38th Bombardment Group

The 38th Bombardment Group is an inactive unit of the

During

The 38th Bomb Group was awarded four

During the early years of the

For additional history and lineage, see 38th Combat Support Wing

Lineage

• Constituted as 38th Bombardment Group (Medium) on 20 November 1940

Activated on 15 January 1941

Redesignated 38th Bombardment Group, Light on 6 May 1946

Inactivated in the Far East on 1 April 1949.

• Activated in France on 1 January 1953

Redesignated 38th Bombardment Group, Tactical on 1 October 1955

Inactivated on 8 December 1957

• Redesignated 38th Tactical Missile Group on 31 July 1985 (remained inactive)

Assignments

• 3 Bomber (later, III Bomber) Command, 15 January 1941 – 18 January 1942
• V Bomber Command

Air Echelon remained attached to III Bomber Command, 18 January-1 May 1942

Ground Echelon assigned to United States Army Forces in Australia, 18 January-25 February 1942

Ground Echelon assigned to Allied Air Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, 1 April 1942

Two squadrons attached to VII Fighter Command, 1 May-1 August 1942

• V Fighter Command (Combined unit), 1 August 1942
• Fifth Air Force 22 November 1945
• 38th Bombardment Wing
  18 August 1948 – 1 April 1949; 1 January 1953 – 8 December 1957

Components

• 69th Bombardment Squadron
  : 15 January 1941 – 26 February 1943
• 70th Bombardment Squadron: 15 January 1941 – 26 February 1943
• 71st Bombardment Squadron
  : 15 January 1941 – 1 April 1949; 1 January 1953 – 8 December 1957
• 89th Bombardment Squadron: 6 May 1946 – 1 April 1949
• 15th Reconnaissance (later 405th Bombardment) Squadron: 25 February 1942 – 1 April 1949; 1 January 1953 – 8 December 1957
• 822d Bombardment Squadron
  : 20 April 1943 – 12 April 1946; 1 January 1953 – 8 December 1957
• 823d Bombardment Squadron
  : 20 April 1943 – 12 April 1946

Stations

Aircraft

• B-18 Bolo
  (1941)
• B-26 Marauder
  (1941–1942)
• B-25 Mitchell
  (1942–1945, 1947–1949)
• B-26 Invader
  (1945–1949, 1953–1955)
• B-57 Canberra (1955–1957)

Operations

World War II

Creation, training, and overseas movement

The 38th Bombardment Group (Medium) was constituted on 20 November 1940 by

The German U-boat threat to Allied shipping earmarked the group for assignment to anti-submarine warfare patrols from a base in South America. Orders to transfer the group to Savannah AAB, Georgia, as the first step in the process, were rescinded when the United States was drawn into the war on 7 December 1941. Instead the group remained at Jackson until 18 January when its ground echelon entrained for movement to a port of embarkation at San Francisco, California, where it was quartered in the Cow Palace.^[1]

On 29 January the ground echelon boarded the Army transport

On 19 May the first flight of three B-26 Marauders left

On 13 June the 69th received orders to proceed to New Caledonia. Equipped with only ten B-26s and based at Plaine Des Gaiacs Airfield, New Caledonia, it became the first medium bombardment squadron in the South Pacific Area. The 70th Bombardment Squadron arrived at Nandi Airfield on Fiji one week later.

Both squadrons conducted search and bombing missions in the Solomon Islands from McDonald Field on Efate during the Guadalcanal campaign, and the 69th staged twice with torpedoes for strikes against the Japanese fleet that never materialized. The 70th was briefly based on Guadalcanal in mid-November.^[7] The 69th arrived at Guadalcanal on 31 December and immediately bombed the Japanese airfield under construction at Munda. It remained at Henderson Field until 12 January, flying eleven missions against Munda and the Japanese seaplane base at Rekata Bay, where it lost two Marauders to antiaircraft fire on 7 January 1943.

