63rd Street Tunnel
standard gauge | |
Electrified | Third rail, 600 V DC (upper level) Third rail, 750 V DC (lower level) |
---|---|
Width | 38.5 feet (11.7 m)[1][2] |
The 63rd Street Tunnel is a double-deck subway and railroad tunnel under the
Construction of the 63rd Street Tunnel began in 1969. The tunnel was
History
Planning
In February 1963, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) proposed a two-track East River subway tunnel under 76th Street with unspecified connections to the rest of the transit network, at a cost of $139 million. The proposed site of the tunnel was switched to 59th Street on a May 2, 1963, report. On May 24, Mayor Wagner suggested that a tunnel around 61st Street "be built with all deliberate speed".[3] Several months later, on October 17, the Board of Estimate approved a new East River tunnel sited at 64th Street, noting that it would cost $30 million and take seven years to build. The 64th Street site was said to be $5.3 million less expensive, "because of easier grades and smaller curves".[4] The route was changed to 63rd Street because officials at Rockefeller Institute at 64th Street feared that vibrations from heavy construction and train movements might interfere with the Institute's delicate instruments and the research being conducted.[5]
A third track was added to the plans for the tunnel in April 1966. The track would serve
Construction
Construction on the project began on November 24, 1969;[9][10]: 17 (PDF p. 20) the Kiewit Corporation was the main contractor.[11] Four 38-foot-square (12 m) prefabricated sections of the 63rd Street Tunnel were constructed at Port Deposit, Maryland, then towed to New York and sunk under the East River.[12] The first of the tunnel segments was delivered in May 1971[13] and was lowered into place on August 29, 1971;[12] the last section was lowered on March 14, 1972.[14] The double-deck, 3,140-foot (960 m)[15] tunnel under the East River was "holed through" on October 10, 1972, with the separate sections of tunnels being connected.[16] The estimated cost of the project was $341 million, and the MTA applied for $227 million in federal funds.[17]
One section of the tunnel was controversial because it called for 1,500 feet (460 m) of
On March 20, 1975, New York mayor
The New York Times reported that the lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel was still under construction by 1976, even though it would remain unused indefinitely.[28] Richard Ravitch, the MTA chairman, said that to stop the work was "so costly as to make it impractical subsequent to the construction of the subway portion."[28] Therefore, the lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel was completed along with the upper subway level, but could not be used due to its lack of connections at both ends.[10]: 17 (PDF p. 20) [28] In 1979, the MTA started studying four options for making the upper level of the tunnel more useful.[29][30][31] The ultimately agreed-on plan was to connect the tunnel to the local tracks of the IND Queens Boulevard Line in Queens, at a cost of $222 million, and a timetable of at least eight years.[32]
By June 1985, the project was again delayed indefinitely after it was found that the tunnel had been flooded with 6 feet (1.8 m) of water, and several girders and electrical equipment had also deteriorated.[33] Two contractors were hired to assess the structural integrity of the tunnel, and the delay was estimated at two years.[34] By February 1987, the MTA's contractors had concluded that the tunnel was structurally sound, although federal funding had not yet been released. The MTA approved a new plan to have the tunnel open to 21st Street/Queensbridge by October 1989.[35]
Opening of upper level
The IND 63rd Street Line went into service on October 29, 1989, twenty years after construction began, with new stations at Lexington Avenue, Roosevelt Island, and 21st Street/41st Avenue in Queens. The line was served by Q trains on weekdays and B trains on weekends. The 1,500-foot (460 m) connector to the Queens Boulevard Line had not yet started construction.[36] It was nicknamed the "tunnel to nowhere" due to its lack of connections in Queens.[36][37]
Planning for the connection to the IND Queens Boulevard Line began in December 1990, with the final design contract awarded in December 1992. Two build alternatives were evaluated: a connection to the local tracks of the Queens Boulevard Line, and a connection to the local and express tracks. The goal of the project was to increase capacity on Queens Boulevard by 33% and to eliminate the dead-end terminal at 21st Street–Queensbridge. Bellmouths were constructed to allow for a future bypass line through Sunnyside Yard.
Completion of lower level
Plans were made in 1995 to bring LIRR service to
The construction contract for a 1-mile (1.6 km) tunnel in Manhattan westward and southward from the dormant lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel to the new 100-foot-deep (30 m) station beneath Grand Central Terminal was awarded in July 2006.
