Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
SA 330 Puma
A
RIAT
, 2010
Role Utility helicopter
National origin France
Manufacturer Sud Aviation
Aérospatiale
First flight 15 April 1965
Introduction 1968
Status In service
Primary users French Army
Royal Air Force
Romanian Air Force
Pakistan Army
Produced 1968–1987
Number built 697
Variants IAR 330
Atlas Oryx
Developed into Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma
Eurocopter AS532 Cougar
Denel Rooivalk

The Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engined medium transport/utility helicopter designed and originally produced by the French aerospace manufacturer Sud Aviation.

The Puma was developed as a new design during the mid-1960s in response to a French Army requirement for a medium-sized all-weather utility helicopter. Powered by a pair of Turbomeca Turmo turboshaft engines, it was designed to transport up to 16 seated soldiers, or a maximum of six litters with four attendants for casualty evacuation, along with carrying up to 2,500 kg of cargo either internally or using an external sling. The design of the Puma incorporated several innovations, including an automatic blade inspection system and relatively advanced anti-vibration measures integrated into the main gearbox and main rotor blades. It was also designed to be capable of operating at night, under inhospitable flying conditions and in climates from Arctic to desert. The Puma also has an intentionally high level of reserve power to permit effective flight even at its maximum weight with only a single operational engine.

On 15 April 1965, the first

Eurocopter and its successor company Airbus Helicopters
since the early 1990s. These descendants of the Puma remain in production.

Significant operations include the Gulf War, the South African Border War, the Portuguese Colonial War, the Yugoslav Wars, the Lebanese Civil War, the Iraq War, and the Falklands War. Numerous operators have chosen to modernise their fleets, often adding more capabilities and new features, such as glass cockpits, Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation, and defense measures. The type also saw popular use in the civilian field and has been operated by a number of civil operators. One of the largest civil operators of the Puma was Bristow Helicopters, which regularly used it for off shore operations over the North Sea.

Development

The SA 330 Puma was originally developed by Sud Aviation to meet a requirement of the French Army for a medium-sized all-weather helicopter capable of carrying up to 20 soldiers as well as various cargo-carrying duties. The choice was made to develop a new design for the helicopter, work began in 1963 with backing from the French government.[1] The first of two Puma prototypes flew on 15 April 1965; six further pre-production models were also built, the last of which flew on 30 July 1968. The first production SA 330 Puma flew in September 1968, with deliveries to the French Army starting in early 1969.[2]

SA 330B Puma, 2004

In 1967, the Puma was selected by the Royal Air Force (RAF), who were impressed by the Puma's performance. It was given the designation Puma HC Mk 1. A significant joint manufacturing agreement was signed between Aerospatiale and Westland Helicopters of the UK. The close collaboration between the French and British firms would lead to purchases of Aérospatiale Gazelle by the UK and the Westland Lynx by France. Under this agreement, Westland manufactured a range of components and performed the assembly of Pumas ordered by the RAF.[3][4][5]

The SA 330 was a success on the export market, numerous countries purchased military variants of the Puma to serve in their armed forces; the type was also popularly received in the civil market, finding common usage by operators for transport duties to off-shore oil platforms.[6] Throughout most of the 1970s, the SA 330 Puma was the best selling transport helicopter being produced in Europe.[7] By July 1978, over 50 Pumas had already been delivered to civil customers, and the worldwide fleet had accumulated in excess of 500,000 operational hours.[8]

Romania entered into an arrangement with Aerospatiale to produce the Puma under license as the IAR 330, manufacturing at least 163 of the type for the Romanian armed forces, civil operators, and several export customers of their own.[9] Indonesia also undertook domestic manufacturing of the SA 330.[10][11] South Africa, a keen user of the type, performed their own major modification and production program conducted by the government-owned Atlas Aircraft Corporation to upgrade their own Pumas, the resulting aircraft was named Oryx. In the 1990s, Denel would also develop an attack helicopter for the South African Air Force based on the Puma, known as the Denel Rooivalk.[9]

In 1974, Aerospatiale began development of improved Puma variants, aiming to produce a successor to the type; these efforts would cumulate in the

AS332 Super Puma. The first prototype AS332 Super Puma took flight on 13 September 1978, featuring more powerful engines and a more aerodynamically-efficient extended fuselage; by 1980, production of the AS332 Super Puma had overtaken that of the originating SA 330 Puma.[12] Production of the SA 330 Puma by Aérospatiale ceased in 1987,[13] by which time a total of 697 had been sold;[14] production in Romania would continue into the 21st Century.[12]

Design

Instrument panel of an SA 330 Puma in service with the West German border police, 1985.

The Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma is a twin-engine helicopter principally intended for personnel transport and logistic support duties. As a troop carrier, up to 16 soldiers can be accommodated on foldable seats, while in a casualty evacuation configuration, the same cabin can hold up to six

VIPs. In a search and rescue capacity, a hoist is commonly installed, often mounted on the starboard fuselage.[15]

A pair of roof-mounted

hydraulic systems that intentionally operate independently of one another, one system powering only the aircraft's flight controls while the other serves the autopilot, undercarriage, and rotor brake, as well as the flight controls.[17]

In terms of flight performance, the Puma was designed to be capable of high speeds, exhibit great maneuverability, and possess favourable hot-and-high performance; the engines have an intentionally high level of reserve power to enable a Puma to fly effectively even at maximum weight with only one functioning engine and proceed with its mission if circumstances require.[18] The cockpit is provisioned with conventional dual controls for both a pilot and copilot, a third seat is provided in the cockpit for a reserve crew member or commander. The Puma features a SFIM-Newmark Type 127 electro-hydraulic autopilot; the autopilot is capable of roll and pitch stabilization, the load hook operator can also directly perform corrective adjustments of the helicopter's position from their station via the autopilot.[19]

The Puma is readily air-transportable by tactical airlifters, such as the Transall C-160 and the Lockheed C-130 Hercules; the main rotor, landing gear, and tailboom are all detachable to lower space requirements. Ease of maintenance was one of the objectives pursued in the Puma's design; many of the components and systems that would require routine inspection were positioned to be visible from ground level, use of life-limited components was minimised, and key areas of the mechanical systems were designed to be readily accessed.[15] The Puma is also capable of operating at nighttime, in inhospitable flying conditions, or in a wide range of climates from Arctic to desert environments.[20]

Although not included during the original production run, numerous operators of Pumas have installed additional features and modern equipment over the rotorcraft's service life. The RAF have equipped their Puma fleet with

night vision goggles for night-time flights.[20] The French Army Light Aviation have modernised their Pumas to meet International Civil Aviation Organization standards, this involved the addition of new digital systems, including mission command and control systems, such as the Sitalat data link.[21] Third party companies such as South Africa's Thunder City have provided life extension and modernisation programmes for the Puma, some operators have opted to refurbish their fleets with glass cockpits.[22]

Operational history

Argentina

During the

small arms fire from British ground forces and crashed into terrain shortly after.[24] On 9 May, a single Puma was destroyed by a Sea Dart anti-aircraft missile launched from HMS Coventry.[25]

On 23 May, a pair of

National Gendarmerie Special Forces were killed and eight more wounded in the downing.[28]

France

In September 1979, four Pumas were employed during

embassy by continuous air lifts by the Pumas.[29]

One distinctive use of the Puma in French service was as a VIP transport for carrying the President of France both at home and during overseas diplomatic engagements; these duties were transferred to the larger AS332 Super Puma as that became available in sufficient numbers.[30][31]

Operation Desert Shield
, 1990

During the 1991

GPS receivers to enhance their navigational capabilities.[32]

As part of France's contribution to the 1990s

Kosovska Mitrovica by NATO ground forces.[36]

By 2010, both the French Army and French Navy have opted to procure separate variants of the NHIndustries NH90 to ultimately replace the Puma in French military service.[37] Starting in June 2014, a pair of Pumas of Escadron d'Hélicoptères 1/67 'Pyrénées (EH 1/60) were deployed to Chad and Niger from June 2014 as part of Operation Barkhane to disrupt Islamist insurgency in the Sahel region. Initially operated from N'Djamena in Chad, the detachment later moved forwards to Dirkou and Madama in Niger, supporting ground troops and interdicting supply routes for the insurgent; the detachment returned to France in September 2015 after being relieved by other French Army assets. Roughly 20 SA 330 Pumas remained in French Air and Space Force service by 2016.[38]

