3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf

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Not to be confused with SS-Totenkopfverbände, the SS organization responsible for administering the German Nazi concentration camps.

3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf
3. SS-Panzerdivision "Totenkopf"
Panzer
RoleArmoured warfare
SizeDivision
Nickname(s)Death's Head Division
EngagementsWorld War II
Commanders
Notable
commanders

The 3rd SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf" (

skull and crossbones symbol – and it is thus sometimes referred to as the Death's Head Division.[2]

The division was formed through the expansion of

concentration camp guard units, which were known collectively as SS-Totenkopfverbände; others were former members of Selbstschutz
: ethnic German militias that had committed war crimes in Poland.

The division became notorious for its brutality, and committed numerous war crimes, including the Le Paradis and Chasselay massacres. The remnants of the division surrendered on 9 May 1945 to American forces in Czechoslovakia.

Formation

The SS Division Totenkopf was formed in October 1939.

SS-VT), of whom many had already seen action in Poland. The division was commanded by SS-Obergruppenführer Theodor Eicke.[6] At the time of the Battle of France, the division was equipped with ex-Czech weapons.[7]

Battle of France

Totenkopf was initially held in reserve during the Battle of France and invasion of the Low Countries in May 1940.[8] The division was committed on 16 May to the front in Belgium. Later, it was decided that Totenkopf would reinforce the breakthrough of Erwin Rommel's 7th Panzer Division in the Cambrai area. Reaching the Bazuel area straddling both sides of the river it arrived on the front on 19 May, facing elements of the French 1st Moroccan Infantry Division, 5th North African Infantry Division, and 9th Motorized Division. Totenkopf suffered 16 dead and 53 wounded while killing 200 Moroccan soldiers in its first day in action.[9] In its first major battle it captured the town of Catillon-sur-Sambre and its associated canal in fierce house-to-house fighting, blocking the exits of the town and trapping the Moroccan force in the center around the market square, eventually captured thousands of remaining troops. Soldiers from Totenkopf executed many captured Moroccans, due to Arabs being considered "racially inferior".[10] On the morning of the next day, May 20 it contained a major Moroccan counter attack near Ribeauville, driving it back with its own counter attack, before crossing the Selle river and linking up with Rommel's division in the outskirts of Cambrai.[11] Overall in the actions around the Cambrai/Sambre area the division captured 16,000 troops.

Whilst subsequently trying to drive through to the coast, Totenkopf was involved in the

3.7 cm PaK 36, being no match for the British Matilda tank[12] although they quickly halted the British. In the following days, the unit committed several large-scale massacres of French civilians, most notable the Berles-Monchel and Aubigny-en-Artois massacres.[13] On 27 May, the 4 Company of the Totenkopf under the command of Hauptsturmführer Fritz Knöchlein, committed the Le Paradis massacre, where 97 soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment were machine-gunned after surrendering, with survivors killed with bayonets. Only two men survived.[14][15]

Invasion of the Soviet Union

Motorized troops of the division during Operation Barbarossa in September 1941

In April 1941, the division was ordered East to join Field Marshal

Wilhelm von Leeb's Army Group North. Leeb's force was tasked with advancing on Leningrad and formed the northern wing of Operation Barbarossa. Totenkopf took part in the advance through Lithuania and Latvia, and by July had breached the Stalin Line. The division then advanced past Demyansk
to Leningrad where it was involved in heavy fighting in August.

During Soviet winter counter-offensive, the division was encircled for several months near Demyansk in what became known as the Demyansk Pocket. During the fighting in the pocket, it was re-designated "Kampfgruppe Eicke" due to its reduced size. In April 1942, the division broke out of the pocket. At Demyansk, about 80% of its men were killed, wounded or missing in action. The division was sent to France to be refitted in late October 1942. While there, the division took part in Case Anton, the takeover of Vichy France in November 1942. For this operation, the division was supplied with a tank battalion and redesignated 3rd SS Panzergrenadier Division Totenkopf. The division remained in France until February 1943, when its previous commander, Theodor Eicke, resumed control.

Battle of Kursk and retreat on the Eastern Front

In February 1943 the division was moved back to the

Eastern Front as part of Erich von Manstein's Army Group South. The division, as a part of SS-Obergruppenführer Paul Hausser's II SS Panzer Corps, took part in the Third Battle of Kharkov, blunting the Soviet offensive. During this campaign, Theodor Eicke was killed when his spotter aircraft was shot down. Hermann Priess succeeded Eicke as commander. The SS Panzer Corps, including the division, was then shifted north to take part in Operation Citadel, the offensive aimed at reducing the Kursk salient. It was during February 1943 that the 3rd SS Panzer Regiment received a company of Tiger I
heavy tanks.

