40s

The 40s decade ran from January 1, AD 40, to December 31, AD 49.

Between 44 and 48, a famine took place in Judea. Josephus relates that Helena of Adiabene "went down to the city Jerusalem, her son conducting her on her journey a great way. Now her coming was of very great advantage to the people of Jerusalem; for whereas a famine did oppress them at that time, and many people died for want of what was necessary to procure food withal, queen Helena sent some of her servants to Alexandria with money to buy a great quantity of corn, and others of them to Cyprus, to bring a cargo of dried figs. And as soon as they were come back, and had brought those provisions, which was done very quickly, she distributed food to those that were in want of it, and left a most excellent memorial behind her of this benefaction, which she bestowed on our whole nation. And when her son Izates was informed of this famine, he sent great sums of money to the principal men in Jerusalem."^[3][4]

Literary works of this decade include the

Due to lack of reliable demographic data, estimates of the world population in the 1st century vary wildly, with estimates for AD 1 varying from 150^[5] to 300^[6] million. Demographers typically do not attempt to estimate most specific years in antiquity, instead giving approximate numbers for round years such as AD 1 or AD 200. However, attempts at reconstructing the world population in more specific years have been made, with Manning (2008) tentatively estimating the world population in AD 40 as 247 million.^[7]

Events

AD 40

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor Caligula is consul without colleague.
• Caligula starts on a campaign to conquer Britain, which fails miserably. He declares himself victorious regardless.
• Noricum and Mauretania are incorporated into the Roman Empire.
• Caligula reforms the principatus into a
  Hellenistic Autocracy. He distributes honors carelessly, declares himself a god and orders that all the heads of the Greek deity statues be replaced by his. He also appoints his horse, Incitatus
  , a senator.
• Construction begins on the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Gallia Narbonensis (approximate date).^[8]

Europe

• The Germanic Quadi tribe begin settling in present-day Moravia and Slovakia.

Parthia

• Gotarzes II
  .

Vietnam

• The
  Trưng Sisters rebel against the rule of the Chinese Emperor Guang Wu of Han
  .

• Philo teaches that all men are born free.

Religion

• Christianity comes to Egypt as a church is founded in Alexandria. Mark the Evangelist founds the Church of Alexandria as the first Patriarch (traditional date).
• An early Christian church is erected at Corinth (most probable date).
• The traditional date of
  Saint James the Great meeting Our Lady of the Pillar in Spain

By place

Roman Empire

• January 24
  • Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards.^[9]
  • Claudius succeeds his nephew, Caligula, as emperor.^[10]
• January 25 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as emperor by the Senate.^[10]
• Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea.^[11]
• Messalina, wife of Claudius, persuades Claudius to have Seneca the Younger banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla.^[12]
• Claudius restores
  religious freedom to Jews throughout the empire,^[13] but prohibits Jews in Rome from proselytising.^[14]
• An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans.

China

• Emperor Guang Wu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shengtong, as empress, and makes his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place.^[15]

By topic

AD 42

By places

Roman Empire

• Romans take control of Ceuta, a port city on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar.
• The territories of the current Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province.
• Dalmatian legate Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus revolts, but his troops defect, and his rebellion quickly withers.
• Claudius begins construction of Portus, a harbour bearing a lighthouse on the right bank of the Tiber.

Korea

• Korean Peninsula
  .

China

• The Chinese General
  Trưng Sisters in Tonkin
  .

• 25 January – The
  Roman Catholic Church
  chooses to commemorate this date).
• Traditional date of foundation of the
  Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria by the apostle Mark the Evangelist
  .

By place

Britain

• Roman conquest of Britain:
  • Britons led by the brothers Caratacus and Togodumnus (leaders of the Catuvellauni) in the 2-day Battle of the Medway^[17] (probably at the river near Rochester) and the Romans drive them back to and across the River Thames; Togodumnus dies soon after.^[16]
    Plautius halts at the Thames and sends for the Emperor.
  • Governor of Roman Britain.^[16]
  • Vespasian begins to subdue the south-west.
  • The Romans begin to construct forts, such as at Peterborough, and a road that later becomes Ermine Street.
  • The
    Roman fort to guard the crossing of the Kentish River Stour
    .
  • Roman London (Londinium) is established on the Thames.^[16]

Roman Empire

• Julia Livia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar, is executed at the instigation of Claudius' wife Messalina.
• Claudius annexes
  Asia Minor, combining it with Pamphylia as a Roman province
  .
• The Romans now have complete control of the Mediterranean Sea.

Central Asia

• Warfare begins between the northern and southern Huns.