Lebanon

Pair of Pumas flying over Beirut, 1983

Between 1980 and 1984, the

Rachid Karami was assassinated aboard a Puma en route to Beirut when a bomb exploded in an attaché case on his lap; the explosion also injured Interior Minister Abdullah Rassi and three of the other twelve aides and crewmen on the Puma, which was severely damaged.[40][41][42]

During the final phase of the Lebanese Civil War, the Puma fleet – now reduced to seven or six helicopters of flightworthy condition[43] – was typically being used to conduct liaison flights with neighboring Cyprus on behalf of General Michel Aoun's interim military government, although fuel shortages and maintenance problems forced their crews to typically ground them until the end of the war on October 1990.[44]

After the conflict, the Lebanese Air Force Command made consistent efforts to rebuild its transport helicopter squadron with the help of the United Arab Emirates and seven IAR 330 SM helicopters formerly in service with the United Arab Emirates Air Force were delivered in 2010.[45]

In 2013, the Lebanese Air Force converted an IAR 330 SM into a

helicopter gunship by mounting on hardened side-swivel mounts a single ADEN Mk 4/5 30mm revolver cannon on a modified pod and a pair of SNEB 68mm rocket launchers taken from decommissioned Hawker Hunter FGA.70 and FGA.70A fighter aircraft. Re-designated SA 330SM, the resulting Puma gunship underwent trials on October 10 that same year during aerial maneuvers held in Hamat Air Base.[46] Although the trials were successful, the SA 300SM was not accepted for active service, with the Lebanese Air Force Command settling instead on an armed version of the Eurocopter AS532 Cougar, of which seven helicopters were scheduled to be received over the next three years.[47]

Morocco

Moroccan Puma, 2012

In 1974, Morocco made an agreement with France for the purchase of 40 Puma helicopters for their armed forces.[48] During the 1970s and 1980s, Moroccan Pumas saw combat service against Polisario Front separatists and helped exert greater control over the Western Sahara region; use of air power by Moroccan forces was severely curtailed after several aircraft were lost or damaged due to the presence of Soviet-provided 2K12 Kub anti-aircraft missiles in rebel hands in the early 1980s.[49]

In October 2007, as part of a €2 billion deal between Morocco and France, a total of 25 Moroccan Pumas are to undergo extensive modernisation and upgrades.[50]

Portugal

In 1969,

Alouette III helicopter fleet during the Angola and Mozambican wars of independence, the type had the advantages of greater autonomy and transport capacity over other operated helicopters.[51]

During the 1980s, Portugal engaged in an illicit arrangement with South Africa in order to circumvent a

Armscorp, where they were used to overhaul, upgrade and rebuild the existing Pumas, ultimately resulting in the Atlas Oryx; the Portuguese Pumas also received significant upgrades which were paid for under the terms of the agreement.[52]

In 2006, the Portuguese Air Force began receiving deliveries of the AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin, a larger and more capable helicopter, replacing the aging Puma fleet.[53]

Starting in 2007, Portugal has been offering to sell eight of its withdrawn Pumas, they were still on sale by 2015.[54]

South Africa

South African Air Force Puma, 2011

From 1972 onwards, Pumas operated by the SAAF were deployed on extended operations in

embargo that was applied in 1977.[55] South Africa subsequently upgraded many of its Pumas, eventually arriving at the derived indigenous Atlas Oryx; external assistance and components were obtained via secretive transactions involving Portugal during the arms embargo era.[52][56]

In December 1979, South Africa's government acknowledged the presence of its military forces operating in Rhodesia; Pumas were routinely used in support of the South African Army's ground forces.[57] In June 1980, 20 Pumas accompanied a force of 8,000 troops during a South African invasion of Angola in pursuit of nationalist SWAPO fighters.[58] In 1982, the government confirmed that 15 servicemen had been killed when a South African Puma was downed by SWAPO forces, it was one of the worst losses suffered in a single incident in the conflict.[59]

During the 1990s, clandestine efforts to purchase surplus SAAF Pumas were made by then-President

