3
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (February 2024) |
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Lao ໓ | | |||
Georgian | Ⴂ/ⴂ/გ (Gani) | |||
Babylonian numeral | 𒐗 | |||
Maya numerals | ••• | |||
Morse code | ... _ _ |
3 (three) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4, and is the smallest odd prime number and the only prime preceding a square number. It has religious and cultural significance in many societies.
Evolution of the Arabic digit
The use of three lines to denote the number 3 occurred in many writing systems, including some (like Roman and
The Indian digits spread to the Caliphate in the 9th century. The bottom stroke was dropped around the 10th century in the western parts of the Caliphate, such as the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, when a distinct variant ("Western Arabic") of the digit symbols developed, including modern Western 3. In contrast, the Eastern Arabs retained and enlarged that stroke, rotating the digit once more to yield the modern ("Eastern") Arabic digit "٣".[2]
In most modern Western
A common graphic variant of the digit three has a flat top, similar to the letter
Mathematics
According to Pythagoras and the Pythagorean school, the number 3, which they called triad, is the noblest of all digits, as it is the only number to equal the sum of all the terms below it, and the only number whose sum with those below equals the product of them and itself.[3]
Divisibility rule
A
Properties of the number
3 is the second smallest
3 is the first
3 is the second and only prime
Three is the only prime which is one less than a perfect square. Any other number which is − 1 for some integer is not prime, since it is ( − 1)( + 1). This is true for 3 as well (with = 2), but in this case the smaller factor is 1. If is greater than 2, both − 1 and + 1 are greater than 1 so their product is not prime.
Related properties
The
3 is the number of non-collinear points needed to determine a plane, a circle, and a parabola.
There are only three distinct 4×4
Three of the five
There are three finite convex
Numeral systems
There is some evidence to suggest that early man may have used counting systems which consisted of "One, Two, Three" and thereafter "Many" to describe counting limits. Early peoples had a word to describe the quantities of one, two, and three but any quantity beyond was simply denoted as "Many". This is most likely based on the prevalence of this phenomenon among people in such disparate regions as the deep Amazon and Borneo jungles, where western civilization's explorers have historical records of their first encounters with these indigenous people.[5]
List of basic calculations
Multiplication | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 50 | 100 | 1000 | 10000 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 × x | 3 | 6
|
9
|
12 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 24 | 27 | 30 | 33 | 36 | 39 | 42 | 45 | 48 | 51 | 54 | 57 | 60 | 63 | 66 | 69 | 72 | 75 | 150 | 300 | 3000 | 30000
|
Division | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 ÷ x | 3 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.75 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.428571 | 0.375 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.230769 | 0.2142857 | 0.2 | 0.1875 | 0.17647058823529411 | 0.16 | 0.157894736842105263 | 0.15 | |
x ÷ 3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 2 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 6 | 6.3 | 6.6 |
Exponentiation | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3x | 3 | 9 | 27 | 81 | 243 | 729 | 2187 | 6561 | 19683 | 59049 | 177147 | 531441 | 1594323 | 4782969 | 14348907 | 43046721 | 129140163 | 387420489 | 1162261467 | 3486784401 | |
x3 | 1 | 8
|
27 | 64 | 125 | 216 | 343
|
512 | 729 | 1000 | 1331 | 1728 | 2197 | 2744 | 3375 | 4096 | 4913 | 5832 | 6859 | 8000 |
Science
- Three is the atomic number of lithium.
- Three is the number of dimensions that humans can perceive. Humans perceive the universe to have three spatial dimensions, but some theories, such as string theory, suggest there are more.[citation needed]
- Three is the number of elementary fermion generations according to the Standard Model of particle physics.[6]
- In quarks.[7]
- There are three primary colors in the additive and subtractive models.
