IBM AIX

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AIX
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LicenseProprietary
Official websiteibm.com/products/aix

AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, pronounced /ˌ..ˈɛks/ ay-eye-EKS[5]) is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms.

Background

Originally released for the

PS/2 personal computers, and the Apple Network Server. It is currently supported on IBM Power Systems alongside IBM i and Linux
.

AIX is based on

4.3BSD-compatible extensions. It is certified to the UNIX 03 and UNIX V7 marks of the Single UNIX Specification, beginning with AIX versions 5.3 and 7.2 TL5 respectively.[6] Older versions were previously certified to the UNIX 95 and UNIX 98 marks.[7]

AIX was the first operating system to have a journaling file system, and IBM has continuously enhanced the software with features such as processor, disk and network virtualization, dynamic hardware resource allocation (including fractional processor units), and reliability engineering ported from its mainframe designs.[8]

History

RS/6000
AIX file servers used for IBM.com in the 1990s
AIX Version 4 console login prompt

Unix started life at AT&T's Bell Labs research center in the early 1970s, running on DEC minicomputers. By 1976, the operating system was in use at various academic institutions, including Princeton, where Tom Lyon and others ported it to the S/370, to run as a guest OS under VM/370.[9] This port would later grow out to become UTS,[10] a mainframe Unix offering by IBM's competitor Amdahl Corporation.[11] IBM's own involvement in Unix can be dated to 1979, when it assisted Bell Labs in doing its own Unix port to the 370 (to be used as a

TSS/370 Resident Supervisor to better support Unix.[12]

It took until 1984 for IBM to offer its own Unix on the S/370 platform, VM/IX, which was developed by

PC/IX, Interactive/IBM's version of Unix for IBM PC compatible hardware, and was licensed at $10,000 per sixteen concurrent users.[14]

AIX Version 1, introduced in 1986 for the

BSD
UNIX.

Among other variants, IBM later produced AIX Version 2 (also known as AIX/6000), based on AIX Version 1, for their POWER-based RS/6000 platform. Since 1990, AIX has served as the primary operating system for the RS/6000 series (later renamed IBM eServer pSeries, then IBM System p, and now IBM Power Systems).

AIX Version 3, introduced in 1988, for the PS/2 and VM/370 systems, developed by Locus Computing Corporation, added the Transparent Computing Facility. [15] AIX Version 4, introduced in 1994, added symmetric multiprocessing with the introduction of the first RS/6000 SMP servers and continued to evolve through the 1990s, culminating with AIX 4.3.3 in 1999. Version 4.1, in a slightly modified form, was also the standard operating system for the Apple Network Server systems sold by Apple Computer to complement the Macintosh line.

In the late 1990s, under

SCO v. IBM lawsuit, less than forty licenses for the finished Monterey Unix were ever sold before the project was terminated in 2002.[16] In 2003, the SCO Group alleged that (among other infractions) IBM had misappropriated licensed source code from UNIX System V
Release 4 for incorporation into AIX; SCO subsequently withdrew IBM's license to develop and distribute AIX. IBM maintains that their license was irrevocable, and continued to sell and support the product until the litigation was adjudicated.

AIX was a component of the 2003

SCO v. IBM lawsuit, in which the SCO Group filed a lawsuit against IBM, alleging IBM contributed SCO's intellectual property to the Linux codebase. The SCO Group, who argued they were the rightful owners of the copyrights covering the Unix operating system, attempted to revoke IBM's license to sell or distribute the AIX operating system. In March 2010, a jury returned a verdict finding that Novell, not the SCO Group, owns the rights to Unix.[17]

Old logo

AIX 6 was announced in May 2007, and it ran as an open beta from June 2007 until the general availability (GA) of AIX 6.1 on November 9, 2007. Major new features in AIX 6.1 included full

workload partitions (which enable application mobility), enhanced security (Addition of AES encryption type for NFS v3 and v4), and Live Partition Mobility
on the POWER6 hardware.