Vietnam

• The warrior
  Nam Viet
  .
• Vietnam is designated a province of China.

Parthia

• King
  Seleucia on the Tigris
  to surrender.

By topic

Religion

• In
  Pope of Alexandria, thus establishing the Christian Church in Africa
  .

• Pomponius Mela, Roman geographer, writes De situ orbis libri (approximate date).

AD 44

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor
  Britannia now held by the Roman Empire
  , but the war will rage for another decade and a half.
• British Celtic tribe the Iceni (doubtful).^[20]
• Mauretania becomes a Roman province.
• The Isle of Rhodes returns to the Roman Empire.
• Judaea is controlled by Roman governors.
• (Approximate date, may be as late as 48) A famine takes place in Judea.^[21][22]
• decapitated
  .

Korea

• Minjung becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.^[23]

By topic for

Arts and Science

• Pomponius Mela writes De situ orbis, a geography of the Earth.

AD 45

By place

Roman Empire

• Juvavum (modern Salzburg) is awarded the status of a Roman municipium.
• Emperor Claudius expels the Jews from Rome.
• Claudius founds Savaria, today the Hungarian city of Szombathely.
• The Senate holds consultations regarding real estate speculation in Rome.

China

• Chinese general
  Ma Yuan conducts an expedition against the Xiongnu and the Xianbei (in Manchuria
  ).

• Paul of Tarsus begins his missionary travels, according to one traditional dating scheme.^{[citation needed}
  ]

By place

Roman Empire

• The settlement at Celje gets municipal rights, and is named municipium Claudia Celeia.
• Dobruja is annexed into Roman Moesia.
• A census shows that there are more than 6,000,000 Roman citizens.
• After the death of its king, Thracia becomes a Roman province.
• Rome and its northeast border are reunited by the Danube Road.

Central Asia

• A drought and an invasion of locusts hit the Mongolian steppes, causing a famine and a revolt at Xiongnu.^{[citation needed]}

AD 47

By place

Roman Empire

• ludi saeculares, and organises the order of the Haruspices
  , with 60 members.
• Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is made commander of the Roman army in Germania Inferior. He conquers the Chauci and fights against the Cherusci and Frisians.
• Gannascus ravage the Gallic
  coast; Corbulo uses the Rhine fleet against them. The Frisian revolt is suppressed.
• Publius Ostorius Scapula replaces Aulus Plautius as governor of Britain. The south-east of the island is now a Roman province, while certain states on the south coast are ruled as a nominally independent client kingdom by Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, whose seat is probably at Fishbourne near Chichester. Ostorius immediately faces incursions from unconquered areas, which he puts down.
• Corbulo orders the construction of the canal
  Meuse in the Netherlands, which connects the city Forum Hadriani (Voorburg
  ).
• Romans build the Traiectum fortification near the mouth of the Rhine, which will later grow to be the city of Utrecht.
• Claudius founds the city Forum Claudii Vallensium (modern
  Alpes Poeninae (Switzerland
  ).

• Ananias becomes high priest in Judaea
  .
• Paul
  starts his evangelistic work (first missionary journey), accompanied by Barnabas and Mark (possible date).

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor
  Agrippa II with the office of superintendent of the Temple in Jerusalem
  .
• After the execution of his wife Messalina, Claudius gets senatorial approval to marry his niece, Agrippina the Younger.
• Britons south and east of the Trent and Severn. The Iceni, an independent, allied kingdom within that area, revolt but are defeated. Ostorius then moves against the Deceangli in north Wales, but is forced to abandon the campaign to deal with a revolt among the allied Brigantes
  .
• Gallic nobles are admitted to the Roman Senate. Claudius grants the rights of citizenship to the Aedui.

China

• Emperor Guang Wu of Han, restores Chinese domination of Inner Mongolia. The Xiongnu are made confederates and guard the Northern border of the empire.
• The
  Xiangnu
  empire dissolves.

Korea

• Mobon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.^[24]

By topic

Religion

• Paul of Tarsus
  through his first mission goes to Cyprus and Asia Minor.
• According to Christian tradition, Martha travels to Avignon.

AD 49

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor Claudius marries his niece Agrippina the Younger (approximate date), and most of the real power falls to Agrippina.
• Seneca the Younger becomes Nero's tutor.^[25]
• Melankomas is the boxing champion, at the 207th Olympic Games.
• Likely date for the expulsion of the Jews from Rome.
• Nero becomes engaged to Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius.
• Agrippina the Younger charges Octavia's first fiancé Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus with incest. He is brought before the Senate, and sentenced to death.
• In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula founds a colonia for Roman veterans at Camulodunum (Colchester). Verulamium (St Albans) is probably established as a municipium the same year. A legion is stationed on the borders of the Silures of South Wales in preparation for invasion.

