A. James Gregor

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Anthony James Gregor (April 2, 1929 – August 30, 2019)

He was born Anthony Gimigliano in New York City. His father, Antonio, was a machine operator, factory worker and a nonpolitical anarchist. Gregor served as a volunteer in the U.S. Army. He attended and graduated in 1952 from Columbia University and thereafter served as a high school social science teacher while working for his advanced degrees.

Prior to founding the

In 1959, Gregor joined with Robert E. Kuttner to found the International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics (IAAEE), where Gregor acted as secretary. According to Gregor, the organization was founded to restore "an intellectual climate in the U.S., and throughout the Western World, which would permit a free and open discussion of racial ... problems." The organization was funded by segregationist Wickliffe Draper to oppose the civil rights movement.^[4] As part of this group, Gregor was also an assistant editor of, and contributor to, Mankind Quarterly, the organization's journal.^[4]

During this period he undertook anthropological field studies of aboriginal people in Central Australia, and similar studies in South Africa

Study of fascism

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Gregor was part of a movement of scholars in the 1960s who rejected the traditional interpretation of fascism as an ideologically empty, reactionary, antimodern dead end. He claimed

Gregor said that he was committed to the American form of democratic liberalism, as he said that is the most effective system of government and the most likely to endure.^[third-party source needed] In the 1960s, Gregor held numerous workshops and lectures to convince policymakers and academics to be supportive of the US role in the Vietnam War.

During the 1970s and 1980s Gregor served as an uncompensated adviser to Filipino dictator Ferdinand Marcos,^[12] who flew him to Honolulu as part of a "counter-propaganda program", where he argued that the US should withhold support from Marcos's democratic opposition over the latter's opposition to US military bases, while downplaying allegations of human rights abuses as "undocumented or purely hearsay". Gregor furnished names of "other conservative academicians" who would be useful for similar work, which were forwarded to the Minister of Foreign Affairs.^[13]

His 1986 book, The China Connection: U.S. Policy and the People's Republic of China and his 1987 follow-up, Arming the Dragon: U.S. Security Ties with the People's Republic of China, discussed Sino-American relations. In 1989 he wrote In the Shadow of Giants: The Major Powers and the Security of Southeast Asia. Gregor was named to the Oppenheimer Chair of Warfighting Strategy 1996–1997 at the Marine Corps University in Quantico.

Gregor translated some of the works of Italian fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile into English, together with a commentary on Gentile's political thought.^{[citation needed]} Until his retirement in 2009, he taught a series of political science courses on revolutionary change, Marxism, and fascism at UC Berkeley. In 2014, Gregor published Marxism and the Making of China. In 2016, his work, "Reflections on Italian Fascism" was published in an English and Italian edition. His final project was an analytic study of the transformative revolution that shaped the twentieth century. In 2014, Princeton University Press incorporated his volumes, Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship, and The Fascist Persuasion in Radical Politics, among the books in their "Princeton Legacy Library."

Academic achievements

Gregor was made a national Guggenheim Fellow;^[14] a Senior Fellow of the Institute for Advanced Social Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; H. L Oppenheimer Professor at the Marine Corps University, Quantico, Virginia; and a Knight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.^{[citation needed]}

According to Roger Griffin, Gregor wrote an influential early comprehensive survey of existing theoretical models of fascism.^[15] Per Andreas Umland writing for The American Historical Review in 2013, "A. James Gregor has, for half a century, been one of the major makers and shapers of the discipline of comparative fascism."^[16] Sean Kennedy in Canadian Journal of History said in 2013, "Over a long and distinguished career A. James Gregor has advanced some controversial interpretations of political ideologies. In particular, he holds that the Italian fascist regime is best understood as a "developmental dictatorship," distinct from Nazism in key ways; a thesis that has proven surprisingly influential since 1945."^[17] Shortly after Gregor's death an extensive critical survey of his works on fascism was published as a monograph by social scientist Phillip Becher.^[18] In 2021, Italian historian Antonio Messina edited a collected volume on Gregor's thought and works.^[19]

