APG III system
The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a further revision, the APG IV system.[1][2][3]
Along with the publication outlining the new system, there were two accompanying publications in the same issue of the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society:
- The first, by Chase & Reveal, was a formal phylogenetic classification of all land plants (embryophytes), compatible with the APG III classification. As the APG have chosen to eschew ranks above order, this paper was meant to fit the system into the existing Linnaean hierarchy for those that prefer such a classification. The result was that all land plants were placed in the class Equisetopsida, which was then divided into 16 subclasses and a multitude of superorders.[4]
- The second, by Haston et al., was a linear sequence of families following the APG III system (LAPG III). This provided a numbered list to the 413 families of APG III. A linear sequence is of particular use to herbarium curators and those working on floristic works wishing to arrange their taxa according to APG III.[5]
Organization
The APG III system recognized all of the 45
- Paracryphiales.
The designation of alternative "bracketed families" was abandoned in APG III, because its inclusion in the previous system had been unpopular. APG III recognized 413 families, 43 fewer than in the previous system. Forty-four of the 55 "bracketed families" were discontinued, and 20 other families were discontinued as well.
The discontinued bracketed families were:
- Morinaceae, and Valerianaceae.
The other discontinued families were:
- Melanophyllaceae.
21 families were accepted in the APG III system which had not been in the previous system, and a few families were moved to a different position. The newly recognized families are:
- Thomandersiaceae.
The number of families not placed in any order was reduced from 39 to 10.
- Vahliaceae, and Boraginaceae.
The paragraph below shows the number of families in each order and the placement of those families that were not included in any order. These figures were produced by simply counting the families in the text of the paper that established APG III.[1]
ORDERS: Amborellales (1), Nymphaeales (3), Austrobaileyales (3), Chloranthales (1), Canellales (2), Piperales (5), Magnoliales (6), Laurales (7), Acorales (1), Alismatales (13), Petrosaviales (1), Dioscoreales (3), Pandanales (5), Liliales (10), Asparagales (14), Arecales (1), Poales (16), Commelinales (5), Zingiberales (8), Ceratophyllales (1), Ranunculales (7), Proteales (3), Trochodendrales (1), Buxales (2), Gunnerales (2), Saxifragales (14), Vitales (1), Zygophyllales (2), Celastrales (2), Oxalidales (7), Malpighiales (35), Fabales (4), Rosales (9), Fagales (7), Cucurbitales (7), Geraniales (3), Myrtales (9), Crossosomatales (7), Picramniales (1), Sapindales (9), Huerteales (3), Brassicales (17), Malvales (10), Berberidopsidales (2), Santalales (7), Caryophyllales (34), Cornales (6), Ericales (22), Garryales (2), Gentianales (5), Solanales (5), Lamiales (23), Aquifoliales (5), Asterales (11), Escalloniales (1), Bruniales (2), Apiales (7), Paracryphiales (1), Dipsacales (2).
SUPRA-ORDINAL GROUPS: commelinids (1), basal eudicots (1), Pentapetalae (1), lamiids incertae sedis (3), core lamiids (2), angiosperms incertae sedis (2).
The
Three genera (
The classification is shown below in two versions. The short version goes to the level of orders and of families unplaced in an order. The detailed version shows all the families. Orders at the same level in the classification are arranged alphabetically. Note that orders may not contain the same families as in earlier versions of the APG system (APG system, APG II system). Further detail on relationships can be seen in the phylogenetic tree below.
Short version
- clade angiosperms
- order Amborellales
- order Nymphaeales
- order Austrobaileyales
- order Chloranthales
- order
- clade magnoliids
- order Canellales
- order Laurales
- order Magnoliales
- order Piperales
- clade monocots
- order Acorales
- order Alismatales
- order Asparagales
- order Dioscoreales
- order Liliales
- order Pandanales
- order Petrosaviales
- order
- clade commelinids
- family Dasypogonaceae—unplaced in an order
- order Arecales
- order Commelinales
- order Poales
- order Zingiberales
- probable sister of eudicots
- order Ceratophyllales
- order
- clade eudicots
- family Sabiaceae—unplaced in an order
- order Buxales
- order Proteales
- order Ranunculales
- order Trochodendrales
- clade core eudicots
- family Dilleniaceae—unplaced in an order
- order Gunnerales
- order Saxifragales
- clade rosids
- order Vitales
- order
- clade eurosids I)
- order Celastrales
- order Cucurbitales
- order Fabales
- order Fagales
- order Malpighiales
- order Oxalidales
- order Rosales
- order Zygophyllales
- clade eurosids II)
- order Brassicales
- order Crossosomatales
- order Geraniales
- order Huerteales
- order Malvales
- order Myrtales
- order Picramniales
- order Sapindales
- (back to core eudicots)
- order Berberidopsidales
- order Caryophyllales
- order Santalales
- clade asterids
- clade euasterids I)
- family Boraginaceae—unplaced in an order
- family Vahliaceae—unplaced in an order
- family Icacinaceae—unplaced in an order
- family Metteniusaceae—unplaced in an order
- family Oncothecaceae—unplaced in an order
- order Garryales
- order Gentianales
- order Lamiales
- order Solanales
- clade euasterids II)
- order Apiales
- order Aquifoliales
- order Asterales
- order Bruniales
- order Dipsacales
- order Escalloniales
- order Paracryphiales
Detailed version
Legend:
* = new family placement;
† = newly recognized order for the APG system;
§ = new family circumscription described in the text;
$ = families that represent the broader circumscription of options available in APG II and favoured here;
$$ = families that were in square brackets in APG II, the narrower circumscriptions favoured here.
