5-HT_2C receptor

HTR2C
Gene ontology
Molecular function	1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding G protein-coupled receptor activity signal transducer activity G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity serotonin binding neurotransmitter receptor activity
Cellular component	integral component of membrane membrane plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane intracellular anatomical structure dendrite
Biological process	release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway locomotory behavior positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process cellular calcium ion homeostasis behavioral fear response regulation of nervous system process cGMP biosynthetic process phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway serotonin receptor signaling pathway feeding behavior positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion regulation of appetite positive regulation of fat cell differentiation signal transduction chemical synaptic transmission G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway animal behaviour cGMP-mediated signaling G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO

Ensembl				n/a	ENSMUSG00000041380
UniProt	P28335	P34968
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001256761 NM_000868 NM_001256760	NM_008312
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000859 NP_001243689 NP_001243690	NP_032338
Location (UCSC)	n/a	Chr X: 145.75 – 145.98 Mb
PubMed search	[2]	[3]

Wikidata

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The 5-HT_2C receptor is a subtype of the

that in humans is located on the X chromosome. As males have one copy of the gene and females have one of the two copies of the gene repressed, polymorphisms at this receptor can affect the two sexes to differing extent.

Structure

At the cell surface the receptor exists as a homodimer.^[6] The crystal structure has been known since 2018.^[7]

Distribution

5-HT_2C receptors are located mainly in the choroid plexus,^[8] and in rats is also found in many other brain regions in high concentrations, including parts of the hippocampus, anterior olfactory nucleus, substantia nigra, several brainstem nuclei, amygdala, subthalamic nucleus and lateral habenula. 5-HT_2C receptors are also found on epithelial cells lining the ventricles.^[9]

Function

The 5-HT_2C receptor is one of the many binding sites for serotonin. Activation of this receptor by serotonin inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine release in certain areas of the brain.^[10]

5-HT_2C receptors are claimed to significantly regulate mood, anxiety, feeding, and reproductive behavior.^[11] 5-HT_2C receptors regulate dopamine release in the striatum, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala, among others.

Research indicates that some suicide victims have an abnormally high number of 5-HT_2C receptors in the prefrontal cortex.^[12] Agomelatine, which is a 5-HT_2C and 5-HT_2B antagonist as well as a MT₁ and MT₂ agonist, is an effective antidepressant.^[13][14] It has been called a norepinephrine-dopamine disinhibitor because antagonism of 5-HT_2C receptors by agomelatine results in an increase of dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the frontal cortex.^{[citation needed]} Conversely, many SSRIs (but not fluoxetine, which is a 5-HT_2C antagonist^[15]) indirectly stimulate 5-HT_2C activity by increasing levels of serotonin in the synapse although the delayed mood elevation that is usually typical of SSRIs is usually paralleled by the downregulation of the 5-HT_2C receptors.^[16] Many atypical antipsychotics block 5-HT_2C receptors, but their clinical use is limited by multiple undesirable actions on various neurotransmitters and receptors ^{[citation needed]}. Fluoxetine acts as a direct 5-HT_2C antagonist in addition to inhibiting serotonin reuptake, however, the clinical significance of this action is variable.^[15] Several tetracyclic antidepressants, including mirtazapine, are potent 5-HT_2C antagonists; this action may contribute to their efficacy.^[17][18][19]

An overactivity of 5-HT_2C receptors may contribute to depressive and anxiety symptoms in a certain population of patients. Activation of 5-HT_2C by serotonin is responsible for many of the negative

5-HT_2C receptors mediate the release and increase of extracellular dopamine in response to many drugs,[21]^[22] including caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, morphine, cocaine, and others. 5-HT_2C antagonism increases dopamine release in response to reinforcing drugs, and many dopaminergic stimuli. Feeding, social interaction, and sexual activity all release dopamine subject to inhibition of 5-HT_2C. Increased 5-HT_2C expression reduces dopamine release in both the presence and absence of stimuli.

