ANZAC Mounted Division

Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division
First World War Sinai and Palestine Campaign Egyptian Revolution of 1919 See battles section for more information
Commanders
(1916–17)	Harry Chauvel
(1917–18)	Edward Chaytor
(1918–19)	Granville Ryrie
Insignia
Tactical formation sign
Abbreviation	ANZACS

The Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division was a

The division had two wartime commanders; the first was the Australian

The division is variously referred to in sources as the Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division,[2] (abbreviated to the A. & N. Z. Mounted Division),^[3] the ANZAC Mounted Division,^[4] or the Anzac Mounted Division.^[5][6]

Formation history

Prior to formation, units that would form the division's brigades served as part of the

On 15 March, the ANZAC Mounted Division relieved the 1st Australian Division, on the

On 8 January 1917, the division, still with the ICCB under command, continued the advance towards the pre-war Egypt-Palestine border at Rafa.^[42] They moved twenty-six miles (42 km) from El Arish to Rafa overnight and by 07:00 they were ready for the assault to begin. The Battle of Rafa, although harder fought, became the division's third victory. Total casualties were seventy-one dead and 415 wounded for the division and the 5th Mounted Brigade who were also involved. Against this, Turkish casualties were two hundred dead, 168 wounded and 1,434 prisoners.^[43]

Gaza

In February 1917, just before the division moved forward to take part in the first battle for Gaza, the British 22nd Mounted Brigade – a

The failure at Gaza resulted in the Turkish Army building a sixteen miles (26 km) long defence line between Gaza and Beersheba, defended by 20–25,000 troops.^[53] Dobell's plan for the second battle required his infantry to assault Gaza itself while the mounted forces would operate on their right flank, to force the Turkish troops towards Beersheba, hinder the movement of reinforcements from there to Gaza, and prepare to pursue any retreating Turkish forces.^{[54][nb 7]}

Preliminary manoeuvring began on 16 April and the main attack would start the next day. At 02:00, the division was in position at Shellal.^[56] Reconnaissance patrols convinced Chauvel they would be unable to break through the Ottoman line without infantry support. The main infantry battle began at 07:15 on 19 April following a two-hour bombardment, with the division deployed to attack Sausage Ridge on the extreme right of the three British infantry division's assault at Gaza.^[57] The division suffered severe casualties while it was comparatively inactive during the infantry attacks. However, during the previous night of 18/19 April, Chauvel – under orders not to make a dismounted attack – moved towards the Hareira Redoubt to protect the army's right.^[58] In the morning of 19 April, the 1st and 3rd Light Horse Brigades advanced without opposition. However, by mid-afternoon they were confronted by around one thousand Turkish cavalrymen, whom they fought off with rifle, machine-gun and artillery fire. By 20 April, the attack had halted in a decisive victory for the Turkish forces. The attack cost the British 5,900 casualties, but only 105 of those were from the division – ^[59] the fewest of any involved.^{[60][nb 8]}

This second failure resulted in the recall of Murray and the appointment of General

On 24 October, the 2nd Light Horse Brigade moved forward to

On 1 November, the division was ordered to push the 1st Light Horse and the New Zealand Brigades further north of Beersheba towards Tel el Khuweilfe with the 2nd Light Horse Brigade moved towards

After watering their horses overnight on 8/9 November, the division was the only mounted force ready to move by morning. At 06:00, Chaytor ordered the advance onto the

On 12 November, the

While the main effort of the EEF headed north-west towards Jerusalem, by 20 November the division had established a line of observation posts along the River Auja a few miles north of Jaffa, stretching from

In February 1918, the division – less the 2nd Light Horse Brigade – was attached to the

The division's next operation was a raid on Amman, thirty miles (48 km) east-north-east of Jericho, by the division, with the ICCB attached, supported by the 60th Division.^[97] Heavy rain delayed the operation for several days but by 20 March, the weather improved and the level of the flooded River Jordan dropped. The Turks and the swift river thwarted British bridging units from crossing on the direct route to Amman at Ghoraniye. But further downstream at Hajla, on the night of 21–22 March, D Field Troop, Australian engineers, commanded by Captain E.J. Howells, with help from the 3rd Light Horse, rafted over infantry from the 23rd Battalion of Londoners, and then forced the first bridge across the Jordan, At 04:00 the morning of the 23rd, the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment crossed the bridge, turned north and attacked the rear of the Turkish troops that were preventing the crossing at Ghoraniye. By midday, the Aucklanders had secured the east bank and captured four machine-guns and sixty-eight prisoners, allowing the British to bridge the river there.^[98]