The 69th was advised at the end of September that it would be converting to B-25s, but it was November before the first five were received. It turned over its surviving B-26s to the 70th BS in March 1943 when it received 10 new Mitchells and began three months of conversion training. On 26 February 1943, the 69th and 70th squadrons were reassigned from the 38th Bomb Group. In March they were assigned to the

The two B-25 squadrons of the 38th BG picked up 37 new B-25C and B-25D aircraft

All aircraft of 71st BS arrived in Australia by 14 August and those of the 405th by 21 August. The now 33 bombers of the group were in place at Breddan by 25 August, and the two squadrons began flying training missions from Charters Towers on 29 August.[2]^{[n 6]} The group was assigned to the newly activated V Bomber Command, Fifth Air Force and operated in that command to October 1944, attacking Japanese airfields, shipping, and ground forces in New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago.^{[n 7]}

On 9–10 September, in preparation for starting operations, the 38th BG was assigned to the Fifth Air Force's Advanced Echelon (ADVON) and a forward echelon moved to Horn Island Aerodrome. 12 Mitchells flew the first combat mission on 15 September 1942, staging through Port Moresby, to bomb and strafe Japanese Army positions and an airfield near Buna, New Guinea. On 28 September the forward echelon displaced to Laloki airfield, New Guinea, where it continued reconnaissance and occasional bombing missions, while the remainder of the group moved up to Townsville. The 38th BG experienced its first combat loss when fighters shot down a B-25 attacking a convoy off Buna on 5 October.^[2]

The group had been without a commanding officer for nearly six months,

During the month of November 1942, the group staged through Rorona airstrip, flying a limited number of missions while the ground echelon completed its move to New Guinea by sea.^{[n 10]} On 26 November it moved into another of Moresby's airfield complex, Durand Airfield ("17 Mile Drome"), from which it would operate for fifteen months. At Durand, as at the five bases which followed, the group lived in dispersed tent cities, was subject to nightly raids on its facilities by Japanese aircraft, and often staged through crude forward strips to extend the range of its combat operations.

The group participated in the

Two weeks later, on 2 September, sixteen strafers attacked shipping reported in Wewak harbor. Attacking in eight two-plane elements with two 1000-pound bombs each, the Mitchells came in just over the crests of low ridges to the south, into a barrage of intense antiaircraft fire at their altitude. 10 to 15 Japanese fighters eluded the P-38 top cover by circling under a 5000-foot ceiling, then attacked the bomber formation vertically and from the rear for 25 minutes. One bomber of the 405th BS was shot up as it released its bombs, then ditched in the bay. A second was pursued after bombing and cartwheeled into the Bismarck Sea when hit by fighter attacks. A third was shot down during the attacks of the 71st BS when it "snap rolled" at wavetop height and crashed inverted into the bay. The crews of all three aircraft were killed. Despite the losses, small barrage balloons anchored to each ship, and a number of overshoots of the bombs, the attack succeeded in hitting several of the vessels.^[15]

822d and 823d Bomb Squadrons

The

41st Bomb Group

after new B-25Js were received.

The two veteran squadrons engaged in a series of large strikes mounted by Fifth Air Force against Rabaul in the latter half of October, attempting to neutralize the Japanese base before Allied landings on Bougainville, scheduled for 1 November. On 2 November, the 71st and 405th BS were part of a force of nine understrength squadrons of B-25s and six squadrons of P-38 Lightning fighters that attacked Simpson Harbor to cover the landings. In its strafing attack on shipping, the 38th lost three B-25s to antiaircraft fire from numerous Japanese naval vessels in the harbor.^{[11][n 13]}

After the neutralization of Rabaul, the group attacked airfields on New Britain in preparation for the

PBY Catalina pilot Lt. J.G. Nathan G. Gordon, who received the Medal of Honor for the exploit. On 4 March the 38th BG moved to a new permanent station at Nadzab Field.^[12]

Operations in 1944

The group experienced significant non-combat losses of aircraft to New Guinea's volatile climate and rugged terrain.[n 14] On 16 April 1944, 24 bombers took off to bomb Hollandia, with two returning to base with engine problems. The remaining 22 bombed their targets without opposition by the Japanese, but on the return flight encountered a massive storm front. Unable to penetrate the front, the squadron formations dispersed at the coast, with eight planes landing safely at Cape Gloucester and three others at Finschhafen. The other 11 attempted to land at Saidor, but two were severely damaged and four wrecked in crashes or runway collisions with other aircraft. Four airmen were killed. In all the weather front on "Black Sunday" claimed 37 USAAF aircraft lost or destroyed, the biggest weather loss in the history of the United States Air Force.^[18][19]