Angiosperms
- †AmborellalesMelikyan, A.V.Bobrov & Zaytzeva
- AmborellaceaePichon
- †Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- $$Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich.
- *Hydatellaceae U.Hamann
- $$Nymphaeaceae Salisb.
- Austrobaileyales Takht. ex Reveal
- AustrobaileyaceaeCroizat
- $Schisandraceae Blume (including Illiciaceae A.C.Sm.)
- Trimeniaceae L.S.Gibbs
- †ChloranthalesR.Br.
- Chloranthaceae R.Br. ex Sims
Magnoliids
- Canellales Cronquist
- Canellaceae Mart.
- Winteraceae R.Br. ex Lindl.
- Piperales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Aristolochiaceae Juss.
- HydnoraceaeC.Agardh
- LactoridaceaeEngl.
- Piperaceae Giseke
- Saururaceae F.Voigt
- Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Atherospermataceae R.Br.
- Calycanthaceae Lindl.
- GomortegaceaeReiche
- Hernandiaceae Blume
- Lauraceae Juss.
- Monimiaceae Juss.
- Siparunaceae Schodde
- Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Annonaceae Juss.
- DegeneriaceaeI.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm.
- EupomatiaceaeOrb.
- Himantandraceae Diels
- Magnoliaceae Juss.
- Myristicaceae R.Br.
Monocots
- AcoralesLink
- AcoraceaeMartinov
- Alismatales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- §Alismataceae Vent. (including Limnocharitaceae Takht. ex Cronquist)
- AponogetonaceaePlanch.
- Araceae Juss.
- ButomaceaeMirb.
- Cymodoceaceae Vines
- Hydrocharitaceae Juss.
- Juncaginaceae Rich.
- PosidoniaceaeVines
- Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
- RuppiaceaeHoran.
- ScheuchzeriaceaeF.Rudolphi
- Tofieldiaceae Takht.
- Zosteraceae Dumort.
- †PetrosavialesTakht.
- Petrosaviaceae Hutch.
- Dioscoreales R.Br.
- Burmanniaceae Blume
- Dioscoreaceae R.Br.
- Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon
- Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich.
- Pandanaceae R.Br.
- Stemonaceae Caruel
- Triuridaceae Gardner
- Velloziaceae J.Agardh
- Liliales Perleb
- §Alstroemeriaceae Dumort. (including Luzuriagaceae Lotsy)
- Campynemataceae Dumort.
- Colchicaceae DC.
- Corsiaceae Becc.
- Liliaceae Juss.
- Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh.
- *PetermanniaceaeHutch.
- Philesiaceae Dumort.
- RipogonaceaeConran & Clifford
- Smilacaceae Vent.
- Asparagales Link
- $AlliaceaeBorkh.)
- $ThemidaceaeSalisb.)
- Asteliaceae Dumort.
- BlandfordiaceaeR.Dahlgren & Clifford
- Boryaceae M.W.Chase, Rudall & Conran
- DoryanthaceaeR.Dahlgren & Clifford
- Hypoxidaceae R.Br.
- Iridaceae Juss.
- IxioliriaceaeNakai
- LanariaceaeR.Dahlgren & A.E.van Wyk
- OrchidaceaeJuss.
- Tecophilaeaceae Leyb.
- $HemerocallidaceaeR.Br.)
- XeronemataceaeM.W.Chase, Rudall & M.F.Fay
- $
Commelinids
- Dasypogonaceae Dumort.
- Arecales Bromhead
- Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
- Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Commelinaceae Mirb.