Books

• A Survey of Marxism: Problems in Philosophy and the Theory of History, New York : Random House, 1965
• Contemporary Radical Ideologies: Totalitarian Thought in the Twentieth Century, New York: Random House, 1969
• The Ideology of Fascism: the rationale of totalitarianism, New York: Free Press, 1969. "L'Ideologia del fascismo", Rome: Edizioni del Borghese, 1974; reprint "L'Ideologia del fascismo: Il fondamento razionale del totalitarismo," Rome: Lulu, 2013.
• An Introduction to Metapolitics: A Brief Inquiry into the Conceptual Language of Political Science. New York: Free Press, 1971; reprinted as "Metascience and Politics: An Inquiry into the Conceptual Language of Political Science" With a new preface and postscript by the author. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2003.
• The Fascist Persuasion in Radical Politics, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974
• Interpretations of Fascism, Morristown: General Learning, 1974; Revised reprint New Brunswick: Transaction, 2000, with a new introduction by the author; "Il Fascismo: Interpretazioni e giudizi" Rome: Antonio Pellicani Editore, 1997, and a third edition, published Florence: LoGisma, 2016.
• "Sergio Panunzio: Il sindacalismo ed il fondamento razionale del fascismo," Rome: Volpe, 1978, New, enlarged edition, Rome: Lulu, 2014.
• "Roberto Michels e l'ideologia del fascismo," Rome: Volpe, 1979, reprint, Rome: Lulu, 2015.
• Young Mussolini and the intellectual origins of Fascism, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
• Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979. Reprinted in the Princeton Legacy Library in 2014.
• "The Taiwan Relations Act and the Defense of the Republic of China", Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1980.
• Ideology and development: Sun Yat-sen and the Economic History of Taiwan, with Maria Hsia Chang and Andrew B. Zimmerman, China research monographs, Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, Berkeley, no. 23, 1981.
• "Essays on U.S.-Philippine Relations," Editor. Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 1983.
• "The Iron Triangle: A U.S. Security Policy for Northeast Asia," Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1984.
• "The Philippine Bases: U.S. Security at Risk", Washington D.C.: Ethics and Public Pollcy, 1987.
• The China Connection: U.S. policy and the People's Republic of China, 1986.
• Arming the Dragon: U.S. Security Ties with the People's Republic of China, 1987.
• In the Shadow of Giants: the Major Powers and the Security of Southeast Asia, 1989.
• "Land of the Morning Calm: U.S. Interests and the Korean Peninsula", Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy, 1989
• Marxism, China, & Development: Reflections on Theory and Reality, New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publisher, 1995
• Phoenix: Fascism in Our Time. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1999.
• The Faces of Janus: Marxism and Fascism in the Twentieth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000. Spanish edition, "Los Rostros de Jano: Marxismo y Fascismo en el siglo XX", Universitat de Valencia, 2002.
• Giovanni Gentile: philosopher of fascism, New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2001; Italian edition, "Giovanni Gentile: Il filosofo del fascismo", Lecce: Pensa, 2014.
• A Place in the Sun: Marxism and Fascism in China's Long Revolution, Westview Press, 2000
• Translation from the Italian: Origins and Doctrine of Fascism: Giovanni Gentile, Transaction Publishers, 2nd ed. 2004
• The Search for Neofascism, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
• Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought, Princeton University Press, new ed. 2006
• Marxism, Fascism, and Totalitarianism: Chapters in the Intellectual History of Radicalism, Stanford University Press, 2008.
• Totalitarianism and Political Religion: An Intellectual History, Stanford University Press, 2012. Czech edition,"Totalitarismus a politickḕ náboženstvi" Brno: Center for the Study of Democracy and Culture, 2015
• Marxism and the Making of China: A Doctrinal History, Palgrave-Macmillan, 2014
• Reflections on Italian Fascism: An Interview with Antonio Messina, Berlin: Logos Verlag, 2015; Italian edition, Riflessioni sul fascismo italiano, Firenze: Apice Libri, 2016.

References

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to A. James Gregor.

• Annotated bibliography Archived September 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine – 1954 through 1998
• ResearchGate profile – With bibliography from 1961 through 2018
• Becher, Phillip. "Apartheid, authoritarianism and anticolonial struggles viewed from the Right. Critical perspectives on A. James Gregor’s search for fascism in the Global South," Acta Academica (2022), 54(3): 108-130.
  doi:10.18820/24150479/aa54i3/6