget cuts of the inter-war period.[156]
On 10 May 1940 Germany
On returning to England the division was dispatched to Yorkshire. Through April 1942, the division was assigned to the defence of the county. It was also rebuilt, trained, and assisted in coastal defence duties.[170][171] On 15 April the 16,000-strong division left the UK. It had been intended that the division to reinforce the British Eighth Army in the North African Western Desert. In May the convoy was ordered to sail for British India because of increasing civil tension there.[155][172]
India and Burma
The division arrived in July 1942, and was based initially at
The 2nd Division spent 1942 to 1944 training at its Ahmednagar base. It dispatched one brigade at a time to conduct jungle warfare training near Belgaum, and also sent troops to Bombay to undertake combined operations training. Amphibious warfare training took place as well, as the division has been assigned to take part in Operation Anakim. This operation, scheduled for November 1943, was a proposed landing that would take place at Rangoon as part of a larger effort to retake Burma. Developments around the other theatres of the war caused a shortage of shipping to India, which resulted in the continued postponement to this operation.[173][174][180] During 1943, the division made preliminary preparations for a move to Tehran, Iran, but ultimately did not go.[174] Shifting Allied plans for the reconquest of Burma saw the division, by late 1943, assigned to Operation Bullfrog. Rather than an assault on Rangoon, this proposed amphibious landing would take place near Akyab, on the Arakan coastline of Burma. Like Anakim, this would be in conjunction with a new offensive into Burma. By January 1944 this and all amphibious operations had been cancelled along with the proposed deployment of the division.[181]
The following month, the British frontline started to prepare for an expected Japanese offensive.[182] In March Japan invaded India, and then besieged Imphal and Kohima. In response the 2nd Division was assigned to the British Fourteenth Army and ordered to move to Chittagong. As a result of the fighting at Kohima, the division was diverted to the province of Assam. After a move of 2,000 miles (3,200 km), the division launched a counter-attack on 12 April. In conjunction with the 7th Indian Infantry Division, the division broke the Japanese siege of Kohima and forced them to retreat.[183][184] Advancing towards Imphal, the division fought several actions with Japanese forces. On 20 June the division linked up with British Indian forces who had advanced from Imphal, which ended that siege. In the course of this fighting, the division assisted in the destruction of the Japanese 31st Division, and suffered 2,125 casualties.[185][186]
British infantry reinforcements within India were scarce. To maintain the division in the field and make up losses, several British anti-aircraft units in the theatre were disbanded. This released around 3,500 British soldiers, of whom 2,500 were dispatched to the 2nd Division.
In India, the division was transported to Calcutta, where it was re-equipped and assigned to Operation Dracula – an amphibious assault on Rangoon. In the event, the city was liberated by other forces and the 2nd Division did not depart for the port.[186][190] With Burma retaken, the British set their sights on the recapture of Malaya. An amphibious landing, codenamed Operation Zipper, aimed to land forces along the Malayan coastline and then liberate Singapore. The 2nd Division was not chosen to take part in this operation, as 10,000 of its troops were due to repatriated during 1945, but did provide communication and administrative assistance.[191] The surrender of Japan forestalled this endeavour, and the division ended the war back at Poona.[192]
The post-war and Cold War period
At Poona the division was joined by the 36th Infantry Division. In August 1945 the 2nd Division absorbed the 36th Division, and the latter then ceased to exist. The 5th Infantry Brigade left the division and was dispatched to Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. In November, the 2nd Division arrived in Malaya. It occupied Singapore and key locations throughout Malaya in an effort to maintain law and order, which had broken down following the Japanese surrender. The division remained in Malaya until 1946, when it was disbanded.[193][194][195] During this period, the Kohima War Cemetery was established in India and dedicated to the division.[196]
At the end of the Second World War the UK was allocated an occupation zone in northwest Germany and formed a new British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) to administer its occupation forces.[197][198] The 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division was part of this army until February 1947. At that point it was renumbered as the 2nd Infantry Division. Some troops from Malaya, who had been part of the earlier 2nd Division, were shipped to Germany to bring the new division up to strength.[194][195][199][g] The division remained part of the BAOR until the 1980s.[197] The division was headquartered at Düsseldorf, and later at Bunde. In 1958 the "infantry" designation was dropped from the division's title.[195] The same year, a memorial to the division's Second World War casualties was installed at the Royal Garrison Church in Aldershot.[201]
By the 1970s the UK had to reconcile its decreased resources with its commitments, as well as the increased threat from the Soviet Union.[202] The 1975 Mason Review, a Government white paper that outlined a new defence policy, called for BAOR to be restructured. This included the elimination of the brigade level of command.[203][204] This political change coincided with a BAOR doctrinal change that had started in the 1960s, and was pioneered by the 1st Division in the early 1970s.[205] The restructure increased BAOR to four divisions, for the first time since the end of the 1950s, each composed of two armoured regiments, three mechanised infantry battalions, and two artillery regiments.[206][207] On 1 September 1976, as part of this restructure, the 2nd Division was re-designated as the 2nd Armoured Division.[208]
2nd Armoured Division, 1976–1982
The 2nd Armoured Division was the first of the four BAOR divisions to be reorganised. After the process was completed, it was 8,600 men strong, and equipped with 132
BAOR was tasked with conducting "a mobile and intense armoured battle" against invading Soviet forces.