Congolese Civil War.[60] When the cruise ship MTS Oceanos sank off the Wild Coast of South Africa in 1991, as many as 13 Pumas played crucial roles in the rescue efforts, winching 225 survivors to safety during bad weather conditions.[61]

United Kingdom

A RAF Puma HC1 in flight, 2012

The first two Pumas for the Royal Air Force were delivered on 29 January 1971,[62][63] with the first operational squadron (33 Squadron) forming at RAF Odiham on 14 June 1971.[64] The RAF would order a total of 48 Puma HC Mk 1 for transport duties; during the Falklands War, an additional SA 330J formerly operated by Argentine Naval Prefecture was captured by British forces and shipped back to Britain and used as a RAF static training aid for several years. This SA 330J was later refurbished by Westland using parts from damaged RAF Puma XW215 and put into RAF service after a lengthy rebuild as ZE449.[65] The Puma became a common vehicle for British special forces, such as the SAS, and has been described as being "good for covert tasks".[66]

Between the early 1970s and the 1990s, RAF Pumas were normally based at RAF Odiham (

RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland. In 1994, 230 Squadron relocated to RAF Aldergrove to provide a permanent presence to augment the Westland Wessex of 72 Squadron. In 2009, 230 Squadron relocated to RAF Benson together with 33 Squadron from RAF Odiham.[67][68]

An upgraded RAF Puma HC2, 2014

Royal Air Force Pumas have also seen active service in Venezuela, Iraq, Yugoslavia, and Zaire.[69] Britain has frequently dispatched Pumas on disaster relief and humanitarian missions, such as during the 2000 Mozambique flood and the 1988 Jamaican flash flood;[70] and to conduct peacekeeping operations in regions such as Zimbabwe and the Persian Gulf.[69]

During the climax of the First Gulf War, a joint force of Pumas from 230 and 33 Squadrons proved decisive in rapidly mobilizing and deploying troops to prevent Iraqi troops from sabotaging the

insurgent operation in Iraq; an inquest found the cause to be pilot error primarily, however the Ministry of Defence (MoD) was criticised for failing to equip RAF Pumas with night vision goggles and inadequate maintenance checks compromising safety, these shortcomings were addressed following the incident.[73]

In 2002, six ex-South African SA 330L were purchased by Britain to extend the type's service life.

Turbomeca Makila engines, new gearboxes and tail rotors, new engine controls, digital autopilot, a flight management system, an improved defensive aids suite, and ballistic protection for bothcrew and passengers. The HC Mk2 Puma can transport double the payload over three times the range of its predecessor, and has been deployed for tactical troop transport, fast contingent combat, and humanitarian missions.[79]

It is expected that the RAF will replace its Puma fleet in the mid-2020s, the replacement rotorcraft being procured under the New Medium Helicopter programme.[80]

Civil

One of the largest and prominent operators of the type was Bristow Helicopters, where the Puma was regularly used for off shore operations over the North Sea.[9][81] during the 1970s, Bristow had sought to begin replacing their Sikorsky S-61 helicopters, the Puma was selected after a highly competitively-priced bid had been made by Aerospatiale; Puma G-BFSV was the first of the type to enter service with Bristow.[82] From 1979 onwards, the Puma formed the mainstay of the Bristow fleet;[83] the type took over the duties of Bristow's retiring Westland Wessex helicopters in 1981.[84] In 1982, Bristow opted to supplement their then-total fleet of 11 SA 330J Pumas via the introduction the more powerful Super Puma.[85]

The American operator Erickson Inc. has operated at least four Pumas; they have been used under contract for Vertical replenishment (VERTREP) to the United States Fifth Fleet and United States Seventh Fleet.[86]

The American private military company EP Aviation is known to have operated numerous Pumas in Afghanistan.[87]

Variants

Lajes Air Base, Azores
in 2004
RIAT
2010
External videos
video icon French Army Puma during an exercise
video icon In-cockpit view of a SA 330J flight
video icon Spanish Air Force SA 330 Puma performing at an airshow in 2011