- Haemodoraceae R.Br.
- HanguanaceaeAiry Shaw
- Philydraceae Link
- Pontederiaceae Kunth
- Poales Small
- Anarthriaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw
- Bromeliaceae Juss.
- Centrolepidaceae Endl.
- Cyperaceae Juss.
- Ecdeiocoleaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw
- Eriocaulaceae Martinov
- FlagellariaceaeDumort.
- Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm.
- Juncaceae Juss.
- MayacaceaeKunth
- Poaceae Barnhart
- Rapateaceae Dumort.
- Restionaceae R.Br.
- Thurniaceae Engl.
- §Typhaceae Juss. (including Sparganiaceae Hanin)
- Xyridaceae C.Agardh
- Zingiberales Griseb.
- CannaceaeJuss.
- Costaceae Nakai
- HeliconiaceaeVines
- LowiaceaeRidl.
- Marantaceae R.Br.
- Musaceae Juss.
- Strelitziaceae Hutch.
- Zingiberaceae Martinov
Probable sister of eudicots
- CeratophyllalesLink
- Ceratophyllaceae Gray
Eudicots
- Ranunculales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Berberidaceae Juss.
- $KingdoniaceaeAiry Shaw)
- EupteleaceaeK.Wilh.
- Lardizabalaceae R.Br.
- Menispermaceae Juss.
- $PteridophyllaceaeNakai ex Reveal & Hoogland)
- Ranunculaceae Juss.
- Sabiaceae Blume
- Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Nelumbonaceae A.Rich.
- $$Platanaceae T.Lestib.
- $$Proteaceae Juss.
- †TrochodendralesTakht. ex Cronquist
- $TetracentraceaeA.C.Sm.)
- $
- †Buxales Takht. ex Reveal
- $DidymelaceaeLeandri)
- *Haptanthaceae C.Nelson
- $
Core eudicots
- Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal
- $$Gunneraceae Meisn.
- $$MyrothamnaceaeNied.
- $$
- Dilleniaceae Salisb.
- Saxifragales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Altingiaceae Horan.
- AphanopetalaceaeDoweld
- CercidiphyllaceaeEngl.
- Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil.
- DaphniphyllaceaeMüll.-Arg.
- GrossulariaceaeDC.
- $$Haloragaceae R.Br.
- Hamamelidaceae R.Br.
- $Iteaceae J.Agardh (including Pterostemonaceae Small)
- PaeoniaceaeRaf.
- $$PenthoraceaeRydb. ex Britt.
- *§MedusandraceaeBrenan, Soyauxia Oliver)
- Saxifragaceae Juss.
- $$TetracarpaeaceaeNakai
- †Berberidopsidales Doweld
- AextoxicaceaeEngl. & Gilg
- Berberidopsidaceae Takht.
- Santalales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- *Balanophoraceae Rich.
- Loranthaceae Juss.
- MisodendraceaeJ.Agardh
- Santalaceae R.Br.
- Olacaceae R.Br.
- Opiliaceae Valeton
- *Schoepfiaceae Blume
- Caryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Achatocarpaceae Heimerl
- Aizoaceae Martinov
- Amaranthaceae Juss.
- *Anacampserotaceae Eggli & Nyffeler
- AncistrocladaceaePlanch. ex Walp.
- AsteropeiaceaeTakht. ex Reveal & Hoogland
- BarbeuiaceaeNakai
- Basellaceae Raf.
- CactaceaeJuss.
- Caryophyllaceae Juss.
- §Didiereaceae Radlk.
- Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw
- Droseraceae Salisb.
- DrosophyllaceaeChrtek, Slavíková & Studnicka
- FrankeniaceaeDesv.
- GisekiaceaeNakai
- HalophytaceaeA.Soriano
- *LimeaceaeShipunov ex Reveal
- *Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal
- §Molluginaceae Bartl.
- *Montiaceae Raf.
- NepenthaceaeDumort.
- Nyctaginaceae Juss.
- PhysenaceaeTakht.
- Phytolaccaceae R.Br.
- Plumbaginaceae Juss.
- Polygonaceae Juss.
- §Portulacaceae Juss.
- RhabdodendraceaePrance
- SarcobataceaeBehnke
- Simmondsiaceae Tiegh.
- StegnospermataceaeNakai
- *Talinaceae Doweld
- Tamaricaceae Link
Rosids
- †VitalesJuss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Vitaceae Juss.
eurosids I)
- †Zygophyllales Link
- $$KrameriaceaeDumort.
- $$Zygophyllaceae R.Br.