Conditions that increase cytokine levels in the human body may have potential to raise 5-HT_2C gene expression in the brain. This could possibly comprise a link between viral infections and associated depression. Cytokine therapy has been shown to increase 5-HT_2C gene expression, resulting in increased activity of 5-HT_2C receptors in the brain ^{[citation needed]}.

Endocrinology

Serotonin is involved in basal and stress-induced regulation of

. Prolonged activation and disturbances of the HPA axis contribute to depressive and anxiety symptoms seen in many psychopathological conditions.

Stimulation of 5-HT_2C receptors leads to increase of corticotropin releasing hormone (

paraventricular nucleus

and proopiomelanocortin in the anterior pituitary lobe. In rats, restraint stress (which can produce depressive symptoms if being chronic) induces secretion of prolactin, ACTH, vasopressin and oxytocin which is partially mediated via 5-HT_2C receptor. Responses during such conditions as dehydration or haemorrhage causes the release oxytocin via serotonergic response that is partly mediated via 5-HT_2C. In addition, peripheral release of vasopressin involves serotonergic response which is partially mediated via 5-HT_2C.

Expression of the 5-HT_2C receptor in the CNS is modulated by female sex hormones

Genetics

Many human polymorphisms have been identified influencing the expression of 5-HT_2C. Significant correlations are suggested, specifically in relation to psychiatric disorders such as depression, OCD, and anxiety-related conditions. Polymorphisms also correlate with susceptibility to a number of conditions including substance use disorders and obesity. There are indications that the alternative splicing of the 5-HT_2C receptor is regulated by a snoRNA called SNORD115, the deletion of which is associated with Prader–Willi syndrome.^[26][27] As the human gene is located in the X chromosome, males have only one copy of the gene whereas women have two, meaning that mutations in the gene affect the phenotype of men even when the allele would be recessive in nature. As women have two copies of the gene, but only one allele is expressed in each cell, they are a mosaic for polymorphisms, meaning that one genetic variant may be prevalent in one tissue and another variant will be prevalent in a different tissue (as with all other x-linked genetic variations).

Ligands

Agonists

Partial agonists

• Aripiprazole

Antagonists

Inverse agonists

Allosteric Modulators

Exogenous PAMs^[34] binding at the receptor vestibule

• CYD-1-79^[35]
• CTW-0415^[36]

Interactions

The 5-HT_2C receptor has been shown to

RNA editing

5HT2CR pre-mRNA can be the subject of RNA editing.^[39] It is the only serotonin receptor as well as the only member of the large family of 7 transmembrane receptors (7TMRs) known to be edited. Different levels of editing result in a variety of effects on receptor function.

Type

The type of RNA editing that occurs in the

of the 5HT2CR is Adenosine to Inosine (A to I) editing.

A to I RNA editing is catalyzed by a family of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) that specifically recognize adenosines within double-stranded regions of pre-mRNAs and deaminate them to inosine. Inosines are recognised as guanosine by the cells translational machinery. There are three members of the ADAR family ADARs 1–3 with ADAR1 and ADAR2 being the only enzymatically active members. ADAR3 is thought to have a regulatory role in the brain. ADAR1 and ADAR2 are widely expressed in tissues while ADAR3 is restricted to the brain. The double stranded regions of RNA are formed by base-pairing between residues in the close to region of the editing site with residues usually in a neighboring intron but can be an exonic sequence. The region that base pairs with the editing region is known as an Editing Complementary Sequence (ECS).

ADARs bind interact directly with the dsRNA substrate via their double stranded RNA binding domains. If an editing site occurs within a coding sequence, it can result in a codon change. This can lead to translation of a protein isoform due to a change in its primary protein structure. Therefore, editing can also alter protein function. A to I editing occurs in a non coding RNA sequences such as

, SINEs ( especially Alu repeats) The function of A to I editing in these regions is thought to involve creation of splice sites and retention of RNAs in the nucleus amongst others.

