7th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)

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7th Division
7th Infantry Division
First World War
)
Engagements

The 7th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army, first established by The Duke of Wellington as part of the Anglo-Portuguese Army for service in the Peninsular War, and was active also during the First World War from 1914 to 1919, and briefly in the Second World War in 1939.

Peninsular War

During the

lieutenant-general. The division concept was not new and had been used by other European armies towards the end of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). On 18 June 1809, Lieutenant-General Arthur Wellesley, commander of British forces in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War, reorganised his force into four divisions.[1] The following year, with the further expansion of his force, Wellington created the 7th Division. It consisted of British, German, Portuguese, and French troops. Due to the mixture of nationalities as well as line and light regiments, the division had a multitude of uniforms. This coined the nickname of The Mongrels.[2]

The division was present at the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro the Battle of Vitoria the Battle of the Pyrenees the Battle of Nivelle the Battle of the Nive and the Battle of Orthez.[3]

Second Boer War

The 7th Division was re-activated during the Second Boer War. The division took part in the Battle of Poplar Grove (March 1900) and the following occupation of Bloemfontein, then took part in Lord Roberts′ march to Pretoria.[4]

First World War

Column of the 2nd Battalion, Gordon Highlanders marching to the trenches along the Becordel–Fricourt road, France, October 1916.

The 7th Division was a

The division landed at Zeebrugge in Belgium on 6 October 1914 in an attempt to support the Belgian Army's defence of Antwerp, but was soon forced to retreat south-west as that city fell a few days later. It then played a crucial part in the stabilisation of the front during the First Battle of Ypres, preventing a German breakthrough, although at a high cost in terms of casualties.[7] A floating division, the 7th was the first British Division to enter Ypres on 14 October. It was ordered to hold the line, while Field Marshal French brought up his remaining six divisions and redeployed them from the Aisne to the sea. The division held an 8 mile front for two weeks, opposite some 340,000 Germans. Some 18,000 soldiers strong on 15 October, the 7th left the line on 31 October, with just 2,000 troops remaining, mostly transport and supply.[8]

The 7th Division fought in most of the major battles on the

Major-General Thompson Capper, was killed in action at the height of the fighting. Unlike the first six regular divisions of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), a third of whose strength was made up of regular reservists, the 7th Division was originally composed entirely of serving regular soldiers, which gave rise to the division's nickname, 'The Immortal Seventh'.[6]

Arab Revolt

In 1936, the Arab Revolt broke out in the British Mandate of Palestine.[9] British troops were dispatched, ending the first phase of the war by the close of the year.[10] Fighting soon resumed and reached its zenith during the summer of 1938. With rising tensions in Europe, the British began to withdraw troops from Palestine for use elsewhere.[11] The conclusion of the Munich Agreement—on 30 September 1938—calmed the rising tensions in Europe and averted war, allowing the British to resume their military build-up in Palestine.[12]

The 7th Division was reformed the following month, and placed under the command of Major-General Richard O'Connor.[13] The division was deployed to Palestine on internal security duties as part of a build-up of 18,500 men in the region.[12][14] This force then began to suppress the revolt. Meanwhile, Palestinian guerrillas had overrun the Old City of Jerusalem. O'Connor's men proceeded to sweep the area, declaring the Old City free of militants on 19 October. The same day, the division seized Acre and by the end of the month were clearing Jaffa of rebels.[15][16] Many Palestinians were detained and rebel activity significantly dropped off in the area.[16] In the north, the 8th Infantry Division, under Major-General Bernard Montgomery, and Special Night Squads engaged in counter-terror operations, with O'Connor writing that one brigadier "always encouraged his men to be brutal". General Officer Commanding (GOC) British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan Robert Haining wrote in late 1938 that "unnecessary violence, vindictiveness ..., [and] killing in cold blood" had to be curbed. O'Connor was likewise opposed to the measures in the north, and wrote "harshness and unnecessary violence on the part of our soldiers" had to be curbed.[17] During the operation in Jerusalem, only four to nineteen guerrillas were killed.[18][19] In early 1939, the revolt finally came to an end.[a]