While based at Nadzab, the group increasingly used forward strips from which to stage missions, including Hollandia,

Sorong harbor during the mission against the airdromes. The missions earned the group its third DUC.^[21]

By the end of June, attrition and extensive operations reduced the group to 67 crews, of which only 23 were medically available for combat. As a result, nearly 300 air crewmen diagnosed with combat fatigue were sent back to the United States for rest and recuperation.^{[22][n 15]} During July and August 1944 the group was taken off operations while it received replacements, trained 63 fresh crews in formation flying, practiced bombing, and exchanged its B-25G and C-1/D-1 models for B-25J aircraft. The 823rd BS was the first to become operational with the J, followed soon after by the 405th, which had not received a replacement aircraft in over a year.^[23] The group's first combat mission using the B-25J occurred on 5 September 1944.^{[24][n 16]}

The 38th BG supported the

Pitoe Airfield, located just behind Red Beach. 19 of 21 planned sorties were completed, spraying 3,000 gallons of the pesticide-oil mixture, followed by 2,400 more gallons on 29 September.^[25] On 15 October the group moved into Pitoe's new dual-strip airfield to support the Allied invasion of Leyte by bombing airfields, ground installations, harbors, and shipping in the southern Philippines. When the Japanese fleet threatened the beachhead on 24 October during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the 38th BG was alerted for possible missions, but the fleet did not come within range of the B-25's on Morotai.^[26]

On 10 November the 38th BG was ordered to attack a large Japanese ship convoy in

348th Fighter Group en route to a new fighter base at Tacloban Airfield, Leyte. At 1135 the convoy was sighted, and the group circled to make its approach from the land side. It attacked individual ships in two-plane elements at 150 feet under intense and effective antiaircraft fire from the Japanese naval vessels. In just seven minutes of combat, five of the lead 822nd Squadron's eight bombers were shot down, including the group leader, as were two of the 823rd BS, last over the convoy. The group, which was awarded its fourth Distinguished Unit Citation for the mission, suffered its greatest loss: seven bombers, three complete crews, and 21 dead or missing. While its claims were exaggerated in both tonnage and numbers of vessels sunk, the two largest transports^{[n 17]} and a frigate^{[n 18]} were sunk and serious damage inflicted on the rest of the convoy.^[27]

Operations in 1945

The group moved forward to

Ume and damaging the other two.^[28]

In the first week of February the group provided on-call

Amoy, China. Flying abreast in four attack waves totaling 22 Mitchells, each squadron lost a bomber in the brief but vicious combat, with two going down in the target area and two others crash-landing at Fourteenth Air Force

fields on the Chinese mainland.

On 13 May, after evaluating two months of strikes against Formosan targets, group commander Lt. Col. Edwin H. Hawes conceived a sustained campaign to eradicate all Japanese sugar mill/ethanol refineries on Formosa. He formed specially-designated two-crew teams from each squadron, each team selecting and bombing a target every fourth day, to provide daily pressure on the industry. The group became known as the "Alcohol Busters".^{[n 23]}

On 21 June 1945 half of the air echelon of 38th BG (30 B-25s) was sent on short notice to

Balikpapan, Borneo. Its first mission on 22 June consisted of 54 Mitchells flying 18 abreast in three waves, strafing and dropping air-fused napalm bombs. On the mission of 29 June, the group was forced to attack through the exploding bursts of bombs dropped by B-24 Liberators flying at much higher altitude, losing one B-25.^{[30][n 25]}

After its return to Lingayen, it conducted training missions until an advanced party flew to