- The ability of the wavelengths. Humans being trichromatic, the retina contains three types of color receptor cells, or cones.[citation needed]
- In closed-form solution, unlike two-body problems.[8]
Engineering
- The triangle, a polygon with three edges and three vertices, is the most stable physical shape. For this reason it is widely utilized in construction, engineering and design.[9]
Protoscience
- In European
- The three Ayurvedic medicine in India.[citation needed]
Pseudoscience
- Three is the symbolic representation for
Philosophy
- Philosophers such as Hegel, C. S. Peirce, and Karl Popper have made threefold divisions, or trichotomies, which have been important in their work.[citation needed]
- Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis creates three-ness from two-ness.[citation needed]
Religion
This section is in prose.(October 2023) |
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2023) ) |
Many world religions contain triple deities or concepts of trinity, including the
Christianity
- The king.
- During the Agony in the Garden, Christ asked three times for the cup to be taken from him.
- Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his death.
- The devil tempted Jesus three times.
- Saint Peter thrice denied Jesus and thrice affirmed his faith in Jesus.
- The Magi – wise men who were astronomers/astrologers from Persia[citation needed] – gave Jesus three gifts.[13][14]
- There are three epistles of John.
- Paul the Apostle went blind for three days after his conversion to Christianity.
Judaism
- Noah had three sons: Ham, Shem and Japheth
- The Three Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac and Jacob
- The prophet Balaam beat his donkey three times.
- The prophet Jonah spent three days and nights in the belly of a large fish
- Three divisions of the Written Torah: Torah (Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im (Prophets), Ketuvim (Writings)[15]
- Three divisions of the Jewish people: Kohen, Levite, Yisrael
- Three daily prayers: Shacharit, Mincha, Maariv
- Three Shabbat meals
- Shabbat ends when three stars are visible in the night sky[16]
- Three Pilgrimage Festivals: Passover, Shavuot, Sukkot
- Three matzos on the Passover Seder table[17]
- The Three Weeks, a period of mourning bridging the fast days of Seventeenth of Tammuz and Tisha B'Av
- Three cardinal sins for which a Jew must die rather than transgress: idolatry, murder, sexual immorality[18]
- Upsherin, a Jewish boy's first haircut at age 3[19]
- A Beth din is composed of three members
- Potential converts are traditionally turned away three times to test their sincerity[20]
- In the Sometimes the two elements of Chayah ("life" or "animal") and Yechidah ("unit") are additionally mentioned.
- In the Kabbalah, the 10 Sephirot.
Islam
- The three core principles in Shia tradition: Tawhid (Oneness of God), Nabuwwa (Concept of Prophethood), Imama (Concept of Imam)
Buddhism
- The Triple Bodhi(ways to understand the end of birth) are Budhu, Pasebudhu, and Mahaarahath.
- The Three Jewels, the three things that Buddhists take refuge in.
Shinto
- The Imperial Regalia of Japan of the sword, mirror, and jewel.
Daoism
- The virtues in Taoism.
- The Three Dantians
- Three Lines of a Trigram
- Unit 69), Hell Nüwa(Foot – Abdomen – Umbiculus).
Hinduism
- The Trimurti: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer.
- The three guṇas (triguna) found in the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.[22]
- The three paths to salvation in the Jnana Yoga.
Zoroastrianism
- The three virtues of Humata, Hukhta and Huvarshta (Good Thoughts, Good Words and Good Deeds) are a basic tenet in Zoroastrianism.
Norse mythology
Three is a very significant number in Norse mythology, along with its powers 9 and 27.
- Prior to Fimbulwinter.
- Odin endured three hardships upon the World Tree in his quest for the runes: he hanged himself, wounded himself with a spear, and suffered from hunger and thirst.
- Vé.
Other religions
- The Rule of Three.
- The Triple Goddess: Maiden, Mother, Crone; the three fates.
- The sons of Cronus: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades.
- The Slavic god Triglav has three heads.
Esoteric tradition
- The three conditions of membership.
- Gurdjieff's Three Centers and the Law of Three.
- Ra-Hoor-Khuit.
- The Triple Greatness of Hermes Trismegistus is an important theme in Hermeticism.
As a lucky or unlucky number
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2009) |
Three (三, formal writing: 叁,
Counting to three is common in situations where a group of people wish to perform an action in synchrony: Now, on the count of three, everybody pull! Assuming the counter is proceeding at a uniform rate, the first two counts are necessary to establish the rate, and the count of "three" is predicted based on the timing of the "one" and "two" before it. Three is likely used instead of some other number because it requires the minimal amount counts while setting a rate.