Second World War

On 31 August, just prior to the war beginning, the headquarters of the 7th Infantry Division relinquished command of all its troops. O'Connor and the divisional staff then left Jerusalem bound for Cairo, Egypt. From Cairo, the men moved forward to Mersa Matruh arriving on 7 September. The headquarters was then assigned all troops based there, with the exception of the 7th Armoured Division.[14] The British Official Historian, I. S. O. Playfair, comments that this decision was undertaken to relieve the burden on Lieutenant-General Henry Maitland Wilson, GOC British Troops in Egypt, of "direct control of operations which had been his in addition to the command of all troops in Egypt".[21] Due to the logistical problems in maintaining substantial forces across the Western Desert and on the Libya–Egypt border, Mersa Matruh was the forward British base of operations and supplied by rail. Positioned 200 miles (320 km) west of Alexandria and 120 miles (190 km) from the border, the location had been chosen to shield forward Royal Air Force (RAF) landing strips behind it and to defend the Nile Delta. Mersa Matruh also offered the British the strategy of drawing Italian or other forces forward to them, to allow a counter-attack after they ran into supply difficulties.[22][23] On 3 November, the division was renamed the 6th Infantry Division.[14]

General officers commanding

General officer commanding
Appointment date Rank General officer commanding Notes Source(s)
5 March 1811
Major-General
William Houston The division was formed in Portugal, for service in the Peninsular War. [2]
1 August 1811
Major-General
John Sontag Temporary commander; relinquished position due to ill health in October [24]
October 1811 Lieutenant-General Carl von Alten [2]
2 May 1812
Major-General
John Hope [25]
23 September 1812
Major-General
John de Bernewitz [26]
25 October 1812 Lieutenant-General George Ramsay [25]
9 October 1813
Major-General
Carlos Lecor [27]
18 November 1813
Major-General
George Walker Temporary commander; relinquished position on 27 February 1814 [27][28]
February/March 1814
Major-General
George Ramsay At the conclusion of the Peninsular War, in 1814, the division was disbanded in France. The final troops departed in June. [29]
24 August 1815
Major-General
Sir Thomas Brisbane The division was merged into the Army of Occupation in France on 30 November. [30]
December 1899 Lieutenant-General Charles Tucker The division was mobilized in the United Kingdom for service in the Second Boer War. Tucker maintained command through to the end of 1900 when, while still in southern Africa, the division was broken-up. [31][32]
23 June 1902
Major-General
Gerald Morton The division was reformed in Ireland. Morton died in office [33]
30 April 1906
Major-General
Herbert Plumer In 1907, the division was renumbered as the 5th Division [34][35][36]
27 August 1914
Major-General
Thompson Capper The division was formed in
First World War
. Capper was wounded in action on 1 April 1915.
[37]
6 April 1915 Brigadier-General Sydney Lawford Acting commander [38]
19 April 1915
Major-General
Hubert Gough [38]
14 July 1915 Brigadier-General Sydney Lawford Acting commander [38]
19 July 1915
Major-General
Thompson Capper Capper died of his wounds on 27 September 1915 [38]
26 September 1915 Brigadier-General Herbert Watts Acting commander [38]
27 September 1915
Major-General
Herbert Watts [38]
7 January 1917
Major-General
George Barrow [38]
1 April 1917
Major-General
Herbert Shoubridge Left division on sick leave on 9 February 1918 [38]
9 February 1918 Brigadier-General Julian Steele Acting commander [38]
22 March 1918
Major-General
Herbert Shoubridge The division demobilised in Italy, following the conclusion of hostilities in 1919. [39]
29 September 1938
Major-General
Richard O'Connor The division was reformed in
Palestine, for service during the Arab revolt. The division was renumbered as the 6th Infantry Division
on 3 November 1939.
[13][14][40]