Yontan Airfield. The ground echelon boarded LSTs on 26 July and moved to Subic Bay, where it remained until the end of the month. It reached Yontan by sea on 8 August. The air echelon flew to Yontan on 25 July and began attacks on industries, railways, and shipping in southern Japan and both coasts of Korea. Japanese home defenses proved effective and seven B-25s were lost in combat between 26 July and 10 August, with only one crew surviving.^[31]

38th BG B-25 losses
95	B-25's lost in combat
44	B-25's lost in non-combat accidents
442	Air crew killed or missing in action
	All figures from Official History.[n 26]

On the morning of 9 August 1945, ten B-25Js led by Col. Hawes attacked the Japanese aircraft carrier

Kaiyo (海鷹), beached in Beppu Bay on Kyushu. Flying three abreast at low level through a thick haze, six of the ten aircraft struck the carrier with five 1000-pound delayed-action demolition bombs. Hawes and his crew were killed when a wingtip of their bomber struck a tree, then the carrier itself, and crashed beside the ship after releasing its bombs. Hawes' Mitchell was the last lost by the group during World War II.^{[31][n 27]}

The 38th Bomb Group flew its final combat mission on 13 August 1945, searching for shipping off the east coast of Korea, and the next morning moved its 54 operational bombers back to Morotai to make room for units involved in the imminent occupation.

Post-war duties

The 38th BG returned to Yontan from Morotai on 26 September, having lost three additional B-25s to accidents. On 1 October the group transferred out all aircraft with more than 600 hours of flight time, which reduced it to nine B-25s. Okinawa was struck by typhoons on 16 September and 9 October, the latter destroying all tents and structures in the 38th's camp at Yontan, but the bombers were saved by weighting down their wings with sandbags and using full engine power to keep them turned into the wind.^[32]

On 1 November the group was designated for movement to Kyushu, to be based at

naval mines). On 25 November the aircraft flew from Okinawa to Ashiya Air Base because Itazuke was not yet serviceable. Their crews were trucked 40 miles to Itazuke, followed two days later by the rear air echelon, which arrived in 18 C-47s. The 38th BG began rehabilitation of the base using groups of Japanese laborers.^[32]

The 38th BG returned more than 500 men to the United States for demobilization before the end of 1945. In January 1946, it received 16

A-26 Invader bombers at Ashiya for orientation and training, assigned to the 405th BS. A lack of engineering personnel in the group resulted in most of the aircraft being grounded until acceptance inspections could be performed.^[32] The group was reduced to three squadrons on 12 April 1946 as both the 822nd and 823rd BS were inactivated and the 89th Bomb Squadron at Itazuke was assigned to the group.^{[33][n 28]}

The group was redesignated as the 38th Bombardment Group (Light) in May 1946 and reassigned to the 315th Air Division. Operational surveillance missions began in April, with two A-26s lost in weather-related crashes in April and May. In September 1946 the group moved to Itami, Japan.^[32] The 405th BS was reduced to a paper squadron without aircraft or personnel, then relocated at Itazuke between 1 January and 1 May 1947 to be a basic military training unit, after which it returned to Itami as a non-flying labor unit until the establishment of the USAF. The 71st BS discontinued flight operations on 1 November 1946 and went into an unmanned status until 1 May 1947, when it received new personnel at Itami in preparation for resuming operations. The 89th BS became the sole operational squadron of the group between November 1946 and September 1947.^[34]

United States Air Force

On 18 September 1947 the 38th Bomb Group became part of the independent United States Air Force. Both the 71st and 405th Squadrons were subsequently re-equipped with B-26C Invader and TB-25 Mitchell aircraft, resuming surveillance and training missions. Under the reorganization of the Air Force wing plan, it was made the combat component of the newly activated 38th Bombardment Wing (Light) on 18 August 1948. It assisted in the air defense of Japan and participated in tactical exercises from August 1948 – March 1949. The 38th Bombardment Group was inactivated in the Far East on 1 April 1949.

The group was reactivated on 1 January 1953 as the 38th Bombardment Group (Tactical), again a subordinate component of the 38th Bomb Wing, now part of

Laon-Couvron Air Base, France. The 71st, 405th and 822d Bomb Squadrons were reactivated as the group's flying components. The group absorbed the assets and personnel of the 126th Bomb Group, an Illinois Air National Guard

unit that was inactivated and returned to state control.