On the Queens side, work included extending the tunnel under
The project was initially scheduled to be completed by 2009,
Construction methods
The 63rd Street Tunnel's river portions were built using the immersed tube method.[74] Trenches were dug in the river bed, and four 375-foot (114 m) long prefabricated concrete sections of tunnel fabricated in Port Deposit, Maryland were floated into position and then sunk into the trenches.[2][75][76] Two tubes were placed on each side of Roosevelt Island,[77] each of which were 38-foot-square (12 m) prefabricated sections.[13] The tubes extended 3,140 feet (960 m) under the water, from 63rd Street and FDR Drive on the Manhattan waterfront to 41st Avenue and Vernon Boulevard on the Queens waterfront.[1] The construction shafts at Queensbridge Park in Queens, as well as on Roosevelt Island, were turned into ventilation shafts after the conclusion of construction.[78]: 74
Other portions of the tunnel were built using cut-and-cover construction or rock tunneling.[78]: 45 Waste material from the 63rd Street Tunnel's construction was deposited at the tip of Roosevelt Island, as well as off the coast of Astoria, Queens. Over 500,000 cubic yards (380,000 m3) of soil had to be extracted.[78]: 74
Usage
The tunnel has
The two trackways on the lower level were unused when the tunnel construction project was halted in the 1970s.
During the tunnel's construction, an alignment underneath Central and Queensbridge Parks was decided as the only feasible route for the tunnel.[78]: 43 Because the 63rd Street Tunnel is at such a deep level, there are several ventilation shafts along its route. In Central Park, near the Central Park Zoo, there are several ventilation grates that are at the same level as the ground, covering about 1,400 square feet (130 m2) of surface area.[78]: 58–59 A ventilation building was deemed to be architecturally unacceptable, hence the inclusion of several grates.[78]: 63–64 On the other hand, gratings at Queensbridge Park were declared to be unfeasible due to the park's small usable area. Therefore, a ventilation building stands in Queensbridge Park, measuring 60 by 90 feet (18 by 27 m).[78]: 68–71 Additional ventilation shafts are located at Second Avenue and 63rd Street in Manhattan,[78]: 30 and on the western shore of Roosevelt Island.[78]: 72 When the 63rd Street Connector was constructed in the 1990s, additional ventilation structures were built at 29th and 39th Streets in Queens.[38]
-
Tunnel vents in Central Park
-
63rd Street ventilator, east of Second Avenue
-
Ventilation structure on Roosevelt Island
-
Ventilator and emergency exit in Queensbridge Park
Awards
The 63rd Street Tunnel and the 63rd Street Tunnel Connector received the Construction Achievement Project of the Year Award from the Metropolitan Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1973 and 2000, respectively.[81] The 63rd Street Tunnel Connector was also selected as the Transit Project of the Year in 1999 by New York Construction News.[82]
Notes
- ^ For the full FEIS, see:
- "East Side Access Final Environmental Impact Statement: Overview". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 6, 2001. Retrieved February 2, 2018..
References
- ^ a b c Guide to Civil Engineering Projects In and Around New York City (2nd ed.). Metropolitan Section, American Society of Civil Engineers. 2009. pp. 62–63.
- ^ a b "63rd Street Tunnel" (PDF). International Tunneling and Underground Space Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 26, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ Annual Report 1964–1965. New York City Transit Authority. 1965.
- from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- ^ MTA Capital Construction. March 2001. Archived(PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- ^ "To Break Ground For 63rd St., East River Tunnel" (PDF). New York Leader-Observer. November 20, 1969. Retrieved January 9, 2024 – via fultonhistory.com.
- ^ from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
- ^ from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ^ "To Break Ground For 63rd St., East River Tunnel" (PDF). New York Leader-Observer. November 20, 1969. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2016 – via Fultonhistory.com.
- from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
- ^ from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
- from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
- from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ "Community Board Hears 'Subway Options' Plan" (PDF). Ridgewood Times. April 21, 1983. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
- ^ "63rd Street Subway Tunnel: More Setbacks for a Troubled Project", The New York Times, November 1, 1984, page B1.