Victoria Cross recipients

Date of action Rank Name Unit Place of action Country of action Sources

+Victoria Cross recipients

23 October 1914 Drummer William Kenny Gordon Highlanders Ypres Belgium [41][42]
29 October 1914 Lieutenant James Brooke Gordon Highlanders
Gheluvelt
Belgium [41][43]
7 November 1914 Captain John Vallentin South Staffordshire Regiment Zillebeke Belgium [41][43]
19 December 1914 Private James MacKenzie Scots Guards Rouges Bancs France [41][43]
21 December 1914 Private Abraham Acton Border Regiment Rouges Bancs France [41][43]
21 December 1914 Private James Smith Border Regiment Rouges Bancs France [41][43]
12 March 1915 Captain Charles Foss
Bedfordshire Regiment
Neuve Chapelle France [41][44]
12 March 1915 Corporal William Anderson Green Howards Neuve Chapelle France [41][45]
12 March 1915 Private Edward Barber Grenadier Guards Neuve Chapelle France [41][46]
12 March 1915 Lance-Corporal Wilfred Fuller Grenadier Guards Neuve Chapelle France [41][46]
12 June 1915 Lance-Corporal William Angus Highland Light Infantry Givenchy France [b]
16 May 1915 Company Sergeant-Major Frederick Barter
Royal Welsh Fusiliers
Festubert France [41][47]
25 September 1915 Private Arthur Vickers Royal Warwickshire Regiment Hulloch France [41][48]
20 July 1916 Private Theodore Veale Devonshire Regiment
High Wood
France [41][49]

Orders of battle

Peninsular War

During this period, brigades were referred to by their commander's names. Due to changes in command, the brigade names fluctuated frequently.

7th Division (1811–1814)[50]

Division's first brigade:

Division's second brigade:

Portuguese brigade (attached):

  • 7th Line Regiment
  • 19th Line Regiment
  • 2nd Caçadores

Militia brigade (attached 1814, but arrived after the Peninsular War had drawn to a close)[c]

  • 1st Provisional Battalion
  • 2nd Provisional Battalion
  • 3rd Provisional Battalion

Second Boer War

7th Division (1899–1900)[52]

14th Brigade

  • 2nd Battalion,
    Norfolk Regiment
  • 2nd Battalion,
    Lincolnshire Regiment
  • 1st Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers
  • 2nd Battalion,
    Hampshire Regiment
  • 26th Transport Company, Army Service Corps (partial)
  • 14th Brigade Bearer Company
  • 14th Brigade Field Hospital

15th Brigade

Divisional artillery, Royal Field Artillery

  • 18th Field Battery
  • 62nd Field Battery
  • 75th Field Battery
  • Ammunition column
  • 83rd Field Battery (during the course of 1900, the above three batteries were replaced by these three)
  • 84th Field Battery
  • 85th Field Battery

Divisional Cavalry

Royal Engineers

First World War

7th Division (1914–1918)[53]

20th Brigade

  • 1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards (until 4 August 1915)
  • 2nd Battalion, Scots Guards (until 8 August 1915)
  • 2nd Battalion, Border Regiment
  • 2nd Battalion, Gordon Highlanders
  • 1/6th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders (from 5 December 1914, until 5 January 1916)
  • 8th (Service) Battalion, Devonshire Regiment
    (from 4 August 1915)
  • 9th (Service) Battalion, Devonshire Regiment
    (from 8 August 1915, until 13 September 1918)
  • 6th Battalion, Cheshire Regiment (joined 9 January 1916, until 25 February 1916)
  • 20th Brigade Machine Gun Company (formed 10 February 1916, until 1 April 1918)
  • 20th Trench Mortar Battery (formed 14 February 1916)

21st Brigade (until 19 December 1915)

22nd Brigade

91st Brigade (from 20 December 1915)

Divisional Mounted Troops

  • 1st Northumberland Hussars (On 12 April 1915, two of the three squadrons were transferred to other formations leaving the 7th Division with just A Squadron. A Squadron left on 13 May 1916)
  • 7th Cyclist Company (until 11 May 1916)