The group flew the B-26 Invader until April 1955, when it converted to the

B-57B Canberra tactical bomber. A total of forty-nine B-57B and eight 2-seat B-57C models for training were deployed to Laon. The 38th Bomb Group was the only tactical bombardment unit assigned to USAFE. The mission of the B-57B was all-weather interdiction using conventional weapons, but it was also nuclear weapons-capable and provided a nuclear deterrence. The Canberras at Laon were painted a gloss black. Using five B-57's, the 38th BG formed its own aerial demonstration team called the Black Knights. They performed at air shows around Western Europe, including the 1957 Paris Air Show

. The Black Knights were the only tactical bomber show team in the world.

In 1958, French President

TM-61 Matador

.

Honors

The honors earned by the group prior to 18 August 1948 were bestowed for display on the 38th Combat Support Wing.^[35]

Decorations

Distinguished Unit Citation, World War II

Papua, September 1942 – 23 January 1943

New Britain, 24–26 December 1943

New Guinea, 16–17 June 1944

Leyte, 10 November 1944

Philippine Presidential Unit Citation

Liberation of the Philippine Islands

Service streamers

Air Combat, Asiatic-Pacific Theater

Air Offensive, Japan

China Defensive

Papua

New Guinea

Bismarck Archipelago

Western Pacific

Leyte

Luzon

Southern Philippines

China Offensive

See also

• Battle of Ormoc Bay
• Battle of the Bismarck Sea
• Bombing of Rabaul (November 1943)
• Bombing of Wewak
• List of Martin B-26 Marauder operators
• United States Army Air Forces in Australia