There is another superstition that it is unlucky to take a
The phrase "Third time's the charm" refers to the superstition that after two failures in any endeavor, a third attempt is more likely to succeed. This is also sometimes seen in reverse, as in "third man [to do something, presumably forbidden] gets caught". [citation needed]
Luck, especially bad luck, is often said to "come in threes".[23]
Film
- A number of film versions of the novel The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas: (1921, 1933, 1948, 1973, 1992, 1993 and 2011).
- 3 Days of the Condor (1975), starring Robert Redford, Faye Dunaway, Cliff Robertson, and Max von Sydow.
- Three Amigos (1986), comedy film starring Steve Martin, Chevy Chase, and Martin Short.
- Three Kings (1999), starring George Clooney, Mark Wahlberg, Ice Cube, and Spike Jonze.
- 3 Days to Kill (2014), starring Kevin Costner.
- Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017), starring Frances McDormand, Woody Harrelson, Sam Rockwell.
See also
- superscript)
- Thrice
- Third
- Triad
- Trio
- Rule of three
- List of highways numbered 3
References
- ^ Smith, David Eugene; Karpinski, Louis Charles (1911). The Hindu-Arabic numerals. Boston; London: Ginn and Company. pp. 27–29, 40–41.
- ^ Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer transl. David Bellos et al. London: The Harvill Press (1998): 393, Fig. 24.63
- ISBN 1-4027-3522-7
- (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-03. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
- "The details of the previous section were E10-specific, but the same philosophy looks likely to apply to the other symmetrizable hyperbolic root systems...it seems valuable to give an outline of how the calculations would go", regarding E10 as a model example of symmetrizability of other root hyperbolic En systems.
- ISBN 1840464313.
- ^ Harari, H. (1977). "Three generations of quarks and leptons" (PDF). In van Goeler, E.; Weinstein, R. (eds.). Proceedings of the XII Rencontre de Moriond. p. 170. SLAC-PUB-1974.
- ^
Adair, R.K. (1989). The Great Design: Particles, Fields, and Creation. Bibcode:1988gdpf.book.....A.
- ^ Barrow-Green, June (2008). "The Three-Body Problem". In Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre (eds.). The Princeton Companion to Mathematics. Princeton University Press. pp. 726–728.
- ^ "Most stable shape- triangle". Maths in the city. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
- ^ Eric John Holmyard. Alchemy. 1995. p.153
- ^ Walter J. Friedlander. The golden wand of medicine: a history of the caduceus symbol in medicine. 1992. p.76-77
- ^ Churchward, James (1931). "The Lost Continent of Mu – Symbols, Vignettes, Tableaux and Diagrams". Biblioteca Pleyades. Archived from the original on 2015-07-18. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
- .
- ^ T. E. T. (25 January 1877). "The Encyclopaedia Britannica". Nature. XV (378): 269–271. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ^ Marcus, Rabbi Yossi (2015). "Why are many things in Judaism done three times?". Ask Moses. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ "Shabbat". Judaism 101. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Kitov, Eliyahu (2015). "The Three Matzot". Chabad.org. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Kaplan, Rabbi Aryeh (28 August 2004). "Judaism and Martyrdom". Aish.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ "The Basics of the Upsherin: A Boy's First Haircut". Chabad.org. 2015. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ "The Conversion Process". Center for Conversion to Judaism. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Kaplan, Aryeh. "The Soul Archived 2015-02-24 at the Wayback Machine". Aish. From The Handbook of Jewish Thought (Vol. 2, Maznaim Publishing. Reprinted with permission.) September 4, 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8, page 265
- ^ See "bad Archived 2009-03-02 at the Wayback Machine" in the Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 2006, via Encyclopedia.com.
- Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 46–48
External links
- Tricyclopedic Book of Threes by Michael Eck
- Threes in Human Anatomy by John A. McNulty
- Grime, James. "3 is everywhere". Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
- The Number 3
- The Positive Integer 3
- Prime curiosities: 3