Air defense identification zone
An air defense identification zone (ADIZ) is a region of airspace in which a country tries to identify, locate, and control aircraft in the interest of national security.[1] It is declared unilaterally[2] and may extend beyond a country's territory to give the country more time to respond to possibly hostile aircraft.[3] The concept of an ADIZ is not defined in any international treaty and is not recognized by any international body.[3][4]
The first ADIZ was established by the United States on December 27, 1950, shortly after President Truman had proclaimed a national emergency during the
Air defense zones should not be confused with flight information regions (FIRs), which are used to manage air traffic.[1]
United States and Canada
The United States and Canada jointly operate an ADIZ that encompasses their sovereign airspace in North America. The United States maintains two zones in North America, the Contiguous U.S. ADIZ and the Alaska ADIZ, and two more overseas, the Hawaii ADIZ and the Guam ADIZ.[1] Canada operates two other sections of the North American ADIZ, one off the Pacific coast of British Columbia and another that encompasses the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and its Atlantic provinces.[9]
Under US law and policy, the zone applies only to commercial aircraft intending to enter US airspace.
East Asia
Japan
On 25 June 2010, Japan extended its ADIZ around Yonaguni 22 km westwards to align with its
Taiwan
Taiwan has an ADIZ that covers most of the
Maps of the Taiwan ADIZ from the Ministry of National Defense, R.O.C. usually include the theoretical
South Korea
South Korea operates a zone that covers most but not all of its claimed airspace.
When part or all of flight route of an aircraft enters the KADIZ area, it is required to send a specific flight plan one hour prior to departure. Civilian aircraft with regular routes should submit a repetitive flight plan to the air traffic control. There is no need for legal action when an aircraft enters KADIZ as long as the aircraft follows its flight plan reported to the South Korean government. If there is a change in the flight passage or an approach without prior notification, the South Korean Air Force has the right to immediately identify or to track down the aircraft and to be prepared for interception. However, military force such as shooting down the plane cannot be exercised.
Following China's establishment of an ADIZ in November 2013 covering disputed areas, the Defense Ministry of Republic of Korea announced in December that year that the Korea Air Defense Identification Zone (KADIZ) would be expanded to partially overlap with those of China and Japan.
China
On November 23, 2013 the
The media has reported that since 2010 China has been planning a ADIZ over the South China sea. However, as of 2020, China has not declared a South China Sea ADIZ.[24][25]
South Asia
India
India established ADIZs in the mid-twentieth century. Among other rules, notifications are required 10 minutes prior to entry. In case of delay, 45 or more minutes and a new Air Defence Clearance (ADC) numbers are required.[26]
India has demarcated six ADIZ near its territory. The zones have been declared over the international border with Pakistan, the international border with Nepal, over the Line of Actual Control with China, along the eastern borders with Bangladesh, Bhutan and Myanmar and two in the southern region of India.[27]
Military enforcement of ADIZs is solely the responsibility of the IAF, and the task is executed through a chain of radars as well as a C3I organisation. Aircraft and surface-to-air missiles of the IAF, with elements of the Army and the Navy participating in their specific areas, where required, carry out interceptions. Civil aviation authorities, in conjunction with the IAF, also assist in this process by ensuring regulatory and control measures, such as assignment of Air Defence Clearance (ADC) numbers to aircraft entering or operating in Indian air space and by confirming the ADC of the incoming traffic, where necessary.[28]
Bangladesh
Bangladesh maintains an ADIZ that extends over the adjoining sea to the south as delineated by the following coordinates:
- 21°07′44.80″N 89°13′56.50″E / 21.1291111°N 89.2323611°E
- 18°15′54.12″N 89°21′47.56″E / 18.2650333°N 89.3632111°E
- 16°43′28.74″N 89°25′54.37″E / 16.7246500°N 89.4317694°E
- 20°13′06.30″N 92°00′07.60″E / 20.2184167°N 92.0021111°E
- 20°03′32.00″N 91°50′31.80″E / 20.0588889°N 91.8421667°E
- 17°52′34.06″N 90°15′04.66″E / 17.8761278°N 90.2512944°E
All flights of aircraft, civil/military, Bangladeshi or foreign, originating within the ADIZ and those penetrating the Bangladesh ADIZ must obtain prior permission and Air Defense Clearance (ADC).