The rest of the division crossed the river during the night. The 1st Light Horse Brigade, providing flank protection for 60th Division, went north to locate the track to

On 2 April, Chaytor was given command of the Jordan Valley defences,[116] consisting of the division, the ICCB, two batteries of 4.5-inch howitzers and two heavier 60-pounders. The 1st Light Horse Brigade, with the 5th Light Horse Regiment attached, was established on the east bank of the Jordan River. The ICCB, with the 6th and 7th Light Horse Regiments attached, was holding a line at Abu Tellul and stretching along the Wadi Mellahah. Daily the defenders saw Turkish patrols but were not attacked, and the division spent their days digging trenches, stringing barbed wire and siting machine-guns.^[117] The New Zealand Brigade was further west in the valley between Jericho and the Jordan river.^[118]

Then on 11 April the defences on the

At Musallabeh to the north at 04:30 the crossing was subjected to a heavy artillery barrage, with infantry following close behind. At 05:00 the barrage lifted and the Turkish infantry attack the outnumbered ICCB, and attached light horse regiments. For the next three hours at close quarters a fire fight ensued. At 08:00 the attack petered out, but the defenders were still subjected to sniper and artillery fire. Another attack in the afternoon also failed, and they withdrew leaving 170 dead. The ICCB and light horse casualties were eighteen dead and twenty-seven wounded.^{[123][nb 12]}

Es Salt raid

On 18 April, the division crossed the Jordan valley to attack the Turkish troops at

The operation failed in its objectives, only resulting in the capture of one thousand prisoners. Casualties for the two mounted divisions were comparability light at fifty dead and 310 wounded, while the 60th Division suffered 1,116 casualties.[134]

Summer in the Jordan Valley

In normal times, no one lived in the Jordan Valley during the warmer months of the year; the residents of Jericho left the village for the cooler hills. The residents said it was impossible for Europeans to live there after April.^[133] To prevent the Turkish Army from re-occupying the valley, Allenby had to keep a defence force in place.^[135] To that end, the division patrolled the southern sector, which included Ghoraniye and the Dead Sea. The division was reinforced by the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade and the 181st (2/6th London) Brigade.^[136] The infantry held the Ghoraniye bridgehead on the eastern side of the Jordan river.^[137] Because of the severe climate, there was little daylight activity during the summer. Patrols would normally be sent out at night, often returning in the morning after encountering Turkish cavalry trying to reach the Jordan to water their horses. The divisions were sent, in turn, to rest at Bethlehem and were given leave in Jerusalem.^[138] During this time, the division conducted training camps for non-commissioned officers, Hotchkiss machine-gunners and signallers, and all ranks took part in general military training.^[139] However, the troops left in the valley were being beginning to suffer from "malaria and other diseases".^[140]

In June, the 1st Light Horse Brigade returned from Bethlehem and replaced the 4th Light Horse Brigade in the Musallabeh sector. The brigade deployed with two regiments forward and one in reserve at the Wadi el Auja front line.^[141] By early July, they had 3rd Light Horse Regiment on the left, 2nd Light Horse Regiment on the right and the 1st Light Horse Regiment in reserve. Because of illness and a lack of replacements, the 3rd Light Horse Regiment had only 210 men available and the other regiments were in a similar condition. Since they arrived, the brigade had been subjected to Turkish shelling. Activity then increased to such an extent that a Turkish attack was expected at any time.^[142] In preparation, extra water and ammunition – enough for two days – was cached in the defence posts.^[142] On 13 April, Turkish artillery fire on the brigades' positions increased and that night, movement could be head at the barbed wire defence line. At 01:00 on 14 April, the forward troops reported that the enemy appeared to be massing, and later a "strong body of troops" about 1,000 yards (910 m) to their front. Lieutenant-Colonel George John Bell, commanding 3rd Light Horse Regiment asked for a protective artillery barrage in front of his position. The Turkish responded with shelling of their own, which lifted at 02:30. In the quiet, the regiment heard some commands shouted in German. Then the Turkish artillery laid down another one-hour barrage. When that lifted, around one thousand troops attacked the brigade's forward defences in what became known as the battle of Abu Tellul. In the 2nd Light Horse Regiment's sector, some forward posts were withdrawn to safer areas. Regimental headquarters was overrun and other positions surrounded. Other troops were overrun but regained their posts by counter-attacking. Further west, a position held by the regimental adjutant, a signals officer, grooms, batmen and signallers, was all that remained between the attacking Germans and the division's artillery batteries. Troops were then withdrawn to a trench line below a crest so the attacking Germans coming over the skyline were easily targeted and the brigade held off the attack for the next hour.^[143]