Notes

Footnotes

1. ^ At least one anecdotal narrative by a 38th combat veteran recalled that, in addition to the inter-group crew swaps described in the 38th's official history, the B-26 crews of the 69th/70th were "swapped" internally with the B-26 crews of the 71st/405th just prior to the 7 May detachment of those squadrons from the group. The designated commander of the 38th's air echelon, 405th BS commander Lt. Col. Millard Lewis, was detached at Barksdale to command the 335th Bombardment Group, a new B-26 training group.
2. ^ Capt. James F. Collins, Jr. of the 69th BS led the attack. 2nd Lt. William S. Watson and his entire crew were shot down and killed on their way into the target at low level. The 28 members of all four crews were awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.
3. ^ The types were identical. The designations denote their place of manufacture: Inglewood, California (C) and Kansas City, Kansas (D).
4. 3rd Bomb Group
   since 6 April, but were from a consignment shipped in crates to Australia for use by the Dutch Air Force. These had been returned to (or retained by) the USAAF because the Dutch did not have pilots to fly them.
5. ^ The navigator's parachute opened inside the aircraft and was useless. He attempted to parachute by hanging onto another crewman, but was torn away by the shock of the chute opening.
6. ^ The standard medium bombardment group had four squadrons and 63 aircraft in 1942–43.
7. ^ Of the original 37 bombers, five were transferred to other units. Seven were lost in combat, fourteen to non-combat accidents, and seven retired from combat by 1 March 1944, to become administrative aircraft ("hacks"). Only four continued flying combat after that date, the last retired in September 1944 with 160+ missions.
8. 99th Bombardment Group
   . The 38th BG was under the acting command of its executive officer, Lt. Col. Theodore C. Castle, until Col. Brian O'Neill took command. The history compiled by the 38th BG Association in 2005 stated that Castle had been in actual command but was relieved for medical reasons related to a near-air crash. If so, Air Force records do not bear this out.
9. ^ Per the group history, O'Neill, known as "Shanty" O'Neill, had a late night fondness for powdered cheese, which he would scoop from a container kept in the headquarters squadron mess. New cooks, unaware of his habit and without changing the storage location, used the container to store lye, which O'Neill nearly ingested and which caused severe chemical burns to his mouth. When infection set it, he was sent to Australia for hospitalization. O'Neill returned to Fifth Air Force as a staff officer with the 308th Bomb Wing, the next higher administrative echelon for the 38th BG.
10. ^ The 38BG Association published an anecdote in its newsletter, possibly apocryphal, that the scheduled move was advanced before their base was completed because of a tiff in the Officer's Club in Townsville between crewmen of the 405th BS and the base Provost Marshal. The crewmen, returning from a mission to retrieve their personal items, found their quarters reassigned to another unit and their belongings missing. When they attempted to dine at the club, they were threatened with arrest by the Provost for failing to wear ties, and to instigate a protest arrest, destroyed glassware, aware that the commanding general of ADVON, BG Ennis C. Whitehead, would have them released. A variation in the association's group history (2005) has them arriving after the club had closed, being refused dinner because they were not in Class A uniform, and then arrested for throwing food on the floor.
11. ^ O'Neill flew the morning mission in the lead aircraft of the 405th with Ralph Cheli, and the afternoon mission in the lead aircraft of the 71st BS, earning the Distinguished Service Cross.
12. ^ Of the three crews shot down in August 1943, all but one of the twelve survivors captured are believed to have been executed by their captors.
13. ^ The Fifth Air Force lost nine B-25s, three from each of the attacking groups, and nine P-38s at Rabaul on "Bloody Tuesday".
14. ^ One of the first crews lost on a combat mission fell to this deadly combination and their bodies were not recovered until more than 60 years after the crash. The 405th BS crew of B-25C 41-12907, nicknamed The Happy Legend, crashed into a mountainside in heavy cloud during a mission on 5 December 1942. Although the wreckage was located within weeks, the site remained inaccessible until 2002, and because live bombs were still in the wreckage, the remains of two crewmen could not be recovered until 2006. On 17 November 2009, one of the crewmembers and the personal effects of the remainder were buried in separate coffins at Arlington National Cemetery. "World War II Bomber Crew Buried", AIR FORCE Magazine, February 2010, Vol. 93 No. 2, p. 18.
15. 345th Bomb Group, had similar personnel problems. In September 1944, V Bomber Command published a rotation policy using a point system based on hours flown and combat conditions encountered that for B-25 crewmen averaged 250 combat hours for eligibility for rotation. This matched Far East Air Forces
    's replacement schedule. Personnel were rotated with the highest accumulated point totals among those eligible returning first.
16. ^ Several B-25G-1s remained with the 71st and 823rd BS and saw combat on "maximum effort" missions as late as 6 December 1944.
17. ^ Per JANAC Archived 24 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Takatsu Maru (5350 tons) and Kashii Maru (8,407 tons).
18. ^ Per JANAC, Coast Defense Vessel No. 11.
19. ^ The P-40s were recent hand-downs from fighter groups converting to P-38s. The 71st RG used them briefly while awaiting delivery of new P-51s.
20. ^ The 34 B-25Js that reached the target expended 104,985 rounds of .50 caliber ammunition. Two bombers of the lead squadron were shot down by a flak tower.
21. ^ Fifth Air Force was not organized into wings but had all its combat groups assigned directly to commands. The 38th BG was the only bombardment group not assigned to V Bomber Command, having been a part of V Fighter Command since 1942.
22. ^ The lead 345th BG bombed Toyohara Airdrome to the north to split the defenses. In addition, two Liberator groups and an A-20 group also attacked Formosan airfields.
23. ^ Aircraft Movement Sheet for mission 158-C-8, 405th Bomb Squadron, of 28 May is the first specific use of the term in official documents. It was also seen in various reporting as the "Alcohol Busters of Formosa" and "Hawes' Alcohol Busters". The campaign ran through the end of May and ultimately attacked 16 targets, destroying 13. 38th Bomb Group Association Part 133 download.
24. ^ The Palawan tour marked the only time during World War II that the 38th BG flew combat operations with its former 69th and 70th BS.
25. ^ The 42nd BG and all five of its squadrons received a DUC for this campaign, but the attached squadrons of the 38th did not. This occurred previously in 2 November 1943 attack on Rabaul, in which only the 345th BG was decorated. In all, the 38th participated in six DUC-awarded missions.
26. ^ Does not include aircraft destroyed on ground or written off as beyond economical repair.
27. ^ This mission encountered severe haze conditions which the group history speculated might have been part of the atomic cloud of the bombing of Nagasaki that morning, 80 miles to the southwest. However the time over target for the lead squadron was more than an hour before the Nagasaki detonation.
28. ^ The 822nd would not be reactivated until 1953, and the 823rd did not reactivate until 1962. The 89th BS had formerly been part of the 3rd Bomb Group.