AIX 7.1 was announced in April 2010, and an open beta ran until general availability of AIX 7.1 in September 2010. Several new features, including better scalability, enhanced clustering and management capabilities were added. AIX 7.1 includes a new built-in clustering capability called Cluster Aware AIX. AIX is able to organize multiple LPARs through the multipath communications channel to neighboring CPUs, enabling very high-speed communication between processors. This enables multi-terabyte memory address range and page table access to support global petabyte shared memory space for AIX POWER7 clusters so that software developers can program a cluster as if it were a single system, without using message passing (i.e. semaphore-controlled Inter-process Communication). AIX administrators can use this new capability to cluster a pool of AIX nodes. By default, AIX V7.1 pins kernel memory and includes support to allow applications to pin their kernel stack. Pinning kernel memory and the kernel stack for applications with real-time requirements can provide performance improvements by ensuring that the kernel memory and kernel stack for an application is not paged out.[18]

AIX 7.2[19] was announced in October 2015, and released in December 2015. The principal feature of AIX 7.2 is the Live Kernel Update capability, which allows OS fixes to replace the entire AIX kernel with no impact to applications, by live migrating workloads to a temporary surrogate AIX OS partition while the original OS partition is patched. AIX 7.2 was also restructured to remove obsolete components. The networking component, bos.net.tcp.client was repackaged to allow additional installation flexibility. Unlike AIX 7.1, AIX 7.2 is only supported on systems based on POWER7 or later processors.

In January 2023, IBM moved development of AIX to its Indian subsidiary.[20]

Supported hardware platforms

IBM RT PC

The original AIX (sometimes called AIX/RT) was developed for the IBM RT PC workstation by IBM in conjunction with

RISC chip. This was based on a design pioneered at IBM Research (the IBM 801
).

One of the novel aspects of the RT design was the use of a

PICK OS
also included this microkernel.

Much of the AIX v2 kernel was written in the

Athena widget set. Compilers for Fortran and C
were available.

IBM PS/2 series

AIX PS/2 1.3 console login
AIX PS/2 1.3 console login

AIX PS/2 (also known as AIX/386) was developed by

Intel 386
and compatible processors.

AIX PS/2 1.3 AIXwindows Desktop
AIX PS/2 1.3 AIXwindows Desktop

The product was announced in September 1988 with a baseline tag price of $595, although some utilities like

DOS Merge virtual machine environment for AIX, which could run MS DOS 3.3 applications inside AIX; DOS Merge was sold separately for another $250.[25] IBM also offered a $150 AIX PS/2 DOS Server Program, which provided file server and print server services for client computers running PC DOS 3.3.[26]

The last version of PS/2 AIX is 1.3. It was released in 1992 and announced to add support for non-IBM (non-microchannel) computers as well.[27] Support for PS/2 AIX ended in March 1995.[28]

IBM mainframes

In 1988, IBM announced AIX/370,

MVS/ESA SP Version 4 Release 3 OpenEdition[31] in 1994, and continued as an integral part of MVS/ESA SP Version 5, OS/390 and z/OS, with the name eventually changing from OpenEdition to Unix System Services. IBM also provided OpenEdition in VM/ESA Version 2[32]
through z/VM.

IA-64 systems

As part of

beta test version of AIX 5L for the IA-64 (Itanium) architecture in 2001, but this never became an official product due to lack of interest.[16]

Apple Network Servers

The Apple Network Server (ANS) systems were PowerPC-based systems designed by Apple Computer to have numerous high-end features that standard Apple hardware did not have, including swappable hard drives, redundant power supplies, and external monitoring capability. These systems were more or less based on the Power Macintosh hardware available at the time but were designed to use AIX (versions 4.1.4 or 4.1.5) as their native operating system in a specialized version specific to the ANS called AIX for Apple Network Servers.

AIX was only compatible with the Network Servers and was not ported to standard Power Macintosh hardware. It should not be confused with A/UX, Apple's earlier version of Unix for 68k-based Macintoshes.

POWER ISA/PowerPC/Power ISA-based systems

servers
running IBM.com in early 1998
servers
running IBM.com in early 1998

The release of AIX version 3 (sometimes called AIX/6000) coincided with the announcement of the first POWER1-based IBM RS/6000 models in 1990.

AIX v3 innovated in several ways on the software side. It was the first operating system to introduce the idea of a

C library. AIX v3 also scrapped the microkernel of AIX v2, a contentious move that resulted in v3 containing no PL.8
code and being somewhat more "pure" than v2.

Other notable subsystems included:

  • IRIS GL, a 3D rendering library, the progenitor of OpenGL. IRIS GL was licensed by IBM from SGI in 1987, then still a fairly small company, which had sold only a few thousand machines at the time. SGI also provided the low-end graphics card for the RS/6000, capable of drawing 20,000 gouraud-shaded triangles per second. The high-end graphics card was designed by IBM, a follow-on to the mainframe-attached IBM 5080, capable of rendering 990,000 vectors per second.
  • 3D rendering API, popular in automotive CAD/CAM circles, and at the core of CATIA
    .
  • Full implementation of version 11 of the X Window System, together with Motif as the recommended widget toolkit and window manager.
  • Network file systems:
    NFS from Sun; AFS, the Andrew File System; and DFS, the Distributed File System
    .
  • NCS, the Network Computing System, licensed from Apollo Computer (later acquired by HP).
  • DPS on-screen display system. This was notable as a "plan B" in case the X11+Motif combination failed in the marketplace. However, it was highly proprietary, supported only by Sun, NeXT, and IBM. This cemented its failure in the marketplace in the face of the open systems challenge of X11+Motif and its lack of 3D capability.