Among other procedures, aircraft flying without a valid ADC number or failing to comply with any restriction or deviating from flight plan will be liable to interception by Bangladesh Air Force.[29]
Comparison
ADIZ[30] | Requires flight plan or identification from civilian aircraft? | Requires flight plan or identification from military aircraft? | Requires flight plan from state aircraft that does not enter sovereign airspace? | Covers territory administered by another country? |
---|---|---|---|---|
China (PRC) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Japan | No | No | No | No |
South Korea | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Taiwan (ROC) | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Yes |
United States | Yes | No | No | No |
References
- ^ S2CID 153873530. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-07-09.
- ^ Ebbighausen, Rodion (4 October 2021). "China's Taiwan military incursions test the limits of airspace". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ^ a b c d Page, Jeremy (Nov 27, 2013). "The A to Z on China's Air Defense Identification Zone". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
- ^ a b c "Air Defense Identification Zone". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
- ^ R. P. Anand, Origin and Development of the Law of the Sea (Martinus Nijhoff, 1983) p171
- ^ "Navy Closely Watching China Claims". New Indian Express. 7 December 2013. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- ^ Jane Perlez (27 November 2013), China Explains Handling of B-52 Flight as Tensions Escalate The New York Times
- ^ a b Rick Gladstone and Matthew L. Wald (27 November 2013), China's Move Puts Airspace in Spotlight The New York Times
- ^ "Designated Airspace Handbook" (PDF). Nav Canada. 25 April 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
- ^ "Japan extends ADIZ into Taiwan space". taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
- ^ "Chinese aircraft enters Taiwan's ADIZ for 7th time in 8 days | Taiwan News | 2020-09-25 10:59:00". 25 September 2020.
- ISBN 9789860557862.
- ^ Shattuck, Thomas J. (April 7, 2021). "Assessing the Patterns of PLA Air Incursions into Taiwan's ADIZ - Foreign Policy Research Institute". Global Taiwan Brief. 6 (7).
- ^ Chen, Kelvin (October 14, 2020). "Taiwan Air Force Command confirms US presence at Leshan radar station | Taiwan News | 2020-10-14 11:35:00". Taiwan News.
- ^ Tsai, Gladys; Register, Larry (September 1, 2022). "Taiwan shoots down unidentified drone over island near China". CNN.
- ^ Ministry of National Defense, R.O.C.
- ^ Twitter account of Ministry of National Defense, R.O.C.
- ^ Trent, Mercedes (2020). "Over the Line: The Implications of China's ADIZ Intrusions in Northeast Asia" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2022.
- ^ Campbell, Brian E. (July–August 2022). "Record-Setting Incursions into Taiwan's Air Defense Identification Zone: The People's Republic of China's Psychological Operations Designed to Erode US Support for Taiwan" (PDF). Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs.
- ^ Cole, J. Michael (September 22, 2020). "China Ends 'Median Line' in the Taiwan Strait: The Start of a Crisis?". The National Interest.
- ^ a b c d "Seoul considers southward expansion of air defense zone". The Korea Herald. 1 December 2013. Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ FlorCruz, Michelle (12 December 2013). "South Korea's Asiana Airlines And Korean Air Abide By Chinese Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)".
- Yonhap News. 29 August 2018.
- ^ "Why is There No South China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone?". SCSPI. 23 November 2020.
- ^ Chan, Minnie (31 May 2020). "South China Sea airspace control plan in works by Beijing, PLA source says". South China Morning Post.
- ^ Graduate fellows cigionline.org
- ^ Joshua Abhay Patnigere glcmumbai.com
- ^ "Integrated Air Defence for the Indian Airspace". Retrieved 2 May 2023.
- Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh. 1 February 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
- ^ Rinehart, Ian E.; Elias, Bart (30 January 2015). China’s Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ). Congressional Research Service. p. 4.