Divisional Artillery

  • XIV Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery (left 10 February 1917)
    • C Battery
      (until 19 October 1914)
    • F Battery
    • T Battery
      (from 21 December 1914)
    • XIV RHA Brigade Ammunition Column
    • D (Howitzer) Battery, Royal Field Artillery (RFA) (from 24 June 1915, until 20 December 1915)
    • 509th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA (from 7 October 1916, until 13 February 1917)
  • XXII Brigade, RFA
    • 104th Battery
    • 105th Battery
    • 106th Battery
    • XXII Brigade Ammunition Column
    • 35th (Howitzer) Battery (from 17 May 1916)
  • XXXV Brigade, RFA
    • 12th Battery
    • 25th Battery
    • 58th Battery
    • XXXV Brigade Ammunition Column
    • 31st (Howitzer) Battery (from 17 May 1916)
  • XXXVII (Howitzer) Brigade, RFA (from 24 June 1915, broken up 17 May 1916)
    • 31st (Howitzer) Battery
    • 35th (Howitzer) Battery
    • XXVII (Howitzer) Brigade Ammunition Column
  • III Heavy Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery (until 4 March 1915)
    • 111 Heavy Battery
    • 112 Heavy Battery
    • Heavy Battery ammunition columns
  • 7th divisional ammunition column (until 16 May 1916)
  • No. 7 Pom-Pom Section (A.–A.) (from 25 September 1914, until 20 December 1914)
  • 5th Mountain Battery (from 26 March 1915, until 20 April 1915)
  • Medium Trench Mortars, Royal Field Artillery
    • X Battery (formed 25 February 1916)
    • Y Battery (formed March 1916)
    • Z Battery (formed March 1916, until 22 February 1918 when it was dispersed to X and Y batteries)
  • Heavy Trench Mortars, Royal Field Artillery
    • V Battery (formed June 1916, disbanded 12 November 1917)

Divisional Engineers, Royal Engineers

  • 54th Field Company
  • 55th Field Company (until 1 September 1915)
  • 95th Field Company (from 30 August 1915)
  • 2nd Highland Field Company (from 17 January 1915, until 24 January 1916)
  • 3rd Durham Field Company (from 30 January 1916; later renumbered 528th (3rd Durham) Field Company, and then 528th Field Company)
  • 7th Divisional Signal Company

Pioneers

  • 24th (Service) Battalion, Manchester Regiment (from 22 May 1916)

Divisional Machine Guns

  • 220th Machine Gun Company (from 25 March 1917)
  • No. 7 Battery, Machine Gun Corps (formed on 1 April 1918 by merger of brigade and the 220th Machine Gun Companies)

Divisional Medical Services, Royal Army Medical Corps

  • 21st Field Ambulance
  • 22nd Field Ambulance
  • 23rd Field Ambulance

Divisional Veterinary Services, Army Veterinary Corps

  • 12th Mobile Veterinary Section (from 16 September 1914, although did not move to France until 7 October 1914)

Divisional Services

  • 7th Divisional Train, Army Service Corps
    • 39th Company
    • 40th Company
    • 42nd Company
    • 86th Company
  • 12th Divisional Employment Company, Labour Corps (from 21 May 1917, renumbered 210th in June 1917)

Arab Revolt

7th Division (1938–1939)[54]

18th Infantry Brigade

19th Infantry Brigade

Divisional troops

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ Montgomery's 8th Division launched a major operation that defeated the rebels on a military level.[20] On a political level, the British Government drew up the White Paper of 1939 conceding to the demands of the Arab Higher Committee: "Self-government—an Arab-controlled Palestine—would be implemented within 10 years and in the meantime Jewish immigration would cease after five years."[17]
  2. ^ The divisional history lists Angus as a private, whereas the Gazette states that he was a lance-corporal.[41][47]
  3. Wilshire, Worcester, and the 1st and 2nd Surrey Militias. The 2nd Battalion drew from the Royal West Middlesex Militia, and the third from the Royal Denbigh Rifles.[51]