Chaytor, informed of the attack, sent a squadron from the 4th Light Horse Brigade – which was still close by – to reinforce the position. Cox, commanding 1st Light Horse Brigade, ordered the 1st Light Horse Regiment – his only reserve – to counter-attack the Germans. At 03:30, one squadron and four machine-guns were sent to reinforce the position at Abu Tellul. At dawn on 14 April, it became clear that the main German assault was centred on Abu Tellul, so two more squadrons were sent to assist them. The reinforcements assembled below the crest, fixed bayonets and counter-attacked the Germans, whom taken by surprise, broke and withdrew to their own trenches. The position at Abu Tellul was now secure but on the other flank in the west, the German attack was progressing. At 08:00, the last reserve squadron counter-attacked there, forcing the Germans back and capturing one hundred prisoners. By 09:00, the brigade was back in control of its previous positions and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade moved to sweep clear one thousand yards (910 m) to their front. The battle cost the Germans 105 dead, and 358 prisoners; another sixty-seven Turkish prisoners were captured. One group of one hundred captured German Stormtroopers were armed with forty-two automatic rifles – the German equivalent of the Hotchkiss – almost one between every two men. The brigade casualties were twenty-three dead and forty-six wounded. Ammunition expended by the brigade was 19,000 rifle rounds, 20,000 Hotchkiss and 30,000 machine gun rounds.^[144][145]

Chaytor's Force

In September 1918, British intelligence reported that the

The force was divided to cover the Jordan Valley. The 2nd Light Horse and 20th Indian Brigades held a line between the Dead Sea along the Jordan to the Auja bridgehead. The New Zealand Brigade and the other four infantry battalions held the line from Auja to Mellahah and Ahu Tellul, while the 1st Light Horse Brigade was in reserve at Jericho.^[156][157] Over the nights of 17–19 September, the divisions' patrols crossed east of the river and were involved in several fire fights with the defenders.^[158] During daylight on 19 September, the two West Indian battalions carried out bayonet charges and captured Turkish positions west of the river. An attempt by the Royal Fusiliers failed to gain any ground. Throughout the next day, the Turkish defenders fought hard against any attack. On 21 September, the Auckland Mounted Rifles advanced to the north on the western side of the river towards the Damieh bridge and Mafid Jozele, forcing the Turkish troops to withdraw to their reserve line.^[159] On 22 September at 03:30, on the left the New Zealand Brigade and mounted West Indies infantry battalions reached the Nablus–Damieh road and reached the Mazar mound an hour later. They next captured El Makhruk along with a large supply dump, seventy vehicles and 724 prisoners – one of which was the GOC of the Turkish 53rd Division. Before daylight, they captured the Damieh bridge with a dismounted attack during which one of the West Indies companies charged with them.^[160][161] The Fourth Army units, leaving small rear guards behind, now started to withdraw from the east bank towards Amman, pursued by the 1st Light Horse Brigade, a West Indian battalion and the Royal Fusiliers battalions. They became involved in several small fights as they tried to turn the Turkish to their front, back towards the river.^[162] That night, Chaytor issued orders for a general advance the next day. In the south, the 2nd Light Horse Brigade's objectives were Kabr Mujahid and the Rame mound. The 20th Brigade, the Royal Fusiliers battalions and a light horse squadron would take Shunet Ninirin. The 1st Light Horse Brigade would capture a crossing on the Jordan at Mafid Jozele, forcing the Seventh Army back into the hills. The New Zealand Brigade were to gallop to Es Salt followed by the West Indies battalions on foot. The division's artillery, supply train and all wheeled vehicles would travel along the road from Shunet Nimrin to Es Salt.^[163]

Chaytor's Force advanced on 23 September; by 04:30, 2nd Light Horse Brigade had taken their first objective and continued towards Tel er Rame. Before night they had climbed out of the foot hills and onto the plateau. The 1st Light Horse Brigade forced their crossing and were en route to Es Salt. The 20th Brigade captured Shunet Nimrin and also headed towards Es Salt. The only opposition was in the north, where the New Zealand Brigade were temporarily stopped by a machine-gun post, but by 19:00 they had captured Es Salt along with 312 prisoners, two machine-guns and three artillery pieces.^[164] The 1st Light Horse and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigades' now advanced on Suweile. The 2nd Light Horse Brigade had problems negotiating hill tracks – some of which had been damaged by artillery fire – but reached Ain es Sir at midday. By now, except for one battalion of fusiliers, Chaytor's Force was on the plateau around Es Salt, advancing on Amman.^[165]

To close the trap on the Fourth Army, the Auckland Mounted Rifles sent a squadron overnight on 25 September to destroy the railway line north of Amman.