Aérospatiale versions

SA 330A
Prototypes, originally called "Alouette IV".[88]
SA 330B
Initial production version for the French Army Light Aviation. Powered by 884 kW (1,185 hp) Turbomeca Turmo IIIC4 engines. 132 purchased by France.[89]
SA 330 Orchidée
SA 330 modified to carry an Orchidée battlefield surveillance radar system with a rotating underfuselage antenna, for the French Army. One demonstrator was built, flying in 1986. The Orchidée programme was cancelled in 1990, but the prototype rushed back into service in 1991 to serve in the
Eurocopter Cougar.[90]
SA 330C
Initial export production version. Powered by 1,044 kW (1,400 hp) Turbomeca Turmo IVB engines.[91]
SA.330E
Version produced by Westland Helicopters for the RAF under the designation Puma HC Mk. 1.
SA.330F
Initial civilian export production version with Turbomeca Turmo IIIC4 turboshaft engines.[92]
SA.330G
Upgraded civilian version with 1175 kW (1,575 hp) Turbomeca Turmo IVC engines.[92]
SA.330H
Upgraded French Army and export version with Turbomeca Turmo IVC engines and composite main rotor blades. Designated SA 330Ba by the French Air and Space Force. All surviving French Army SA 330Bs converted to this standard.[92]
SA.330J
Upgraded civil transport version with composite rotor blades and with higher maximum takeoff weight.[93]
SA.330L
Upgraded version for "hot and high" conditions. Military equivalent to civil SA.330J.[93]
SA.330S
Upgraded SA 330L (themselves converted from SA 330C) version for the Portuguese Air Force. Powered by Turbomeca Makila engines.[93]
SA.330SM
Lebanese converted gunship version by mounting on hardened side-swivel mounts a single ADEN Mk 4/5 30mm revolver cannon on a modified pod and a pair of SNEB 68mm rocket launchers on each side.
SA.330Z
Prototype with "fenestron" tail rotor.[94]
SA.331 Puma Makila
Engine test-bed for the AS.332 Super Puma series, powered by two Turbomeca Makila engines

Versions by other manufacturers

Atlas Aircraft Corporation Oryx
Remanufactured and upgraded SA 330 Puma built for the South African Air Force.
IPTN NAS 330J
Version that was assembled by IPTN of Indonesia under the local designation NAS 330J and the Aerospatiale designation of SA 330J. Eleven units were produced.
IAR 330
Licence-built version of the SA 330 Puma manufactured by Industria Aeronautică Română of Romania. Designated as the SA 330L by Aerospatiale.
IAR-330 Puma SOCAT
24 modified for antitank warfare.
IAR-330 Puma Naval
3 modified for the Romanian Navy, using the SOCAT avionics.
Westland Puma HC Mk 1
SA 330E equivalent assembled by Westland Helicopters for the RAF, first flown on 25 November 1970. Several similarities to the SA 330B employed by the French Armed Forces. The RAF placed an initial order for 40 Pumas in 1967, with a further eight attrition replacement aircraft in 1979.[65]
Airbus Helicopters Puma HC.Mk 2
Modified Puma HC Mk1s,[95] total of 24 upgraded with more powerful Turbomeca Makila 1A1 engines, a glass cockpit and new avionics, secure communications and improved self-protection equipment.[75]

Operators

Current operators

A French Army Aérospatiale Puma
 Brazil
 Chile
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Ecuador
 France
 Gabon
 Guinea
  • Guinea Air Force[96]
 Kenya
 Kuwait
 Lebanon
 Malawi
 Morocco
 Pakistan
 Romania
A Puma HC2 of No. 33 Squadron using flares over Afghanistan while deployed in the country as part of Operation Toral, 2015.
 United Kingdom

Former operators

 Algeria
 Argentina
 Belgium
Spanish Air Force
 Cameroon
 Ethiopia
 Indonesia
 Iraq
 Ireland
 Mexico
 Nigeria
 Oman
A contracted Puma resupplies the USS Benfold for the US Navy Sealift Command
 Philippines
A SA 330 Puma formerly used by West Germany's Bundesgrenzschutz (border police).
 Portugal
 Senegal
 South Africa
 Togo
 Tunisia
 United Arab Emirates
 United Kingdom

Notable accidents and incidents

Specifications (SA 330H Puma)

Orthographically projected diagram of the SA330 Puma Line Drawing
Orthographically projected diagram of the SA330 Puma Line Drawing