Location

Editing occurs in 5 different closely located sites within exon 5, which corresponds to the second intracellular loop of the final protein. The sites are known as A, B, C′ (previously called E), C and D, and are predicted to occur within amino acid positions 156, 158 and 160. Several codon changes can occur due to A-to-I editing at these sites. Thirty-two different mRNA variants can occur leading to 24 different protein isoforms.

1. An Isoleucine to Valine (I/V) at amino acid position 157,161.
2. An Isoleucine to a Methionine(I/M) at amino acid position 157
3. An Aspartate to a Serine (N/S)at 159
4. An Aspartate to Asparagine(N/D) at 159
5. An Asparagine to a Glycine(N/G) at 159.

These codon changes which can occur due to A to I editing at these sites can lead to a maximum of 32 different mRNA variants leading to 24 different protein isoforms. The number of protein isoforms is less than 32 since some amino acids are encoded by more than one codon.^[40] Another editing site, site F has also been located in the exon complementary sequence (ECS) of intron 5.^[41] The ECS required for formation of double stranded RNA structure is found within intron 5.^[39]

Conservation

RNA editing of this receptor occurs at 4 locations in the rat.^[39] Editing also occurs in the mouse.^[42] The initial demonstration of RNA editing in rat.^[39] The predominant isoform in rat brain is VNV which differs from the most common type found in humans.^[39][43] The editing complementary sequence is known to be conserved across Mammalia.

Regulation

The 5-HT_2c receptor is the only serotonin receptor edited despite its close sequence similarities to other family members.^[43] 5HT2CR is different due to possessing an imperfect inverted repeat at the end of exon 5 and the beginning of intron 5 allowing formation of an RNA duplex producing the dsRNA required by ADARs for editing. Disruption of this inverted repeat was demonstrated to cease all editing.^[39] The different 5HT2CR mRNA isoforms are expressed differently throughout the brain, yet not all of the 24 have been detected perhaps due to tissue specific expression or low frequency editing of a particular type. Those isoforms that are not expressed at all or at a very low frequency are linked by being edited only at site C' and/or site B but not at site A. Some examples of differences in frequency of editing and site edited in different parts of the human brain of 5HT2CR include low frequency of editing in cerebellum and nearly all editing is at site D while in the hippocampus editing frequency is higher with site A being the main editing site. Site C' is only found edited in the thalamus. The most common isoform in human brain is the VSV isoform.^[40][43][44]

Mice knock out and other studies have been used to determine which ADAR enzyme are involved in editing. Editing at A and B sites has been demonstrated to be due to ADAR1 editing.^[45][46][47] Also since ADAR1 expression is increased in response to the presence of interferon α, it was also observed that editing at A and B sites was also increased because of this.^[45] C' and D sites require ADAR2 and editing is decreased by the presence of ADAR1 with editing of C' site only observed in ADAR1 double knock out mice.^[48] The C site has been shown to be mainly edited by ADAR2 but in presence of upregulated expression of ADAR1, there was an increase in editing of this site and the enzymes presence can also result in limited editing in ADAR 2 knock out mice.^[45][48] This demonstrates that there must be some form interaction between the two A to I editing enzymes. Also such interactions and tissue specific expression of ADARs interaction may explain the variety in editing patterns in different regions of the brain.

Consequences

Second, the editing pattern controls the amount of the 5-HT2CR mRNA that leads to the expression of full-length protein through the modulation of alternative splice site selection 76,77. Among three alternative splice donor sites (GU1 to GU3; Fig. 4C), GU2 is the only site that forms the mature mRNA to produce the functional, full-length 5-HT2CR protein. Unedited pre-mRNAs tend to be spliced at the GU1 site, resulting in the truncated, non-functional protein if translated 76,77. However, most pre-mRNAs edited at more than one position are spliced at GU2 77. Thus, when editing is inefficient, increased splicing at GU1 may act as a control mechanism to decrease biosynthesis of the 5-HT2CR-INI and thereby limit serotonin response. Third, RNA editing controls the ultimate physiological output of constitutively active receptors by affecting the cell surface expression of the 5-HT2CR. The 5-HT2CR-VGV, which displays the lowest level of constitutive activity, is fully expressed at the cell surface under basal conditions and is rapidly internalized in the presence of agonist 78; additionally, in vitro, LSD shows negligible activity with this isoform.^[49] In contrast, the 5-HT2CR-INI is constitutively internalized and accumulates in endosomes 78.