With the removal of the brigade level, it was intended that the division could form up to five battlegroups with each based around the headquarters of either an armoured regiment or infantry battalion. These groups were to be formed for a specific task and allocated the required forces needed. The reforms intended that the divisional commander would oversee these battlegroups, but early training showed this to be impractical. To compensate, the divisional headquarters was increased to 750 men (wartime strength) including two brigadiers, who would each command a flexible task force that would be formed by the general officer commanding (GOC).[215] The 2nd Armoured Division's task forces were Task Force Charlie and Task Force Delta. The task force approach allowed the GOC to tailor his forces to meet unforeseen events and execute the killing area doctrine.[216] These task forces were not a reintroduction of a brigade command structure, and they had no administrative responsibilities. In structuring the division in this manner, it allowed a reduction of 700 men.[215] David John Anthony Stone, a historian, commented the system was "designed to allow the commander maximum flexibility and [to] take precise account of the operational or tactical task to be achieved".[217]
In November 1976 the BAOR held Exercise Spearpoint 76. It was designed to test the 2nd Armoured Division and included troops from Denmark and the United States.
In 1981 John Nott, the Secretary of State for Defence for the government elected in 1979, wrote the 1981 Defence White Paper. It, like the Mason Review, aimed to balance the British military in line with the nation's financial resources.[222] Nott's paper called for the BAOR to be restructured from four armoured divisions of two brigades, into a force of three divisions of three brigades. The intent was to save manpower and money, while only losing one divisional headquarters. Nott called for a new division to be formed in the UK, which would be made up primarily of TA personnel. The new formation would reinforce BAOR on the outbreak of war.[223] In July 1981, the 2nd Armoured Division was chosen as the formation to be disbanded. In December 1982 the division ceased to exist, and its personnel, equipment, and units were dispersed among other BAOR formations.[220][224]
End of the Cold War and into the 21st century
On 1 January 1983 the 2nd Infantry Division was re-formed, based at Imphal Barracks, in York, England.[224][225] The re-formed division was assigned the territorial 15th Brigade at Alanbrooke Barracks, Topcliffe, North Yorkshire; the territorial 49th Brigade, based in Nottingham; the regular army 24th Brigade, at Catterick Garrison; and the 29th Engineer Brigade, based in Newcastle upon Tyne.[224] On 24 June 1987 Elizabeth II unveiled a memorial to the division at York Minster.[226]
Following the end of the Cold War, the division was disbanded in early 1992 as part of the British Government's
Insignia
In 1916, during the First World War, the British Army divisions adopted formation signs. The design the 2nd Division chose, represented "The Second Division of the First Corps", which was indicated by two white stars (the division) either side of a single larger red star that represented I Corps.[234] In 1940, during the Second World War, a new insignia was adopted. Major-General Charles Loyd, who had taken command of the division in 1939, designed it. He had previously commanded the 1st (Guards) Brigade before his appointment to the division, and they had used a single key as a brigade insignia. Loyd updated that design for his new command, by adding a second key.[235][236][237] The design was used throughout the Second World War, through the Cold War, and until the division was disbanded in 2012.[195][224][238] It has also been highlighted that the insignia resembles the coat of arms of the Archbishop of York, and could reference troop recruitment in that area.[171]
See also
- List of commanders of the British 2nd Division
- List of orders of battle for the British 2nd Division
- List of Victoria Cross recipients from the British 2nd Division
- List of British divisions in World War I
- List of British divisions in World War II
- British Army Order of Battle (September 1939)
- Outline of the British Army at the end of the Cold War
- British Army Structure in 2010
Notes
Footnotes
- ^ Ian Fletcher, a historian, suggested the division was formed in May 1809, and fought at the Second Battle of Porto.[3] Charles Oman, a historian of the Peninsular War, detailed the British order of battle at Porto, and noted the entire force comprised eight brigades and no divisions. Oman stated that it was after that battle, when divisions were formed.[4] Philip Haythornthwaite, a historian, stated that the divisions were formed on 18 June 1809.[1]
- ^ A separate 2nd Division, under the command of Major-General John Mackenzie, operated during this period as part of Lieutenant-General John Murray's independent Army on the Tarragona.[16]
- ^ Frances Colenso wrote that at the end of April the division, referred to as No. 2 or the Second Division, consisted of 10,238 British, colonial, and African troops.[39] Louis Creswicke stated at the Battle of Ulundi the division consisted of 1,870 Europeans and 530 African soldiers.[40]
- ^ This was the method used to form the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Division in 1871, when regular, reserve, militia, and yeomanry units from across the UK converged on Aldershot. The military were also accompanied by volunteers.[38]
- ^ The BEF's order of battle at this time included the Cavalry Division; I Corps: the 1st and the 2nd Divisions; II Corps: the 3rd and the 5th Divisions.[101]
- ^ These battalions were the 13th (Service) Battalion (West Ham), Essex Regiment and the 17th (Service) Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, both of the 6th Brigade; and the 22nd (Service) Battalion (Kensington), Royal Fusiliers, of the 99th Brigade.[136]
- ^ Following the creation of West Germany in 1949, BAOR ceased being an occupation force and became part of the British contribution to the defence of Western Europe against potential attacks from the Soviet Union.[197][198] Britain reaffirmed this role at the 1954 London and Paris Conferences, and promised to commit four divisions to the defence of Europe.[200] Though BAOR and its frontline I (BR) Corps fluctuated in size, including the number of divisions, but maintained the 2nd Division throughout this period.[197]
Citations
- ^ a b Haythornthwaite 2016, The Divisional System.