The attack was launched on 5 July 1943 with the

Psel River northwards and then continuing on towards the town of Prokhorovka
. In the early morning of 9 July, 6th SS Motorised Regiment Theodor Eicke attacked northwards, crossing the Psel and attempted to seize the strategic Hill 226.6, but failed to do so until the afternoon. This meant that the northern advance slowed and the majority of the division was still south of the Psel, where elements of 5th SS Motorised Regiment 5 Thule continued to advance towards Prokhorovka and cover the flank of the Leibstandarte.

By 11 July, elements of the division crossed the Psel and secured Kliuchi. In the afternoon of 12 July, near the village of Andreyevka on the south bank of the Psel, the Soviet forces launched a major counterattack against Regiment Thule and the division's battalion of assault guns during the

5th Guards Tank Army
, halting the Soviet advance and inflicting severe damage to the Soviet forces, but at the cost of the majority of the division's remaining operational tanks. While the II SS Panzer Corps had halted the Soviet counteroffensive, it had exhausted itself. Citadel was called off on 14 July.

Along with the

Mius River. The division was involved in heavy fighting over the next several weeks. During the July–August battles for Hill 213 and the town of Stepanovka, the division suffered heavy losses, and over the course of the campaign on the Mius-Front
, it suffered more casualties than it had during Operation Citadel. By the time the Soviet bridgehead was eliminated, the division had lost 1,500 troops; the Panzer regiment was reduced to 20 tanks.

The division was then moved north, back to Kharkov. Along with Das Reich, Totenkopf took part in the battles to halt

Operation Rumyantsev and to prevent the Soviet capture of the city. The city was abandoned on 23 August due to the threats on the German flanks. In October 1943, the division was reformed as a Panzer division. The Panzer battalion was officially upgraded to a regiment, and the two motorised regiments were given the titles "Theodor Eicke" and "Totenkopf". The division, along with other Axis formations, continued its retreat towards the Romanian border. By November, the division was engaged in fighting against Red Army's attacks over the vital town of Krivoi Rog
to the west of the Dniepr.

Warsaw

In January 1944, Totenkopf was still engaged in heavy defensive fighting east of the Dniepr near

Iaşi. In the first week of April, the division received replacements and new equipment, including Panther tanks. In the second week of April, Totenkopf took part in fighting against a heavy Soviet Army attacks towards Second Battle of Târgu Frumos
. By 7 May, the front had quietened and the Totenkopf resumed its reorganizing.

In the Second Battle of Târgu Frumos, elements of the division, together with elements of the Großdeutschland, managed to halt an armoured assault by the Red Army. The assault, which in many aspects bore similarities to those of the later British Operation Goodwood, was carried out by approximately 500 tanks.[17][need quotation to verify] In early July, the division was ordered to the area near Grodno in Poland, where it formed a part of SS-Obergruppenführer Herbert Gille's IV SS Panzer Corps, covering the approaches to Warsaw near the Modlin Fortress.

After the Soviet

Armia Krajowa (the Polish Home Army) launched the Warsaw Uprising
. A column of Totenkopf Tiger tanks were caught up in the fighting, and several were lost. The Totenkopf itself was not involved in the suppression of the uprising, instead guarding the front lines, and fighting off several Red Army probe attacks into the city's eastern suburbs.

In several battles near the town of Modlin in mid-August, the Totenkopf, fighting alongside the

Soviet 3rd Tank Corps
. The terrain around Modlin is excellent for armour, and Totenkopf's panzers exploited this to their advantage, engaging Soviet tanks from a range where the superiority of the German optics and the 75 mm high-velocity gun gave the Panthers an edge over the T-34s.

Budapest relief attempts

The efforts of the Totenkopf, "Wiking" and "Hermann Göring" divisions allowed the Germans to hold the

IX SS Mountain Corps (Alpine Corps-Croatia) was encircled in Budapest. Hitler ordered the IV SS Panzer Corps to redeploy south to relieve the 95,000 Germans and Hungarians trapped in the city. The corps arrived just before New Year's Eve. The relief attempts were to be codenamed Operation Konrad. The first attack was Konrad I. The plan was for a joint attack by the Wiking and Totenkopf from the town of Tata attacking along the Bicske
-Budapest line. The attack was launched on New Year's Day, 1945.