In addition, AIX applications can run in the PASE subsystem under IBM i.

Source code

IBM formerly made the AIX for RS/6000 source code available to customers for an additional fee; in 1991, IBM customers could order the AIX 3.0 source code for a one-time charge of US$60,000;[33] subsequently, IBM released the AIX 3.1 source code in 1992,[34] and AIX 3.2 in 1993.[35] These source code distributions excluded certain files (authored by third-parties) which IBM did not have rights to redistribute, and also excluded layered products such as the MS-DOS emulator and the C compiler. Furthermore, in order to be able to license the AIX source code, the customer first had to procure source code license agreements with AT&T and the University of California, Berkeley.[33]

Versions

AIX 5.3 welcome banner
The default login banner for AIX 5.3 on PowerPC

POWER/PowerPC/Power ISA releases

Version Release date End of support date
Old version, no longer maintained: 5L 5.1 May 4, 2001; 22 years ago (2001-05-04)[36] April 1, 2006; 17 years ago (2006-04-01)[36]
Old version, no longer maintained: 5L 5.2 October 18, 2002; 21 years ago (2002-10-18)[36] April 30, 2009; 14 years ago (2009-04-30)[36]
Old version, no longer maintained: 5L 5.3 August 13, 2004; 19 years ago (2004-08-13)[36] April 30, 2012; 11 years ago (2012-04-30)[36]
Old version, no longer maintained: 6.1 November 9, 2007; 16 years ago (2007-11-09)[37] April 30, 2017; 6 years ago (2017-04-30)[38]
Old version, no longer maintained: 7.1 September 10, 2010; 13 years ago (2010-09-10)[39] April 30, 2023; 10 months ago (2023-04-30)[40]
Older version, yet still maintained: 7.2 December 4, 2015; 8 years ago (2015-12-04)[41] TBA
Current stable version: 7.3 December 10, 2021; 2 years ago (2021-12-10)[42] TBA
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release
  • AIX V7.3, December 10, 2021[43]
  • AIX V7.2, October 5, 2015[19]
    • Live update for Interim Fixes, Service Packs and Technology Levels – replaces the entire AIX kernel without impacting applications
    • Flash based filesystem caching
    • Cluster Aware AIX automation with repository replacement mechanism
    • SRIOV-backed VNIC, or dedicated VNIC virtualized network adapter support
    • RDSv3 over RoCE adds support of the Oracle RDSv3 protocol over the Mellanox Connect RoCE adapters
    • Supports secure boot on POWER9 systems.[44]
    • Requires POWER7 or newer CPUs
  • AIX V7.1, September 10, 2010[45]
    • Support for 256 cores / 1024 threads in a single LPAR
    • The ability to run AIX V5.2 or V5.3 inside of a Workload Partition
    • An XML profile based system configuration management utility
    • Support for export of Fibre Channel adapters to WPARs
    • VIOS disk support in a WPAR
    • Cluster Aware AIX
    • AIX Event infrastructure
    • Role-based access control (RBAC) with domain support for multi-tenant environments
    • Requires POWER4 or newer CPUs
  • AIX V6.1, November 9, 2007[37]
  • AIX 5L 5.3,[46] August 13, 2004,[36] end of support April 30, 2012[36]
  • AIX 5L 5.2,[47] October 18, 2002,[36] end of support April 30, 2009[36]
  • AIX 5L 5.1,[49] May 4, 2001,[36] end of support April 1, 2006[36]
    • Ability to run on an IA-64 architecture processor, although this never went beyond beta.[50]
    • Minimum level required for POWER4 hardware and the last release that worked on the Micro Channel architecture
    • 64-bit kernel, installed but not activated by default
    • JFS2
    • Ability to run in a
      Logical Partition on POWER4
    • The L stands for Linux affinity
    • Trusted Computing Base
      (TCB)
    • Support for mirroring with striping
  • AIX 4.3.3, September 17, 1999
  • AIX 4.3.2, October 23, 1998
  • AIX 4.3.1, April 24, 1998
  • AIX 4.3, October 31, 1997
    • Ability to run on 64-bit
      architecture
      CPUs
    • IPv6
    • Web-based System Manager
  • AIX 4.2.1, April 25, 1997
    • NFS
      Version 3
    • Y2K-compliant
  • AIX 4.2, May 17, 1996
  • AIX 4.1.5, November 8, 1996
  • AIX 4.1.4, October 20, 1995
  • AIX 4.1.3, July 7, 1995
    • CDE 1.0 became the default GUI environment, replacing the AIXwindows Desktop.
  • AIX 4.1.1, October 28, 1994
  • AIX 4.1, August 12, 1994
    • AIX Ultimedia Services introduced (multimedia drivers and applications)
  • AIX 4.0, 1994
    • Run on RS/6000 systems with PowerPC processors and PCI busses.
  • AIX 3.2.5, October 15, 1993
  • AIX 3.2 1992
  • AIX 3.1, (General Availability) February 1990
    • Journaled File System (
      JFS
      ) filesystem type
    • AIXwindows Desktop (based on X.desktop from IXI Limited)
  • AIX 3.0 1989 (Early Access)
    • LVM (Logical Volume Manager) was incorporated into OSF/1, and in 1995 for HP-UX,[52] and the Linux LVM implementation is similar to the HP-UX LVM implementation.[53]
    • SMIT
      was introduced.