- $$
- Celastrales Link
- $Celastraceae R.Br. (including Lepuropetalaceae Nakai, Parnassiaceae Martinov, Pottingeriaceae Takht.)
- Lepidobotryaceae J.Léonard
- Oxalidales Bercht. & J.Presl
- BrunelliaceaeEngl.
- CephalotaceaeDumort.
- Connaraceae R.Br.
- Cunoniaceae R.Br.
- Elaeocarpaceae Juss. ex DC.
- *Huaceae A.Chev.
- Oxalidaceae R.Br.
- Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Achariaceae Harms
- BalanopaceaeBenth. & Hook.f.
- Bonnetiaceae L.Beauvis. ex Nakai
- *Calophyllaceae J.Agardh
- Caryocaraceae Voigt
- *Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal
- $$Chrysobalanaceae R.Br.
- §Clusiaceae Lindl.
- CtenolophonaceaeExell & Mendonça
- $$Dichapetalaceae Baill.
- Elatinaceae Dumort.
- $$§Erythroxylaceae Kunth (including Aneulophus Benth.)
- Euphorbiaceae Juss.
- $$EuphroniaceaeMarc.-Berti
- GoupiaceaeMiers
- Humiriaceae A.Juss.
- Hypericaceae Juss.
- Irvingiaceae Exell & Mendonça
- Ixonanthaceae Planch. ex Miq.
- Lacistemataceae Mart.
- Linaceae DC. ex Perleb
- LophopyxidaceaeH.Pfeiff.
- Malpighiaceae Juss.
- $Medusagynaceae Engl. & Gilg, QuiinaceaeChoisy)
- Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg
- $Malesherbiaceae D.Don, TurneraceaeKunth ex DC.)
- Phyllanthaceae Martinov
- Picrodendraceae Small
- Podostemaceae Rich. ex Kunth
- Putranjivaceae Meisn.
- *Rafflesiaceae Dumort.
- $$Rhizophoraceae Pers.
- Salicaceae Mirb.
- $$Trigoniaceae A.Juss.
- Violaceae Batsch
- Cucurbitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Anisophylleaceae Ridl.
- Begoniaceae C.Agardh
- CoriariaceaeDC.
- CorynocarpaceaeEngl.
- Cucurbitaceae Juss.
- DatiscaceaeDumort.
- Tetramelaceae Airy Shaw
- Fabales Bromhead
- Fabaceae Lindl.
- Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link
- Quillajaceae D.Don
- Surianaceae Arn.
- Fagales Engl.
- Betulaceae Gray
- Casuarinaceae R.Br.
- Fagaceae Dumort.
- §RhoipteleaceaeHand.-Mazz.)
- Myricaceae A.Rich. ex Kunth
- NothofagaceaeKuprian
- TicodendraceaeGómez-Laur. & L.D.Gómez
- Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl
- BarbeyaceaeRendle
- Cannabaceae Martinov
- DirachmaceaeHutch.
- Elaeagnaceae Juss.
- Moraceae Gaudich.
- Rhamnaceae Juss.
- Rosaceae Juss.
- Ulmaceae Mirb.
- Urticaceae Juss.
eurosids II)
- Geraniales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- $Geraniaceae Juss. (including Hypseocharitaceae Wedd.)
- $Melianthaceae Horan. (including FrancoaceaeA.Juss.)
- §Vivianiaceae Klotzsch (including Ledocarpaceae Meyen)
- Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- AlzateaceaeS.A.Graham
- Combretaceae R.Br.
- Crypteroniaceae A.DC.
- Lythraceae J.St.-Hil.
- $Melastomataceae Juss. (including Memecylaceae DC.)
- §PsiloxylaceaeCroizat)
- Onagraceae Juss.
- §RhynchocalycaceaeL.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs)
- Vochysiaceae A.St.-Hil.
- Crossosomatales Takht. ex Reveal
- *AphloiaceaeTakht.
- Crossosomataceae Engl.
- *GeissolomataceaeA.DC.
- *GuamatelaceaeS.Oh & D.Potter
- StachyuraceaeJ.Agardh
- Staphyleaceae Martinov
- *§IxerbaceaeGriseb. ex Doweld & Reveal)
- *
- †PicramnialesDoweld
- *Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn
- †Huerteales Doweld
- *Dipentodontaceae Merr.
- *GerrardinaceaeAlford
- Tapisciaceae Takht.
- Brassicales Bromhead
- $BretschneideraceaeEngl. & Gilg)
- BataceaeMart. ex Perleb
- §Brassicaceae Burnett
- *Capparaceae Juss.
- Caricaceae Dumort.
- *Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
- EmblingiaceaeJ.Agardh
- Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss.