- ^ Oman 1903, pp. 455, 511–512, 525, 531–535, 544–545, 645, 650–651.
- ^ Fletcher 1994, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Oman 1903, pp. 324ff. and 640–641.
- ^ Oman 1908, pp. 359–362, 387, 545, 550.
- ^ Oman 1908, pp. 437–442.
- ^ Reid 2004, p. 42.
- ^ Bamford 2013, p. 205.
- ^ Oman 1911, pp. 383–383, 399–400, 631.
- ^ Oman 1911, pp. 602–605.
- ^ Oman 1914, pp. 326–328.
- ^ Oman 1922, p. 99.
- ^ Oman 1922, pp. 400, 419, 422, 439–440, 758.
- ^ Oman 1922, pp. 469, 529, 626–627, 629–638.
- ^ Oman 1922, pp. 769–772.
- ^ Oman 1922, p. 762.
- ^ Oman 1930, pp. 118 and 167, 175–176, 227 369, 384, 553, 558.
- ^ Oman 1930, pp. 496 and 513.
- ^ Glover 2015, pp. 11–22, 31.
- ^ Glover 2015, pp. 35–46.
- ^ Siborne 1900, p. 347.
- ^ Glover 2015, pp. 35–46, 165.
- ^ Glover 2015, p. 128.
- ^ Siborne 1900, pp. 340–342, 467–470.
- ^ Glover 2014, pp. 151–153.
- ^ Siborne 1900, pp. 473, 529, 531–536.
- ^ Glover 2014, pp. 189–191.
- ^ Glover 2014, p. 194.
- ^ Siborne 1900, pp. 553, 556, 558, 564–565.
- ^ Glover 2014, pp. 192–194.
- ^ Glover 2015, p. 165.
- ^ Siborne 1900, pp. 659, 683, 688, 696, 704, 716, 732, 748.
- ^ Moorsom 1860, pp. 270–271.
- ^ Glover 2015, pp. 199–200.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, pp. xi–xii.
- ^ Davis 1906, p. 67.
- ^ Butler 1926, pp. 192–194.
- ^ a b Verner 1905, p. 55.
- ^ Colenso & Durnford 1880, p. 394.
- ^ Creswicke 1900a, p. 59.
- ^ Verner 1905, pp. 236–237.
- ^ Royle 2004, pp. 127–129.
- ^ Barthorp 1980, p. 155.
- ^ Bowden 1991, p. 16.
- ^ Ponting 2006, p. 72.
- ^ a b Arnold 2002, p. 62.
- ^ Ponting 2006, pp. 53, 145.
- ^ "No. 21564". The London Gazette. 22 June 1854. p. 1932.
- ^ Lambert 2016, pp. 119–121.
- ^ Ponting 2006, pp. 89, 94.
- ^ Ponting 2006, p. 94.
- ^ "No. 21606". The London Gazette. 8 October 1854. p. 3050. and "No. 21606". The London Gazette. 8 October 1854. p. 3053.
- ^ Ffrench Blake 2006, pp. 169–170.
- ^ Ffrench Blake 2006, p. 82.
- ^ Warner 2001, pp. 75–79; Ffrench Blake 2006, pp. 86–94, 98–101; Raugh 2004, p. 187.
- ^ "No. 21631". The London Gazette. 22 November 1854. p. 3695.
- ^ Warner 2001, pp. 150–152.
- ^ Richards 2006, p. 152.
- ^ Ffrench Blake 2006, pp. 143–144, 150–151.