Structure

As mentioned editing results in several codon changes. The editing sites are found in the second intracellular domain of the protein which is also the receptors G protein coupling domain. Therefore, editing of these sites can affect the affinity of the receptor for G protein binding.^[39]

Function

Editing results in reduced affinity for specific G proteins which in turn affects internal signalling via second messengers (Phospholipase C signalling system). The fully edited isoform, VGV, considerably reduces 5-HT potency, G-protein coupling and agonist binding, compared to the unedited protein isoform, INI. 72–76. Most evidence for the effect of editing on function comes from downstream measurements of receptor activity, radio ligand binding and functional studies. Inhibitory effects are linked to the extent of editing. Those isoforms with a higher level of editing require higher levels of serotonin to activate the phospholipase c pathway. Unedited INI form has a greater tendency to isomerise to an active form which can more easily interact with G proteins. This indicates that RNA editing here may be a mechanism for regulating neuronal excitability by stabilising receptor signalling.^[39][43]

Editing is also thought to function in cell surface expression of the receptor subtype. The fully edited VGV, which has the lowest level of constitutive activity, is fully expressed at the cell surface while the non-edited INI is internalised and accumulates in endosome.^[50]

Editing is also thought to influence splicing. Three different spliced isoforms of the receptor exist. Editing regulates the amount of 5HT2CR mRNA which leads to translation of the full length protein selection of alternative splice sites. t76,77. These splice sites are termed Gu1, Gu2, GU3. Only GU2 site splicing results in translation of the full length receptor while editing at GU1 is known to result in translation of a truncated protein. This is thought to be a regulatory mechanism to decrease the amount of unedited isoform INI to limit serotonin response when editing is inefficient. Most of the pre-mRNAs which are edited are spliced at the GU2 site.^[41][44]

Dysregulation

Serotonin family of receptors are often linked to pathology of several human mental conditions such as Schizophrenia, anxiety, Bipolar disorder and major depression.^[51] There have been several experimental investigations into the effects of alternative editing patterns of the 5HT2CR and these conditions with a wide variability in results especially those relating to schizophrenia.^[52] Some studies have noted that there is an increase in RNA editing at site A in depressed suicide victims.^[12][52] E site editing was observed to be increased in individuals with major depression.^[53] In rat models this increase is also observed and can be reversed with fluoxetine with some suggestion that E site editing maybe linked to major depression.^[54][55]

See also

• 5-HT receptor
• 5-HT₂ receptor
• Anxiety/Aggression-Driven Depression
• Norepinephrine-dopamine disinhibitor

References

External links

• Human HTR2C genome location and HTR2C gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P28335 (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C) at the PDBe-KB.

