ADM-20 Quail
ADM-20 Quail | |
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B-52 Stratofortress . |
The McDonnell ADM-20 Quail was a
Quail contained electronics and
Design of an improved version of Quail began in January 1968, with the system being termed the Subsonic Cruise Aircraft Decoy. This program incorporated several significant changes to the starting design before the AGM-86 ALCM was created.
Development
In 1955 the USAF started a major effort to construct
The USAF was at the same time developing the
During April 1955, the USAF began a program to develop a short range air-launched decoy missile to simulate the radar cross section of a bomber. On January 18, 1956, the USAF released General Operational Requirement (GOR) 139.
Design
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation submitted a design which included a cropped-delta-wing decoy constructed largely of fiberglass and carried internally within a B-52. The following month on February 1, 1956, the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation was awarded a contract to develop Weapon System 122A which included the GAM-72 Green Quail missile. In June 1956 General Electric was selected as the engine contractor for the GAM-72. Guidance components were built by Summers Gyroscope and the countermeasures equipment by Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation.
The GAM-72 was designed with a high-mounted delta wing and no horizontal stabilizer. A slab-sided fuselage and two sets of vertical stabilizers contributed to the GAM-72s ability to simulate the radar cross section of a bomber. Initially the GAM-72 was powered by a YJ85-GE-1. This jet engine produced 1,900-2,100 lbf (8.5-9.3 kN) of thrust with a thrust-to-weight ratio goal of (4.6:1) to (5:1).[2]
The GAM-72s guidance system could be pre-programmed on the ground to execute two turns and one speed change during a flight time of 45 to 55 minutes. Flight duration depended on altitude. The GAM-72 was designed to operate at altitudes between 35,000 ft (10,668 m) to 50,000 ft (15,240 m) at speeds between Mach 0.75 to Mach 0.9. Range varied between 357 nm and 445 nm (661 to 716 km), also depending on altitude.
Two GAM-72s with folded wings and stabilizers were packaged together for mounting in the bomber weapons bay. Before launch the bomber's radar navigator lowered the GAM-72 using a retractable arm from the airplane's weapons bay into the slipstream below the aircraft. The wings and stabilizers of the GAM-72 were unfolded, the jet engine was started, and the missile was launched.
Flight testing of the XGAM-72 began in July 1957 at
McDonnell Aircraft received a production contract for the GAM-72A on December 31, 1958. Reliability problems encountered during testing resulted in McDonnell replacing the J85-GE-3 with the J85-GE-7 engine in the production GAM-72A. The GAM-72A was also about 200 lb (90 kg) heavier than the GAM-72. This increase in weight when combined with a slightly smaller wing area reduced the maximum range of the GAM-72A to 402 statute miles (647 km). The first production GAM-72A flight was in March 1960. The final GAM-72A was delivered by McDonnell Aircraft on May 28, 1962. A total of 585 [3] GAM-72A missiles were produced by McDonnell Aircraft. The inventory of GAM-72As in the USAF peaked at 492 in 1963.
During 1963 all remaining GAM-72A missiles were modified to the GAM-72B configuration.
In 1963 the GAM-72 was re-designated the ADM-20
Old Designation | New Designation |
---|---|
GAM-72 | ADM-20A |
GAM-72A | ADM-20B |
GAM-72B | ADM-20C |
Operational history
Although originally planned for deployment with the
The first production GAM-72A was delivered to the 4135th Strategic
The operational version of the GAM-72 carried internal radar reflectors facing forward and to each side of the aircraft. Up to 100 lb (45 kg) of payload could be accommodated internally by the GAM-72. This internal space could be used to house a radar
Eight GAM-72A decoys could be accommodated in the B-52's weapons bay but the normal decoy load was two.
Ground radar continued to improve, and the effectiveness of the GAM-72B, redesignated in 1963 as the ADM-20C, decreased over time. The AGM-69 Short Range Attack Missile (SRAM) allowed bombers to attack air-defense systems from a distance. By 1971, the USAF no longer considered the ADM-20C a credible decoy. The commander of the Strategic Air Command wrote the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force "that the Quail was only slightly better than nothing." The last ADM-20C operational test was flown at Eglin Air Force Base on July 13, 1972. On June 30, 1978, the last ADM-20C came off alert status. The last ADM-20C was removed from the United States Air Force inventory on December 15, 1978.