- ^ Demchak 2011, p. 127.
- ^ Furse 1883, pp. 9–11.
- ^ "Memorandum Of The Secretary Of State Relating To The Army Estimates, 1887–8: Mobilization". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 19 December 1979. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- ^ Raugh 2004, p. 51.
- ^ Dunlop 1938, p. 72.
- ^ Creswicke 1900b, Chart of Staff Appointments Made at the Commencement of the War.
- ^ a b Creswicke 1900b, pp. 52, 66, 136, 160.
- ^ Kochanski 2013, p. 61.
- ^ "No. 27126". The London Gazette. 13 October 1899. p. 6179.
- ^ Creswicke 1900b, p. 200.
- ^ Maxwell 1911, p. 310.
- ^ Creswicke 1900b, pp. 160, 190.
- ^ Conan Doyle 1901, pp. 190–192.
- ^ Maxwell 1911, pp. 312–314.
- ^ Maxwell 1911, p. 314.
- ^ Pakenham 1992, p. 250.
- ^ Maurice 1906, p. 380.
- ^ Conan Doyle 1901, p. 248.
- ^ Maxwell 1911, p. 320.
- ^ Davis 1906, p. 228.
- ^ Conan Doyle 1901, pp. 254–255.
- ^ Pakenham 1992, pp. 298, 308, 311, 320.
- ^ Conan Doyle 1901, pp. 267–276.
- ^ Creswicke 1900a, p. 93; Creswicke 1900b, p. 123.
- ^ Conan Doyle 1901, pp. 284–285, 289, 291.
- ^ Conan Doyle 1901, pp. 292–294.
- ^ Conan Doyle 1901, pp. 389, 431–433, 495–496.
- ^ a b Conan Doyle 1901, p. 496.
- ^ Conan Doyle 1901, pp. 497–501.
- ^ Pakenham 1992, p. 408.
- ^ Pakenham 1992, p. 480.
- ^ Creswicke 1901, pp. 98, 138.
- ^ Satre 1976, p. 117.
- ^ Satre 1976, p. 121.
- ^ "No. 27434". The London Gazette. 6 May 1902. p. 3254., "No. 27442". The London Gazette. 13 June 1902. p. 3900., "No. 27676". The London Gazette. 13 May 1904. p. 3083., and "No. 27626". The London Gazette. 15 December 1903. p. 8268.
- ^ Dunlop 1938, pp. 218–219.
- ^ Dunlop 1938, pp. 245, 262ff.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2007, pp. 337, 343.
- ^ Cook & Stevenson 2005, p. 121.
- ^ a b Wyrall 1921a, pp. xii–xiv, 19.
- ^ Becke 2007, pp. 126–127.
- ^ Edmonds 1933, pp. 471–485.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, p. 21.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, p. 23.
- ^ Wyrall 1921b, p. 738.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, pp. 24–26.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, pp. 27–40, 46–47.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, pp. 51–56.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, pp. 56–60.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, pp. 62–65, 68–69.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, pp. 74, 89, 97.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, pp. 101, 110, 131, 139, 151, 159, 169.
- ^ a b Farr 2007, p. 49.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, pp. 169–173.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, pp. 178–183.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, pp. 180, 196.
- ^ Wyrall 1921a, p. 213.
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- ^ Heyman 2002, Chapter 2 – Army Organisations.
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Further reading
- A Short History of the Second Infantry Division 1809–1954. Germany: British Army of the Rhine. 1954. OCLC 41428788.
- Connors, Brendan P (1965). A Short Illustrated History of the Second Division 1809–1965. London: Ministry of Defence. OCLC 660078373.
- Palmer, Eddie; Deakin, Maurice; Harby, Sid (2006). The War in Burma 1943–1945, Incorporating the History of the 2nd and 36th Infantry Division. Location not identified: Fellowship of the Services, 365 (Matlock) Mess. ISBN/OCLC not identified
- Sale, Nigel (2014). Lie at the Heart of Waterloo: The Battle's Hidden Last Half Hour. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-75096-276-6.
External links
- Imperial War Museam. "Memorial: 1st and 2nd Infantry Divisions". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- Imperial War Museam. "Memorial: 2nd Division". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- MOD. "2nd Division". Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Archived page from the British Army's website, briefly outlining the 2nd Division.
- Various. "British Army of the Rhine Locations". The website includes photos and personal recollections from members of the 2nd Division, on various pages.
- War Memorials Online. "2nd Division". War Memorials Online. Retrieved 3 January 2021. This website includes photographs of the division's First World War memorial.
- Young, Alan. "2 Regiment". British Army units from 1945 on. Retrieved 29 October 2021. Website contains orders of battle for post 1945 units and formations. This page, for example, highlights that the 2nd Armoured Division Engineer Regiment was deployed for two tours in Northern Ireland.