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77[133]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3
  • Capacity: 16 passengers
  • Length: 18.15 m (59 ft 6½ in)
  • Rotor diameter: 15.00 m (49 ft 2½ in)
  • Height: 5.14 m (16 ft 10½ in)
  • Disc area: 177.0 m² (1,905 ft²)
  • Empty weight: 3,536 kg (7,795 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight
    :     7,000 kg (15,430 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2× Turbomeca Turmo IVC turboshafts, 1,175 kW (1,575 hp) each

Performance

Armament

Notable appearances in media

Main article: Aérospatiale Puma in fiction

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Citations

  1. ^ McGowen 2005, p. 123.
  2. ^ Taylor 1976, p. 41.
  3. ^ Lake 2001, pp. 97–98.
  4. ^ James 1991, pp. 485–486.
  5. ^ Frawley 1997, p. 13.
  6. ^ Green 1978, p. 70.
  7. ^ Leishman 2006, p. 43.
  8. ^ Lambert, Mark. "Aerospatiale chases civil helicopter sales." Archived 2013-05-16 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 8 July 1978. p. 76.
  9. ^ a b c McGowen 2005, p. 124.
  10. ^ Waldron, Greg (8 July 2011). "Eurocopter renews Indonesia partnership". FlightGlobal.
  11. ^ "1965: SA330 Puma." Archived March 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Eurocopter, Retrieved: 7 April 2013.
  12. ^ a b McGowen 2005, p. 154.
  13. ^ Lake 2001, p. 100.
  14. ^ Taylor 1988, p. 57.
  15. ^ a b Neal 1970, pp. 814–815.
  16. ^ Neal 1970, pp. 814–817.
  17. ^ Neal 1970, p. 817.
  18. ^ Neal 1970, p. 814.
  19. ^ Neal 1970, p. 815.
  20. ^ a b "Puma HC1." Archived 2013-05-01 at the Wayback Machine Royal Air Force, Retrieved: 10 April 2013.
  21. ^ Lert, Frédéric. "France trials new digital helicopter information systems." Archived 2015-01-20 at the Wayback Machine IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, 30 November 2014.
  22. ^ Birns, Hilka. "Thunder City launches Puma conversion programme." Archived 2013-05-16 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 15 October 2008.
  23. ^ Smith 2006, pp. 23–24, 38.
  24. ^ Smith 2006, pp. 16–17.
  25. ^ Smith 2006, p. 122.
  26. ^ Smith 2006, pp. 82, 123.
  27. ^ Smith 2006, p. 124.
  28. ^ "Argentine Puma shot down by american "Stinger" missile. — MercoPress". MercoPress. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
  29. ^ Titley 1997, p. 136.
  30. ^ Titley 1997, p. 71.
  31. ^ Ripley 2010, p. 11.
  32. ^ Rip and Hasik 2002, p. 155.
  33. ^ Ripley 2010, pp. 56, 60, 81–82.
  34. ISBN 0-00719-937-6
    .
  35. ^ "Downed British Jet's Pilot Rescued in Bosnia". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 17 April 1994. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  36. ^ Ripley 2010, pp. 77–78.
  37. ^ Fleury, Pascale (17 December 2010). "Eurocopter's first NH90 TTH tactical transport helicopter for France performs its maiden flight". Eurocopter. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29.
  38. ^ Kraak Air International December 2016, pp. 88–95.
  39. ^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 148.
  40. ^ Ihsan Hijazi: "Lebanese premier is assassinated in copter blast", The New York Times, 2 June 1987
  41. ^ "Prime Minister Karami killed". Times Daily. 2 June 1987. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  42. ^ "Helicopter Bomb Blast Kills Lebanese Premier". Los Angeles Times. AP. 1 June 1987. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  43. ^ "World Air Forces 1983". flightglobal.com. p. 359. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  44. ^ Micheletti and Debay, Victoire a Souk El-Gharb – la 10e Brigade sauve le Liban (1989), p. 18.
  45. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.inss.org.il. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  46. ^ "SA/IAR 330 Puma – Military In the Middle East". milinme.wordpress.com. 23 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  47. ^ "الموقع الرسمي للجيش اللبناني".
  48. ^ Keucher 1987, p. 65.
  49. ^ Dean 1986, pp. 46–47.
  50. Independent Online. Archived
    from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  51. ^ Bosgra and Krimpen 1972, pp. 27–32.
  52. ^ a b Vegar, Jose. "Stiffed Arms Merchant Sues". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November 1997, 53(6). pp. 12–13.
  53. ^ Agência LUSA (3 February 2006). ""Velhos" PUMA despedem-se sexta-feira com chegada de oito EH-101". RTP. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  54. ^ "Governo volta a tentar vender 8 helicópteros da Guerra Colonial". SIC. 20 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  55. ^ "South Africa Ready to Handle Global Squeeze." Toledo Blade, 1 November 1977