Variants
- GAM-72 – 24 test missiles produced
- GAM-72A – 592 missiles produced.
- GAM-72B – Upgrade to remaining GAM-72A missiles
- ADM-20A – GAM-72 re-designated in June 1963
- ADM-20B – GAM-72A re-designated in June 1963
- ADM-20C – GAM-72B re-designated in June 1963
Operator
The number of GAM-72As in service, by year:
Year | 1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. in Service | 93 | 397 | 436 | 492 | 477 | 465 | 457 | 448 | 445 | 430 | 430 | 430 | 417 | 417 | 415 | 355 | 355 | 354 |
Survivors
- ADM-20B S/N 60–700 located in the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, United States.[4]
- ADM-20 S/N 61-347 located in the , United States.
- ADM-20 S/N 60-593 located in the Eighth Air Force Museum, Barksdale Air Force Base.
- ADM-20 located in the Sacramento, California, United States.
- ADM-20 S/N 59-2249 located at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, United States.
- ADM-20 located at the Strategic Air Command & Aerospace Museum, Ashland, Nebraska, United States.
- ADM-20 S/N 60-505 located at the South Dakota Air and Space Museum, Ellsworth Air Force Base, Rapid City, South Dakota, United States.
- ADM-20 S/N 59-2245 located in the Armed Forces and Aerospace Museum, Spokane, Washington, United States.
- ADM-20C S/N 61-633 located in the Hill Aerospace Museum, Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, Utah, United States.
- ADM-20C located in the Historic Aviation Memorial Museum, Tyler, Texas, United States.
- ADM-20C S/N 61-414 located at the K. I. Sawyer Heritage Air Museum in Gwinn, Michigan, United States.
- ADM-20C located at the , United States.
- ADM-20C S/N 60-374 located in the Oakland Aviation Museum, Oakland, California, United States.
- ADM-20C S/N 60-755 located in the Southern Museum of Flight, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.
- ADM-20C S/N 61-455 located in the Lone Star Flight Museum, Galveston, Texas, United States.
- ADM-20 S/N 64-2573 located in the Warner Robins, Georgia, United States.
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
- List of military aircraft of the United States
- List of missiles
References
Citations
- ^ "Space Related Acronyms". May 8, 2008. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008.
- ^ : J85 Rejuvenation Through Technology Insertion apps.dtic.mil
- ^ USAF serials Archived 2011-05-27 at the Wayback Machine (1957, 1959, 1960 & 1961)
- ^ "USAF Serial Number Search Results". cgibin.rcn.com. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
Bibliography
- McDonnell ADM-20 Quail, Fact Sheet from the National Museum of the USAF
- McDonald ADM-20 Quail Missile, Strategic-Air-Command.com Website, retrieved October 1, 2007
- McDonnell GAM-72/ADM-20 Quail Missile Data, AMMS ALUMNI Website, retrieved October 2, 2007
- AMMS History, AMMS ALUMNI Website, retrieved October 6, 2007
- McDonnell ADM-20C-40-MC "Quail" Aerial Decoy, Historic Aviation Memorial Museum Website, retrieved October 3, 2007
- "QUAIL" AERIAL DECOY, Hill Air Force Base Website, retrieved October 6, 2007
- 6.0 Decoys, Greg Goebel / In The Public Domain Website, retrieved October 6, 2007
- Evolution of the Cruise Missile, Kenneth P. Warrell, Air University Press USAF, 1985.
- ADM-20 Quail, Web Page by the Federation of American Scientists, retrieved October 6, 2007
- Quail, Historical Essay by Andreas Parsch, Encyclopedia Astronautica website, retrieved October 6, 2007
- Pre-1963 Designations Of U.S. Missiles And Drones, Designations Systems Website, retrieved October 6, 2007
- The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines, William Fleming and Richard Leyes, AIAA, 1999, ISBN 978-1-56347-332-6