About 120 miles (190 km) to the south, the Turkish II Corps – around five to six thousand strong – of the Fourth Army, were defending Ma'an from the

While the division withdrew, the Desert Mounted Corps in the west advanced into Syria, where it

• Bir el Ard, Magdhaba

• Rafa, 1st Gaza, 2nd Gaza, Beersheba, Tel el Khuweilfe, Mughar Ridge, Ayun Kara

1918

• Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt, Third Transjordan attack

Footnotes

Citations

1. ^ Fewster, Basarin, Basarin pp.xi–xii
2. ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 156
3. ^ Bou 2010a, p.150
4. ^ "WWI, Sinai, Palestine and Syria". Australian Army. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
5. ^ Gullett, contents page
6. ^ Bou 2010b, p. 10
7. ^ "1st Light Horse Regiment". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
8. ^ "5th Light Horse Regiment". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
9. ^ "ANZAC Acronym". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
10. ^ "1st Light Horse Brigade". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
11. ^ "2nd Light Horse Brigade". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
12. ^ ^{a b} Gullett, p.57
13. ^ ^{a b c} Gullett, p.68
14. ^ Badsey, p.250
15. ^ Gullett, p.54
16. ^ ^{a b} Powles, p.5
17. ^ ^{a b} Powles, p.12
18. ^ Powles, p.170
19. ^ "The Royal Artillery". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
20. ^ Baker, Chris. "What was an artillery brigade?". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
21. ^ Perry, pp.51–52
22. ^ Preston, p.331
23. ^ Gullett, p.59
24. ^ Gullett, p.71
25. ^ Gullett, p.72
26. ^ Gullett, p.89
27. ^ Powles, p.14
28. ^ ^{a b} Gullett, p.91
29. ^ Gullett, p.120
30. ^ Gullett, p.141
31. ^ "Battle of Romani, Sinai Campaign". New Zealand History. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
32. ^ Gullett, p.159
33. ^ Powles 1922 p. 34
34. ^ Bruce 2002 p. 46
35. ^ "Battle of Romani". The Long Long Trail. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
36. ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 196
37. ^ Gullett, pp.197–199
38. ^ Gullett, pp.206, 209
39. ^ Gullett, p.214
40. ^ Gullett, pp.216–227
41. ^ "Battle of Magdhaba". New Zealand History. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
42. ^ Gullett, p.230
43. ^ Gullett, pp.231–243
44. ^ Perry, p.51
45. ^ Gullett, pp.263–265
46. ^ Powles, p.87
47. ^ Gullett, pp.266–269
48. ^ Gullett, pp.271–282
49. ^ Powles, p.94
50. ^ Gullett, p.284
51. ^ Gullett, p.286
52. ^ Gullett, p.289
53. ^ Gullett, p. 298
54. ^ Gullett, p.301
55. ^ ^{a b} Gullett, p. 325
56. ^ Gullett, p. 303
57. ^ Gullett, pp. 304–316
58. ^ Gullett, pp. 328–329
59. ^ Gullett, pp. 330–334
60. ^ Powles, p.105
61. ^ Gullett, p. 335
62. ^ Powles, p. 109
63. ^ Gullett, p.344
64. ^ Gullett, pp. 351–352
65. ^ Gullett, pp.373–378
66. ^ Gullett, pp.389–391
67. ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 55
68. ^ Gullett, p.392
69. ^ Preston, p.30
70. ^ Gullett, pp. 408–9, 412
71. ^ Gullett, pp.415–418
72. ^ Gullett, pp.437–438
73. ^ Gullett, pp.439–441
74. ^ Powles, p.145
75. ^ Gullett, pp.449–453
76. ^ Gullett, p.457
77. ^ Gullett, pp.456–457
78. ^ Gullett, pp.466–467