  56. ^ "Pik to testify in Oryx-smuggling dispute". Mail & Guardian. 13 March 1998. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  57. ^ "Forces in Zimbabwe, South Africa Admits". Milwaukee Journal. 2 December 1979. p. 20. [dead link]
  58. ^ "Report: South African Forces take up Position in Angola". St Petersburg Times. 27 June 1980. p. 15.
  59. ^ Alexander, Douglas (12 August 1982). "15 South Africans killed in Angola Push". The Age. Fairfax Media. p. 9.
  60. ^ "Offshore records solve mystery of civil war chopper deal". Mail & Guardian. 5 April 2010. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  61. ^ Wren, Christopher S (5 August 1991). "Over 500 Are Rescued as Greek Cruise Ship Sinks Off South African Coast". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  62. ^ "World News" Archived 2013-05-16 at the Wayback Machine. Flight International, Vol. 99, No. 3230, 4 February 1971, p. 144.
  63. ^ "Wildcat Work-Out" Archived 2013-05-16 at the Wayback Machine. Flight International, Vol. 99, No. 3240, 15 April 1971, pp. 532–534.
  64. ^ Ashworth 1989, p. 108.
  65. ^ a b Lake 2001, pp. 102–103.
  66. ^ a b Ryan 2005, p. 95.
  67. ^ "Operation Tiger 9". Air International, January 2010, Vol. 78, No. 1. p. 7.
  68. ^ No 31 – 35 Squadron Histories Archived 26 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
  69. ^ a b "33 Squadron History." Archived 2013-06-15 at the Wayback Machine Royal Air Force, Retrieved: 8 April 2013.
  70. ^ McGreal, Chris (2 April 2000). "Flood aid 'not enough' – UN". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  71. ^ Ryan 2005, p. 170.
  72. ^ Judd, Terri (16 April 2007). "Two British soldiers killed in Iraq as helicopters collide". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  73. ^ Savill, Richard. "Fuel safety valves on fatal Puma crash helicopter `had not been checked for 30 years’." Archived 2018-01-17 at the Wayback Machine The Telegraph, 9 December 2009
  74. ^ Penney Flight International 26 November – 2 December 2002, p. 74.
  75. ^ a b "UK MoD receives first upgraded Puma HC2." Archived 2012-10-16 at the Wayback Machine Flightglobal, 13 September 2012. Retrieved: 5 January 2013
  76. ^ "RAF gets funds for more Reaper UAVs, Puma upgrade." Archived 2008-09-22 at the Wayback Machine Flightglobal, 5 September 2008. Retrieved: 23 December 2008
  77. ^ "Upgraded Puma HC2 to enter final flight test phase." Archived 2012-09-20 at the Wayback Machine Flightglobal, 11 July 2012. Retrieved: 29 August 2012.
  78. ^ "Last Puma heads for life extension" (PDF). Ministry of Defence – Defence equipment and support. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  79. ^ "UK MoD receives first upgraded Puma HC Mk2 helicopter". Airforce Technology. 14 September 2012. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015.
  80. ^ "Defence and Security Industrial Strategy: A strategic approach to the UK's defence and security industrial sectors (CP 410)" (PDF). Gov.uk. Ministry of Defence. 26 March 2021. p. 99. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  81. ^ Healey 2003, p. 233.
  82. ^ Healey 2003, pp. 127, 139.
  83. ^ Healey 2003, p. 127.
  84. ^ "Air Crash Firm Scraps 'Risky' Helicopter Fleet". The Herald. Newsquest. 10 November 1981. p. 1.
  85. ^ Healey 2003, p. 139.
  86. ^ "Erickson US Navy MSC support extended". shephardmedia.com. 16 October 2014.
  87. ^ "DITCH EP AVIATION SA.330J PUMA N605R".
  88. ^ Colonges, Monique; De Silva, Christian (2019). 1939-2019 Marignane - 80 Years of Pioneering (PDF). Airbus Helicopters. p. 80. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 Jun 2021.
  89. ^ Lake 2001, p. 101.
  90. ^ Lake 2001, p. 104.
  91. ^ Lake 2001, p. 102.
  92. ^ a b c Lake 2001, p. 103.
  93. ^ a b c Lake 2001, p. 105.
  94. ^ Lake 2001, p. 106.