- Urban Mass Transit Administration. May 1984. pp. 83–. Archivedfrom the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
- from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Rumsey, Spencer (April 21, 2011). "Tunnel Vision: Inside the East Side Access Project". Long Island Press. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ a b c Final Environmental Impact Statement for the 63rd Street Line Connection to the Queens Boulevard Line. Queens, New York City: Metropolitan Transportation Authority, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration. June 1992. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
- ^ "About NYC Transit – History". October 19, 2002. Archived from the original on October 19, 2002. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
- ^ Silano, Louis G.; Shanbhag, Radmas (July 2000). "The Final Connection". Civil Engineering. 86 (7): 56–61.
- ^ La Guardia International Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Airport Access Program, Automated Guideway Transit System (NY, New Jersey): Environmental Impact Statement. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, New York State Department of Transportation. June 1994. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
- ^ "E,F Detour in 2001, F trains via 63 St, E no trains running, take R instead". The Subway Nut. Archived from the original on March 2, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ Musluoglu, Subutay (February 2001). "63rd Street Connector". New York Division Bulletin. Electric Railroaders' Association.
- from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ^ from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ^ MTA Capital Construction. April 2006. Archived(PDF) from the original on August 25, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ^ a b Record of Decisions (PDF). United States Department of Transportation; Federal Transit Administration; Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 21, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ^ "NY received $132 million under bin" (PDF). Salamanca Press. Associated Press. February 4, 2002. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2016 – via Fultonhistory.com.
- ^ Cuza, Bobby (July 12, 2006). "MTA Takes Major Step Towards Completing East Side Access Plan". NY1.
- ^ a b "East Side Access Quarterly Report Q3 2009" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2009. p. 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^ "East Side Access Tunnel Boring Machine Reaches Grand Central Terminal" (Press release). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2, 2008. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
- from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
- ^ "MTA ESA Progress Map" Archived April 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
- ISBN 978-1-4398-3375-9. Archivedfrom the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
- ^ a b Metropolitan Transportation Authority. East Side Access 1/24/2012 Update. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2012 – via YouTube.
- ^ Ocean, Justin (November 4, 2015). "Inside the Massive New Rail Tunnels Beneath NYC's Grand Central". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- ^ Stabile, Tom (May 2006). "New York's Subway System Finally Starting Major Expansion". newyork.construction.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008.
- ^ "East Side Access – Queens Bored Tunnels & Structures". Engineering News-Record. June 1, 2010. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
- ^ "Granite/Traylor/Frontier-Kemper Venture Awarded $659 Million for Queens Bored Tunnels and Structures". Construction Equipment. September 30, 2009. Archived from the original on December 25, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
- ^ "MTA Officials Dedicate Tunnel-Boring Machines". NY1. March 18, 2011. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ^ "MTA Completes Tunnel Boring On East Side Access". CBS New York. July 26, 2012. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ^ Donohue, Pete (January 27, 2014). "MTA walks back targets on East Side Access yet again, completion now not expected until 2023". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ Penner, Larry (August 10, 2017). "MTA and LIRR East Side Access cost and schedule continue to change". Metro US. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
- ^ a b "MTA starts laying track for long-awaited East Side access for LIRR commuters". Spectrum News NY1. September 25, 2017. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- ^ from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
- ^ Zou, Dandan (November 21, 2023). "LIRR commuters to get better cell service at Grand Central Madison, Atlantic Terminal, tunnels, MTA says". Newsday. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
- ^ Wassef, Mira (November 21, 2023). "MTA upgrades cell service in LIRR tunnels, terminals". PIX11. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
- ^ Castillo, Alfonso A. (January 19, 2023). "LIRR doesn't have 'rescue locomotive' for East Side Access tunnels if power goes out". Newsday. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- ^ Castillo, Alfonso A. (February 15, 2024). "LIRR adding battery-powered 'rescue engine' for Grand Central Madison tunnels". Newsday. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
- ISBN 0-8289-0352-2.
- ISBN 0-7277-1512-7. Archivedfrom the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i East 63rd St Line, Manhattan/Queens Boroughs, New York: Environmental Impact Statement. 1970. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
- OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.
- MTA Capital Construction. March 2001. Archived(PDF) from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- ^ "Construction Achievement Project of the Year Award". ASCE Metropolitan Section. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
- ^ "Transit Project of the Year" (PDF). New York Construction News. December 1999. p. 47. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2011.