Citations

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "Official History of the 38th Bomb Group (M), January 1941 – March 1944". 38th Bomb Group Association. 1945. Retrieved 13 February 2010. Part 001 download.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} "Official History". Retrieved 13 February 2010. Part 002 download.
3. ^ Larsen, p. 22
4. ^ Larsen, p. 27
5. ^ Frisbee 1986, p. 140
6. ^ Kernan 2005, p. 147
7. ^ Rohfleisch 1953, p. 59
8. ^ Larsen, p. 79
9. ^ Bender, Capt. Earl W.; W. J. English (38 BG Assn) (2008). "Original 37 planes". 38BGA. Retrieved 19 February 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
10. ^ Haugland 1948, p. 114
11. ^ ^{a b c} "Official History". Retrieved 13 February 2010. Part 006 download.
12. ^ ^{a b} "Official History". Retrieved 13 February 2010. Part 003 download.
13. ^ ^{a b} "Official History". Retrieved 13 February 2010. Part 004 download.
14. ^ "Army & Navy—Heroes: Pronounced Kelly". TIME Magazine (6 September). 6 September 1943. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
15. ^ "Official History". Retrieved 13 February 2010. Part 005 download.
16. ^ Mortensen 1953, p. 333
17. ^ "Official History". Retrieved 13 February 2010. Part 046 download.
18. ^ Claringbould 1995, p. Appendix II
19. ^ Futrell 1953d, p. 597
20. ^ Futrell 1953e, p. 641
21. ^ "Official History". Retrieved 13 February 2010. Part 068 download.
22. ^ Futrell 1953a, pp. 324–325
23. ^ Futrell 1953a, p. 331
24. ^ "Official History". Retrieved 8 March 2010. Part 078 download.
25. ^ "Official History". Retrieved 8 March 2010. Part 081 download.
26. ^ Futrell 1953b, p. 366
27. ^ "Official History". Retrieved 8 March 2010. Part 089 download.
28. ^ Futrell 1953c, p. 429
29. ^ "Official History". Retrieved 8 March 2010. Part 110 download.
30. ^ "Official History". Retrieved 12 February 2010., Part 142 download
31. ^ ^{a b} "Official History". Retrieved 12 February 2010., Part 151 download
32. ^ ^{a b c d} Gunn, David (2008). "No More Bombing Missions". 38BGA. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
33. ^ Maurer 1969b, pp. 769–770
34. ^ Maurer 1969a, pp. 302–303
35. ^ 38 Combat Support Wing fact sheet, AFHRA. Retrieved 25 April 2014.

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

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  ISBN 0-89201-092-4
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• Maurer, Maurer (1969a). Combat Squadrons of the Air Force – World War II (Part 1) (PDF). USAF Historical Study. Vol. 82.
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  ISBN 0-9770371-1-8
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• Mortensen, Bernhardt L. (1953). "Chapter 10: Rabaul and Cape Gloucester". Army Air Forces in World War II: Vol. IV The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan August 1942 to July 1944. Maxwell Air Force Base: Air University. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
• "Official History of the 38th Bomb Group (M), January 1941 – March 1944". 38th Bomb Group Association. 1945. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
• Rohfleisch, Kramer J. (1953). "Chapter 2: The Battle for Guadalcanal". Army Air Forces in World War II: Vol. IV The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan August 1942 to July 1944. Maxwell Air Force Base: Air University. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.

Websites

• History of the 69th Bomb Squadron

External links

• 38th Bomb Group Association (WWII)
• "United States Army Air Forces Crew 5 December 1942" interment of 405th BS crew on 17 November 2009, at Arlington National Cemetery
• 38th Bomb Wing Black Knights