  95. ^ "Puma HC2". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  96. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "World Air Forces 2021". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  97. ^ "Armée de l'air". scramble.nl. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  98. ^ "Gabon Army & Gendarmerie". scramble.nl. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  99. ^ "Kenya Air Force". scramble.nl. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  100. ^ "Lebanese Air Force". scramble.nl. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  101. ^ "Royal Moroccan Air Force". scramble.nl. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  102. ^ "Pakistan Army". scramble.nl. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  103. ^ "Romania Air Force". scramble.nl. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  104. ^ "Romania Navy". scramble.nl. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  105. ^ Cacoyannis, Xenia Zubova Sofie (4 April 2023). "Start of a new era at RAF Akrotiri as Pumas replace Griffin helicopters in Cyprus". forces.net. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  106. ^ "22 Squadron Re-Forms At RAF Benson". Royal Air Force. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  107. ^ "Despite the best efforts of the weather 1563 Flt has recently achieved Initial Operating Capability in Brunei with a further 2 Puma aircraft undertaking air testing prior to being available for tasking and training". RAF Benson (Facebook). 12 October 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  108. ^ World's Air Forces 1987, Flight International, 28 November 1987, p. 38, archived from the original on 16 May 2013, retrieved 23 March 2013
  109. ^ a b "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 40". Flightglobal Insight. 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  110. ^ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 42". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  111. ^ a b "World Air Forces 2019". Flightglobal Insight. 2019. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  112. ^ "World's Air Forces 1987". Flight International. 28 November 1987. p. 52. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  113. ^ "Indonesia Air Force". scramble.nl. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  114. ^ Angkatan Udara, TNI (30 December 2023). ""Road To Museum Dirgantara: SA-330 Puma Laksanakan Misi Terbang Terakhir Bogor-Yogjakarta"". X (formerly Twitter).
  115. ^ "World's Air Forces 1987". Flight International. 28 November 1987. p. 65. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  116. ^ "World Air Forces 1983 pg. 352". Flightglobal Insight. 2019. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  117. ^ "World Air Forces 2013" (PDF). Flightglobal Insight. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  118. ^ "World Air Forces". Flight International. 1987. p. 74. Archived from the original on 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
  119. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived
    from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  120. ^ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 80". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  121. ^ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 81". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  122. ^ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 84". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  123. ^ ""World's Air Forces." Archived 2012-10-24 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 5–11 December 1990, p. 76
  124. ^ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 95". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  125. ^ Barry Wheeler (28 August 1975), World Air Forces 1975, Flight International, p. 291, archived from the original on 16 May 2013, retrieved 23 March 2013
  126. ^ "No.27 Squadron". Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  127. ^ "240 Operational Conversion Unit". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  128. ^ "No.72 Squadron". Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  129. ^ "Eight killed as UN helicopter crashes in eastern DRC". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  130. ^ "Six Pakistan Army officers, soldiers martyred in UN copter crash". The Express Tribune. 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  131. ^ Siddiqui, Naveed (2022-03-29). "Six Pakistani officers, soldiers martyred in helicopter crash in Congo: ISPR". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  132. ^ "Eight UN peacekeepers killed in helicopter crash in DRC". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  133. ^ Taylor 1976, pp. 41–42.

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to SA 330 Puma.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aérospatiale_SA_330_Puma&oldid=1219113342"