Citations

  1. ^ Haythornthwaite 2016, The Divisional System.
  2. ^ a b c Reid 2004, p. 64.
  3. ^ "Battle of Orthez". British Battles. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Latest Intelligence - The occupation of Bloemfontein". The Times. No. 36092. London. 17 March 1900. p. 7.
  5. ^ Becke (1934) pp. 81–7
  6. ^ a b c "The 7th Division". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  7. 96 pp.
  8. ^ Forbes, Helen Emily (1920). The saga of the Seventh division. J. Lane. p. 9.
  9. ^ Bar-On 2006, p. 21.
  10. ^ Bar-On 2006, p. 26.
  11. ^ Bar-On 2006, pp. 27–32.
  12. ^ a b Bar-On 2006, p. 35.
  13. ^ a b "The Army". The Times. No. 48141. 2 November 1938.
  14. ^ a b c d Joslen 2003, p. 51.
  15. ^ Jackson 1996, p. 31.
  16. ^ a b Bar-On 2006, pp. 35–36.
  17. ^ a b Marston 2010, p. 32.
  18. ^ Bar-On 2006, p. 36.
  19. ^ Sebag Montefiore 2011, p. 473.
  20. ^ Bar-On 2006, pp. 37–38.
  21. ^ Playfair et al. 2004, p. 97.
  22. ^ Playfair et al. 2004, p. 4.
  23. ^ Grehan & Mace 2015, p. 6.
  24. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 272.
  25. ^ a b Reid 2004, p. 65.
  26. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 48.
  27. ^ a b Reid 2004, p. 66.
  28. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 300.
  29. ^ Reid 2004, p. 66; Oman 1930, p. 513.
  30. ^ McGuigan & Burnham 2017, p. 64.
  31. ^ "No. 27146". The London Gazette. 22 December 1899. p. 8542.
  32. ^ Creswicke 1900b, p. 194; Creswicke 1901, p. 138.
  33. ^ "No. 27460". The London Gazette. 1 August 1902. p. 4969. and "No. 27913". The London Gazette. 15 May 1906. p. 3361.
  34. ^ "No. 27913". The London Gazette. 15 May 1906. p. 3361.
  35. ^ Lord & Watson 2003, p. 34.
  36. ^ "Hart's Annual Army List, Militia List, and Imperial Yeomanry List for 1907". London: John Murray. p. 99a. Retrieved 13 January 2021. and "Hart's Annual Army List, Militia List, and Imperial Yeomanry List for 1909". London: John Murray. p. 102. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  37. ^ Becke 1935, pp. 81, 86.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i Becke 1935, p. 81.
  39. ^ Becke 1935, p. 81; Lord & Watson 2003, p. 39.
  40. ^ "No. 34558". The London Gazette. 4 October 1938. p. 6197.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Atkinson 1927, p. 514.
  42. ^ "No. 29074". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 February 1915. p. 1699.
  43. ^ a b c d e "No. 29074". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 February 1915. p. 1700.
  44. ^ "No. 29272". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 August 1915. p. 8373.
  45. ^ "No. 29170". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 May 1915. p. 4989.
  46. ^ a b "No. 29135". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 April 1915. p. 3815.
  47. ^ a b "No. 29210". The London Gazette. 29 June 1915. p. 6269.
  48. ^ "No. 29371". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 November 1915. p. 11450.
  49. ^ "No. 29740". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 September 1916. p. 8871.
  50. ^ Reid 2004, pp. 64–66.
  51. ^ Holden 1887, pp. 143–146.
  52. ^ Creswicke 1900a, p. 38; Maurice 1906, pp. 437, 486; War in South Africa 1908, p. 531.
  53. ^ Becke 1935, pp. 83–85.
  54. ^ "War Office, Monthly Army List, March 1939". National Library of Scotland. p. 145.

References

Further reading

External sources