6-APB
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6-APB (6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran) is an
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
6-APB is a
The potent agonism of the 5-HT2B receptor makes it likely that 6-APB would be
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of 6-APB have not been studied, however, some information can be extracted from user reports. These suggest a slow onset of 40–120 minutes. The drugs peak effects last 7 hours, followed by a comedown phase of approximately 2 hours, and after effects for up to 24 hours.[6]
Metabolism
Although limited literature is available, there is some data on
Adverse effects
Acute psychosis has been associated with recreational use of 6-APB in combination with the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-122.[8]
Reagents results
6-APB and its structural isomer 5-APB have been tested with a series of agents including: Marquis, Liebermann, Mecke, and Froehde reagents.[9] Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test.
Compound | Marquis | Mecke | Mandelin | Liebermann | Froehde | Gallic | Ehrlich | Hofmann | Simon's | Folin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6-APB | Purple | Purple to black | Purple to black | Black | Purple | Brown | Orange | Light orange | No reaction | Light orange |
6-APB succinate | Purple | Purple to black | Purple to black | Black | Purple | Brown | Faint orange | No reaction | No reaction | Light orange |
6-APB succinate is reported to be practically insoluble in CHCl3 as well as very minimally soluble in cold water. A batch seized by the DEA contained a 2:1 ratio of succinate to 6-APB.[10]
Synthesis
The synthesis by Briner et al.
Dosage and duration
6-APB can be found in
Based on anecdotal reports, the dosages for 6-APB hydrochloride are the following:
Oral | |
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Threshold | 15 mg |
Light | 15 - 60 mg |
Common | 60 - 90 mg |
Strong | 90 - 120 mg |
Heavy | 120 mg + |
Oral | |
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Onset | 30 - 60 minutes (or more) |
Come up | 60 - 120 minutes |
Peak | 3 - 4 hours |
Offset | 2 - 3 hours |
Total | 7 - 10 hours |
After effects | 6 - 48 hours |
Dosage for Freebase or Succinates have to be adjusted accordingly.
Law
North America
Canada
In 1999, amphetamines were changed from Schedule III to Schedule I as a result of the Safe Streets Act. Some have speculated that 6-APB's structure qualifies it as a Schedule I drug as an analog of MDA.[11][unreliable source?]
In 2014, a study funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research noted that 6-APB "may or may not be legal in Canada depending on how one interprets the current Act"[12] and that it could be purchased for academic purposes without an exemption from Health Canada. The study also noted how, unlike the MDMA it often serves as a replacement for in countries like the US, 6-APB's benzofuran structure does not make it a direct analogue of amphetamine despite similarities in effects.
United States
6-APB is not scheduled at the federal level in the
France
6-APB is illegal in France. [15]
Germany
6-APB is illegal in Germany since the 17th of July, 2013, when it was added to Anlage II of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz.
Italy
6-APB is illegal in Italy.[16]
Luxembourg
In Luxembourg, 6-APB is not cited in the list of prohibited substances.[17] Therefore, it is still a legal substance.
Netherlands
6-APB is not listed under the Opium Law or the Medicine Act in the Netherlands, and thus currently legal.
New Zealand and Australia
Certain countries contain a "substantially similar" catch-all clause in their drug law, such as New Zealand and Australia. This includes 6-APB as it is similar in chemical structure to the class A drug MDA, meaning 6-APB may be viewed as a controlled substance analogue in these jurisdictions.[18]
Sweden
In Sweden, as of 27 December 2009 6-APB is classified as "health hazard" under the act Lagen om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor (translated Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health).[19]
UK
On June 10, 2013 6-APB and a number of analogues were classified as
References
- ^ PMID 23261499.
- PMID 25765500.
- ^ PMID 27903793.
- ^ a b US patent 7045545, Briner K, Burkhart JP, Burkholder TP, Fisher MJ, Gritton WH, Kohlman DT, Liang SX, Miller SC, Mullaney JT, Xu YC, Xu Y, "Aminoalkylbenzofurans as serotonin (5-HT(2c)) agonists", published 19 January 2000, issued 16 May 2006, assigned to Eli Lilly Co.
- ^ a b c Browne J (4 June 2013). "Temporary class drug order on benzofury and NBOMe compounds - letter from ACMD". Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. GOV.UK.
- ISBN 978-0-12-415816-0.
- PMID 26530501.
- PMID 23733714.
- ^ "Results". PRO Test. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
- ^ a b Casale JF, Hays PA (January 2012). "The Characterization of 6-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran and Differentiation from its 4-, 5-, and 7-Positional Analogues" (PDF). Microgram Journal. 9 (2): 61–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2016-06-08.
- ^ "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act : Definitions and Interpretations". isomerdesign.com. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
- S2CID 159675835.
- ^ "21 CFR — SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES §1308.11 Schedule I." Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
- ^ Casale JF, Hays PA (January 2011). "The characterization of 5-and 6-(2-aminopropyl)-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran". Microgram J. 8 (2): 62–74.
- ^ "Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants".
- ^ "Nuove tabelle delle sostanze stupefacenti e psicotrope (DPR 309/90)" (PDF) (in Italian). Ministero della Salute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-06. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
- ^ "Loi du 19 février 1973 concernant la vente de substances médicamenteuses et la lutte contre la toxicomanie. - Legilux". legilux.public.lu. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
- ^ "Misuse of Drugs Act 1975". New Zealand Legislation. 7 November 2015.
- ^ "Förordning (1999:58) om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor" (in Swedish). Lagbevakning med Notisum och Rättsnätet. 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
- ^ Browne J (4 June 2013). "'NBOMe' and 'Benzofury' banned". Home Office. GOV.UK.
- ^ UK Home Office (28 April 2014). "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Ketamine etc.) (Amendment) Order 2014". The National Archives.