IBM System/370 releases

  • AIX/ESA Version 2 Release 2[54]
    • Announced December 15, 1992
    • Available February 26, 1993
    • Withdrawn Jun 19, 1993
    • Runs only in S/370-ESA mode
  • AIX/ESA Version 2 Release 1[30]
    • Announced March 31, 1992
    • Available June 26, 1992
    • Withdrawn Jun 19, 1993
    • Runs only in S/370-ESA mode
  • AIX/370 Version 1 Release 2.1[55]
    • Announced February 5, 1991
    • Available February February 22, 1991
    • Withdrawn December 31, 1992
    • Does not run in XA, ESA or z mode
  • AIX/370 Version 1 Release 1[29]
    • Announced March 15, 1988
    • Available February 16, 1989
    • Does not run in XA, ESA or z mode

IBM PS/2 releases

  • AIX PS/2 v1.3, October 1992
    • Withdrawn from sale in US, March 1995
    • Patches supporting IBM ThinkPad 750C family of notebook computers, 1994
    • Patches supporting non PS/2 hardware and systems, 1993
  • AIX PS/2 v1.2.1, May 1991
  • AIX PS/2 v1.2, March 1990
  • AIX PS/2 v1.1, March 1989

IBM RT releases

  • AIX RT v2.2.1, March 1991
  • AIX RT v2.2, March 1990
  • AIX RT v2.1, March 1989
    • X-Windows included on installation media
  • AIX RT v1.1, 1986
  • AIX RT v1.0, 1985

User interfaces

The Common Desktop Environment, AIX's default graphical user interface

The default shell was

XPG4 and POSIX compliance.[3]

Graphical

The

desktop are also available.

System Management Interface Tool

The initial menu, when running in text mode

SMIT
is the System Management Interface Tool for AIX. It allows a user to navigate a menu hierarchy of commands, rather than using the command line. Invocation is typically achieved with the command smit. Experienced system administrators make use of the F6 function key which generates the command line that SMIT will invoke to complete it. SMIT also generates a log of commands that are performed in the smit.script file. The smit.script file automatically records the commands with the command flags and parameters used. The smit.script file can be used as an executable shell script to rerun system configuration tasks. SMIT also creates the smit.log file, which contains additional detailed information that can be used by programmers in extending the SMIT system.

smit and smitty refer to the same program, though smitty invokes the text-based version, while smit will invoke an X Window System based interface if possible; however, if smit determines that X Window System capabilities are not present, it will present the text-based version instead of failing. Determination of X Window System capabilities is typically performed by checking for the existence of the DISPLAY variable.

Database

Object Data Manager (ODM) is a database of system information integrated into AIX,

registry in Microsoft Windows.[58] A good understanding of the ODM is essential for managing AIX systems.[59]

Data managed in ODM is stored and maintained as

command-line utilities such as odmshow, odmget, odmadd, odmchange and odmdelete for shell scripts and users. SMIT and its associated AIX commands can also be used to query and modify information in the ODM.[61] ODM is stored on disk using Berkeley DB files.[62]

Example of information stored in the ODM database are:

  • Network configuration
  • Logical volume management configuration
  • Installed software information
  • Information for logical devices or
    software drivers
  • List of all AIX supported devices
  • Physical hardware devices installed and their configuration
  • Menus, screens and commands that SMIT uses

See also

References

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External links