79. ^ Gullett, pp.467–471
80. ^ Gullett, pp.474–475
81. ^ Gullett, pp.476–477
82. ^ Gullett, pp.480–481
83. ^ Gullett, pp.481–482
84. ^ Powles, p.161
85. ^ Gullett, p.497
86. ^ Powles, p.162
87. ^ Gullett, p.498
88. ^ Powles, p.166
89. ^ Gullett, pp.499–503
90. ^ Gullett, p.526
91. ^ Powles, p.176
92. ^ Gullett, pp.538–541
93. ^ Powles, p.185
94. ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 309
95. ^ Moore 1921, p. 103
96. ^ Powles 1922 p. 184
97. ^ Powles, p.190
98. ^ Gullett, pp.552–554
99. ^ Gullett, p.556
100. ^ Powles, p.193
101. ^ Gullett, pp.556–558
102. ^ Gullett, pp.559–560
103. ^ ^{a b c} Gullett, pp.560–563
104. ^ ^{a b} Powles, p.199
105. ^ Gullett, p.563
106. ^ Bailey, p.113
107. ^ Gullett, pp.564–566
108. ^ Powles, pp.200–201
109. ^ Powles, p.202
110. ^ Gullett, p.567
111. ^ Powles, p.203
112. ^ Gullett, pp.568–570
113. ^ Gullett, pp.573–577
114. ^ Gullett, p.584
115. ^ Preston, p.151
116. ^ ^{a b} Powles, p.216
117. ^ Gullett, p.586
118. ^ Powles, p.217
119. ^ Powles, p.218
120. ^ Gullett, p.588
121. ^ Gullett, p.590
122. ^ Gullett, p.591
123. ^ Gullett, pp.591–592
124. ^ Powles, p.220
125. ^ ^{a b} Gullett, p.596
126. ^ Gullett, p.599
127. ^ Preston, pp.154–155
128. ^ Gullett, pp.601–602
129. ^ Preston, p.157
130. ^ Gullett, pp.608–609
131. ^ Gullett, pp.621–622
132. ^ Gullett, pp.624–630
133. ^ ^{a b} Powles, p.222
134. ^ Gullett, p.634
135. ^ Gullett, p.638
136. ^ Gullett, p.639
137. ^ Gullett, p.640
138. ^ Gullett, pp.646–647
139. ^ Gullett, p.622
140. ^ Gullett, p.655
141. ^ Gullett, p.662
142. ^ ^{a b} Gullett, p.663
143. ^ Gullett, pp.665–667
144. ^ Gullett, pp.667–669
145. ^ Powles, pp.231–232
146. ^ Gullett, p.681
147. ^ Preston, p.241
148. ^ Gullett, p.683
149. ^ ^{a b} Powles, p.234
150. ^ Gullett, p.685
151. ^ Perrett, p.36
152. ^ "No. 31767". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 February 1922. p. 1530.
153. ^ Gullett, p.686
154. ^ Gullett, p.690
155. ^ Bou 2010b, pp. 107–108
156. ^ Powles, p.235
157. ^ Gullett, pp.713–714
158. ^ Gullett, p.714
159. ^ Gullett, pp.715–716
160. ^ Powles, p.247
161. ^ Gullett, pp.716–717
162. ^ Gullett, p.717
163. ^ Gullett, p.718
164. ^ Gullett, pp.718–719
165. ^ ^{a b} Gullett, p.719
166. ^ Powles, p.249
167. ^ Powles, p.250
168. ^ Gullett, pp.720–721
169. ^ Gullett, p.721
170. ^ ^{a b} Gullett, p.723
171. ^ Powles, pp.254–255
172. ^ Gullett, pp.724–725
173. ^ Gullett, pp.725–726
174. ^ Gullett, p.726
175. ^ Gullett, p.727
176. ^ Preston, p.245
177. ^ Powles, p.257
178. ^ Gullett, p.776
179. ^ Gullett, p.779
180. ^ Gullett, p.780
181. ^ Gullett, p.781
182. ^ Gullett, p.786
183. ^ Powles, p.263
184. ^ "Major General the Honourable Sir Granville Ryrie". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
185. ^ ^{a b} Gullett, p.792
186. ^ Gullett, p.793
187. ^ Powles, p.284
188. ^ "General Staff, Headquarters ANZAC Mounted Division, •AWM4, 1/60/40 – June 1919". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
189. ^ "They shot the horses – didn't they?". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 22 October 2013.

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ANZAC Mounted Division.

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