By topic

Religion

• First apostolic council in Jerusalem (approximate date)
• The Apostle Paul begins his second missionary journey with Silas while Barnabas goes to Cyprus with Mark.
• The New Testament book Paul's Epistle to the Galatians is probably written.
• Christianity spreads into Europe, especially at Rome and at Philippi (probable date according to chronology derived from the Acts of the Apostles).

Significant people

• Gaius Caesar Germanicus/Caligula (AD 37–41
  ).
• Roman Emperor (AD 41–54
  ).
• Empress Roman and Real Power behind the throne (AD 49–54
  )
• Paul of Tarsus, Christian evangelist

AD 40

• June 13 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor (d. AD 93)
• Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius and Messalina (d. AD 62)
• Dio Chrysostom, Greek philosopher and historian (d. c. 115)
• Ma, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (d. AD 79)
• Pedanius Dioscorides, Greek physician and pharmacologist (d. AD 90)
• Sextus Julius Frontinus, Roman general and military author (d. 103)^[26]
• Titus Petronius Secundus, Roman prefect (d. AD 97)

AD 41

• February 12 – Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, son of Claudius^[27] (d. AD 55)

AD 42

• Herennius Philo, Greek grammarian and writer (d. 141)
• Sixtus I, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 124)

AD 43

• Martial, Roman poet (approximate date)

AD 45

• Ban Zhao, first female Chinese historian (d. 116)
• Domitilla the Younger, Roman noblewoman (d. AD 66)
• Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus, Roman politician (d. 136)
• Lucius Vipstanus Messalla, Roman orator (approximate date)
• Plutarch, Greek historian and biographer (approximate date)
• Publius Papinius Statius
  , Roman poet (approximate date)
• Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, Roman politician

AD 46

• Plutarch, Greek historian and biographer (approximate date)^[28]

AD 47

• Taejodae, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (d. 165)

AD 48

• inventor and politician (d. 121
  )
• Ulpia Marciana, sister of Trajan (d. 112)

Deaths

AD 40

• Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, husband of Agrippina the Younger (b. 17 BC
  )
• Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Roman politician and suffect consul
• Ptolemy of Mauretania, Roman client king (executed by Caligula)
• Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera, Roman soldier (hypothesized by numerous scholars to have been the father of Jesus)

AD 41

• January 24
  • 12 AD
    )
  • 39 AD
    )
  • 6 AD
    )
• Asprenas Calpurnius Serranus, Roman politician
• Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, Roman consul (b. 17 BC
  )
• 18 AD
  )

• Arria, Roman noblewoman (committed suicide)
• Aulus Caecina Paetus, Roman politician (committed suicide)
• Gaius Appius Junius Silanus, Roman consul (executed)
• Lucius Annius Vinicianus, Roman politician (committed suicide)
• Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, Roman politician (committed suicide)

AD 43

• Aemilia Lepida, Roman noblewoman, fiancee of Claudius (b. 5 BC)
• Appius Junius Silanus, Roman consul (executed)
• Julia Livia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar (executed)
• Togodumnus, king of the Catuvellauni
• Trưng Sisters
  , Vietnamese military leaders (approximate date)

AD 44

• Daemusin, Korean ruler of Goguryeo^[23]
• Herod Agrippa I, king of Judea (b. 11 BC)^[31]
• James the Great, apostle of Jesus
• Wu Han, general of the Han Dynasty

AD 45

• Pomponius Mela, Roman geographer (approximate date)
• Vardanes I, king of the Parthian Empire (approximate date)

AD 46

• Marcus Vinicius, Roman consul and governor (b. c. 5 BC)^[32]
• Rhoemetalces III, Roman client king of Thrace (murdered)
• Servius Asinius Celer, Roman politician (executed)

AD 47

• Decimus Valerius Asiaticus
  , Roman politician and consul
• Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus
  , Roman consul
• Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Roman nobleman
• Quintus Sanquinius Maximus, Roman politician
• Vardanes I, king of the Parthian Empire

AD 48

• Gaius Silius, Roman politician (b. AD 13
  )
• Minjung, Korean ruler of Goguryeo^[24]
• Mnester, Roman pantomime actor
• Valeria Messalina, wife of Claudius^[33]

AD 49

• Lollia Paulina, Roman noblewoman and empress (b. AD 15)
• Ma Yuan, Chinese general of the Han Dynasty(b. 14 BC)^[34]

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