Despite initial gains, Konrad I ran into heavy Red Army opposition near Bicske and during the battle the 1st Battalion, 3rd SS Panzer Regiment's commander, SS-Sturmbannführer Erwin Meierdress was killed. After the failure of the first operation, Totenkopf and Wiking launched an assault aimed at reaching the city centre. Named Operation Konrad II, the attack was launched on 7 January from just south of Esztergom. It reached as far as Budapest's northern suburbs, by 12 January motorised infantry of the Wiking division spotted the Hungarian capital's skyline. However, Gille's corps was overextended and vulnerable, so it was ordered to fall back.

Operation Konrad III got underway on 20 January 1945. Attacking from the south of Budapest, it aimed at encircling 10 Red Army divisions. However, the relief forces could not achieve their goal, despite making a 24-kilometre bulge in the Soviet forces line and destroying the

Josef Dietrich was massing for the upcoming Operation Spring Awakening
.

Gille's corps was too depleted to take part in the assault, instead it provided flank support to assaulting divisions during the beginning of the operation. Totenkopf, together with Wiking, performed a holding action on the left flank of the offensive, in the area between Lake Velence-Székesfehérvár. Dietrich's army made "good progress" at first, but as they drew near the Danube, the combination of the muddy terrain and strong Soviet resistance ground them to a halt.[18] As the offensive stalled, the Soviets forces counterattacked in strength on 16 March. The Germans were driven back to the positions they had held before Operation Spring Awakening began.[19] Attacking the line between the Totenkopf and the Hungarian 2nd Armoured Division, contact was lost between the two formations. The 6th Army commander, General der Panzertruppe Hermann Balck, recommended moving the I SS Panzer Corps north to plug the gap and prevent the encirclement of the IV SS Panzer Corps, however, by the time the divisions finally began moving, it was too late.

On 22 March, the Red Army encirclement of the Totenkopf and Wiking was almost complete. The

Vienna Offensive which destroyed any resemblance of an organised German line of defence. The remnants of the division retreated into Czechoslovakia
where it surrendered to the American forces on 9 May.

War crimes

Poland

1943 Picture of Jewish prisoners in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; the SS man at right has the "Totenkopf" insignia on his collar

With the invasion of Poland, Theodor Eicke – who was the commandant of the

Sonderaktion Tannenberg (Operation Tannenberg a.k.a. Unternehmen Tannenberg) of installing Nazi officials from SiPo, Kripo, Gestapo and SD to head an administrative machine in occupied Poland, leading to the Generalplan Ost colonization programme.[22] In October 1939, these Totenkopfverbände troops formed the core of the 3 Totenkopf Division, of which Eicke became the commander.[3] During the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
the training Battalion of the 3rd Panzer Division Totenkopf took part in the suppression of the uprising.

France

Le Paradis Massacre

Main article: Le Paradis massacre
Black and white photo of soldiers with a small tank
British prisoners of war with a Pz.Kpfw Ib German tank in Calais in May, 1940

While the Totenkopf Division committed numerous massacres of French Arab and African troops, the most infamous remains the murders at Le Paradis. The Le Paradis massacre was a war crime committed by members of the 14th Company, SS Division Totenkopf, under the command of Hauptsturmführer Fritz Knöchlein. It took place on 27 May 1940, during the Battle of France, at a time when the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was attempting to retreat through the Pas-de-Calais region during the Battle of Dunkirk.

Soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, the

Le Paradis. After running out of ammunition, the defenders surrendered to the German troops. The Germans machine-gunned the men after they surrendered, with survivors killed with bayonets. Two men survived with injuries, and were hidden by locals until they were captured by German forces several days later. After the war, Knöchlein was tried for war crimes by a British military court. He was found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed in 1949.[14]

Chasselay massacre

Thereafter, the division worked together with

Großdeutschland Division to carry out racially motivated murders of hundreds of captured black African members of the French Army. They murdered captured black soldiers on account of their race, which they believed to merit their separation and execution. For example, on 19 and 20 June 1940, Totenkopf and Großdeutschland together carried out a series of massacres of captured African soldiers in the Chasselay area, murdering about captured 100 Senegalese Tirailleurs.[23] They are today buried in the Tata of Chasselay
.