Further reading

• Niswender CM, Sanders-Bush E, Emeson RB (December 1998). "Identification and characterization of RNA editing events within the 5-HT2C receptor". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 861 (1): 38–48.
  S2CID 25127011
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• Hoyer D, Hannon JP, Martin GR (April 2002). "Molecular, pharmacological and functional diversity of 5-HT receptors". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 71 (4): 533–554.
  S2CID 25543069
  .
• Raymond JR, Mukhin YV, Gelasco A, Turner J, Collinsworth G, Gettys TW, et al. (2002). "Multiplicity of mechanisms of serotonin receptor signal transduction". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 92 (2–3): 179–212.
  PMID 11916537
  .
• Van Oekelen D, Luyten WH, Leysen JE (April 2003). "5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors and their atypical regulation properties". Life Sciences. 72 (22): 2429–2449.
  PMID 12650852
  .
• Reynolds GP, Templeman LA, Zhang ZJ (July 2005). "The role of 5-HT2C receptor polymorphisms in the pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic drug treatment". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 29 (6): 1021–1028.
  S2CID 30964513
  .
• Millan MJ (2006). "Serotonin 5-HT2C receptors as a target for the treatment of depressive and anxious states: focus on novel therapeutic strategies". Therapie. 60 (5): 441–460.
  PMID 16433010
  .
• Milatovich A, Hsieh CL, Bonaminio G, Tecott L, Julius D, Francke U (December 1992). "Serotonin receptor 1c gene assigned to X chromosome in human (band q24) and mouse (bands D-F4)". Human Molecular Genetics. 1 (9): 681–684.
  PMID 1302605
  .
• Saltzman AG, Morse B, Whitman MM, Ivanshchenko Y, Jaye M, Felder S (December 1991). "Cloning of the human serotonin 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptor subtypes". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 181 (3): 1469–1478.
  PMID 1722404
  .
• Lappalainen J, Zhang L, Dean M, Oz M, Ozaki N, Yu DH, et al. (May 1995). "Identification, expression, and pharmacology of a Cys23-Ser23 substitution in the human 5-HT2c receptor gene (HTR2C)". Genomics. 27 (2): 274–279.
  PMID 7557992
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• Tecott LH, Sun LM, Akana SF, Strack AM, Lowenstein DH, Dallman MF, Julius D (April 1995). "Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors". Nature. 374 (6522): 542–546.
  S2CID 4368727
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• Stam NJ, Vanderheyden P, van Alebeek C, Klomp J, de Boer T, van Delft AM, Olijve W (November 1994). "Genomic organisation and functional expression of the gene encoding the human serotonin 5-HT2C receptor". European Journal of Pharmacology. 269 (3): 339–348.
  PMID 7895773
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• Xie E, Zhu L, Zhao L, Chang LS (August 1996). "The human serotonin 5-HT2C receptor: complete cDNA, genomic structure, and alternatively spliced variant". Genomics. 35 (3): 551–561.
  PMID 8812491
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• Burns CM, Chu H, Rueter SM, Hutchinson LK, Canton H, Sanders-Bush E, Emeson RB (May 1997). "Regulation of serotonin-2C receptor G-protein coupling by RNA editing". Nature. 387 (6630): 303–308.
  S2CID 4247011
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• Brennan TJ, Seeley WW, Kilgard M, Schreiner CE, Tecott LH (August 1997). "Sound-induced seizures in serotonin 5-HT2c receptor mutant mice". Nature Genetics. 16 (4): 387–390.
  S2CID 21333874
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• Ullmer C, Schmuck K, Figge A, Lübbert H (March 1998). "Cloning and characterization of MUPP1, a novel PDZ domain protein". FEBS Letters. 424 (1–2): 63–68.
  PMID 9537516
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• Samochowiec J, Smolka M, Winterer G, Rommelspacher H, Schmidt LG, Sander T (April 1999). "Association analysis between a Cys23Ser substitution polymorphism of the human 5-HT2c receptor gene and neuronal hyperexcitability". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 88 (2): 126–130.
  PMID 10206230
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• Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, et al. (July 1999). "Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes". Nature Genetics. 22 (3): 231–238.
  S2CID 195213008
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• Marshall SE, Bird TG, Hart K, Welsh KI (December 1999). "Unified approach to the analysis of genetic variation in serotonergic pathways". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 88 (6): 621–627.
  PMID 10581480
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• Backstrom JR, Price RD, Reasoner DT, Sanders-Bush E (August 2000). "Deletion of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor PDZ recognition motif prevents receptor phosphorylation and delays resensitization of receptor responses". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (31): 23620–23626.
  PMID 10816555
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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.