Commanders

No. Portrait Commander Took office Left office Time in office
1
Theodor Eicke
Eicke, TheodorSS-Gruppenführer
Theodor Eicke
(1892–1943)		1 November 19397 July 19411 year, 248 days
2
Matthias Kleinheisterkamp
Kleinheisterkamp, MatthiasSS-Oberführer
Matthias Kleinheisterkamp
(1893–1945)		7 July 194118 July 194111 days
3
Georg Keppler
Keppler, GeorgSS-Brigadeführer
Georg Keppler
(1894–1966)		18 July 194119 September 194163 days
1
Theodor Eicke
Eicke, TheodorSS-Obergruppenführer
Theodor Eicke
(1892–1943)		19 September 194126 February 1943 †1 year, 160 days
4
Hermann Priess
Priess, HermannSS-Gruppenführer
Hermann Priess
(1901–1985)
[24]		26 February 194327 April 194360 days
5
Heinz Lammerding
Lammerding, HeinzSS-Gruppenführer
Heinz Lammerding
(1905–1971)		27 April 19431 May 19434 days
4
Hermann Priess
Priess, HermannSS-Gruppenführer
Hermann Priess
(1901–1985)		1 May 194320 June 19441 year, 50 days
6
Karl Ullrich
Ullrich, KarlSS-Standartenführer
Karl Ullrich
(1910–1996)
Acting
[25]		20 June 194413 July 194423 days
7
Hellmuth Becker
Becker, HellmuthSS-Brigadeführer
Hellmuth Becker
(1902–1953)		13 July 19448 May 1945311 days

Organisation

The main organisation structure of this SS

formation was as follows:[26]

Designation (English)[27] Designation (German)[28]
  • SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment 5 "Thule"
  • SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment 6 "Theodor Eicke"
  • SS Panzer Regiment 3
  • SS Panzer Artillery Regiment 3
  • SS-Panzergrenadierregiment 5 "Thule"
  • SS-Panzergrenadierregiment 6 "Theodor Eicke"
  • SS-Panzerregiment 3
  • SS-Panzerartillerieregiment 3

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Official designation in German language as to "Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv* in Freiburg im Breisgau, stores of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS.
  2. ISBN 978-0760310151
    .
  3. ^ a b Stein 1984, pp. 32–35.
  4. ^ Stein 1984, p. 259.
  5. ^ Sydnor 1990, pp. 37, 44.
  6. ^ Stein 1984, p. 34.
  7. ^ Niehorster, Leo W. G. German World War II Organizational Series, Vol. 2/II: Mechanized GHQ units and Waffen-SS Formations (10 May 1940), 1990
  8. ^ Flaherty 2004, p. 152.
  9. ^ "Soldiers of Destruction: The SS Death's Head Division, 1933–1945" p. 93
  10. ^ "Hitler's Elite: The SS 1939–45" p. 170
  11. ISBN 978-88-9327-612-2
    . Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  12. ^ Harman 1980, p. 100.
  13. doi:10.3917/rdn.342.0821
    .
  14. ^ a b Cooper 2004.
  15. ^ Jackson 2001, pp. 285–288.
  16. ISBN 9781909384545
    .
  17. ^ Tamelander M, Zetterling, N, Avgörandets Ögonblick, p. 279.
  18. ^ Stein 1984, p. 238.
  19. ^ Dollinger 1967, p. 182.
  20. ISBN 0691008531
    .
  21. ISBN 978-83-7629-063-8. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2016. Oblicza się, że akcja "Inteligencja" pochłonęła ponad 100 tys. ofiar. Translation: It is estimated that Intelligenzaktion took the lives of 100,000 Poles.
  22. ^ Prof. Dietrich Eichholtz (2004), »Generalplan Ost« zur Versklavung osteuropäischer Völker. Archived 24 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine PDF file, direct download 74.5 KB.
  23. ISBN 978-0-521-85799-4, hier besonders S. 124–126 und 154–157; deutsch: Hitlers afrikanische Opfer. Die Massaker der Wehrmacht an schwarzen französischen Soldaten. Assoziation A, Berlin 2009. Rezension von Bernhard Schmid, in Dschungel, Beilage zu jungle world 14. Jan. 2010, S. 2–6 (Inhalt englisch
    ).
  24. ^ SS-Oberführer Max Simon was the "official" commander (on paper) of the 3rd SS-Panzer Division from 26 February 1943 to 22 October 1943, but in reality it was SS-Oberführer Hermann Priess who commanded the division in the field during those dates.
  25. ^ Ullrich, Karl "Wie Ein Fels Im Meer" pg. 13
  26. ^ GORDON WILLIAMSON: "The SS Hitler's Instrument of the power"; published by KAISER; appendix, page 244, "Schlachtordnung der Waffen-SS / Waffen-SS order of battle"; copyright 1994 by Brown Packaging Books Ltd., London.
  27. ^ MILITÄRISCHES STUDIENGLOSAR ENGLISCH Teil II/ Teil III, Deutsch – Englisch, Abkürzung Begriff, Bundessprachenamt (Stand Januar 2001).
  28. ^ Official designation as to "Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv" in Freiburg im Breisgau, stores of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS.

Bibliography

External links

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