- KoeberliniaceaeEngl.
- Limnanthaceae R.Br.
- MoringaceaeMartinov
- PentadiplandraceaeHutch. & Dalziel
- Resedaceae Martinov
- Salvadoraceae Lindl.
- SetchellanthaceaeIltis
- TovariaceaePax
- TropaeolaceaeJuss. ex DC.
- $
- Malvales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- $DiegodendraceaeCapuron)
- Cistaceae Juss.
- *Cytinaceae A.Rich.
- Dipterocarpaceae Blume
- Malvaceae Juss.
- Muntingiaceae C.Bayer, M.W.Chase & M.F.Fay
- Neuradaceae Kostel.
- Sarcolaenaceae Caruel
- Sphaerosepalaceae Tiegh. ex Bullock
- Thymelaeaceae Juss.
- $
- Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Anacardiaceae R.Br.
- BiebersteiniaceaeSchnizl.
- Burseraceae Kunth
- Kirkiaceae Takht.
- Meliaceae Juss.
- $Nitrariaceae Lindl. (including Peganaceae Tiegh. ex Takht., Tetradiclidaceae Takht.)
- Rutaceae Juss.
- Sapindaceae Juss.
- Simaroubaceae DC.
Asterids
- Cornales Link.
- Cornaceae Bercht. & J.Presl (including Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort.)
- CurtisiaceaeTakht.
- GrubbiaceaeEndl. ex Meisn.
- Hydrangeaceae Dumort.
- HydrostachyaceaeEngl.
- Loasaceae Juss.
- Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Actinidiaceae Engl. & Gilg.
- Balsaminaceae A.Rich.
- Clethraceae Klotzsch
- Cyrillaceae Lindl.
- Diapensiaceae Lindl.
- Ebenaceae Gürke
- Ericaceae Juss.
- FouquieriaceaeDC.
- Lecythidaceae A.Rich.
- Marcgraviaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
- *MitrastemonaceaeMakino
- $TernstroemiaceaeMirb. ex DC.)
- Polemoniaceae Juss.
- §TheophrastaceaeG.Don)
- RoridulaceaeMartinov
- Sapotaceae Juss.
- Sarraceniaceae Dumort.
- $$Sladeniaceae Airy Shaw
- Styracaceae DC. & Spreng.
- Symplocaceae Desf.
- $PellicieraceaeL.Beauvis.)
- Theaceae Mirb. ex Ker Gawl.
euasterids I)
- §*HoplestigmataceaeGilg)
- VahliaceaeDandy
- Icacinaceae Miers
- Metteniusaceae H.Karst. ex Schnizl.
- OncothecaceaeKobuski ex Airy Shaw
- Garryales Lindl.
- EucommiaceaeEngl.
- $Garryaceae Lindl. (including Aucubaceae Bercht. & J.Presl)
- Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Apocynaceae Juss.
- Gelsemiaceae Struwe & V.A.Albert
- Gentianaceae Juss.
- Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart.
- Rubiaceae Juss.
- Lamiales Bromhead
- §Acanthaceae Juss.
- Bignoniaceae Juss.
- ByblidaceaeDomin
- Calceolariaceae Olmstead
- Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw
- Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss.
- Lamiaceae Martinov
- *Linderniaceae Borsch, K.Müll., & Eb.Fisch.
- Lentibulariaceae Rich.
- Martyniaceae Horan.
- Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link
- Orobanchaceae Vent.
- Paulowniaceae Nakai
- Pedaliaceae R.Br.
- Phrymaceae Schauer
- §Plantaginaceae Juss.
- PlocospermataceaeHutch.
- Schlegeliaceae Reveal
- Scrophulariaceae Juss.
- Stilbaceae Kunth
- Tetrachondraceae Wettst.
- *ThomandersiaceaeSreem.
- Verbenaceae J.St.-Hil.
- Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Convolvulaceae Juss.
- HydroleaceaeR.Br. ex Edwards
- Montiniaceae Nakai
- Solanaceae Juss.
- SphenocleaceaeT.Baskerv.
euasterids II)
- Aquifoliales Senft
- AquifoliaceaeBercht. & J.Presl
- §Cardiopteridaceae Blume (including Leptaulaceae Tiegh.)
- HelwingiaceaeDecne.
- PhyllonomaceaeSmall
- Stemonuraceae Kårehed
- Asterales Link
- Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw
- Argophyllaceae Takht.
- Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl
- Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich.
- $LobeliaceaeJuss.)
- Goodeniaceae R.Br.
- Menyanthaceae Dumort.
- PentaphragmataceaeJ.Agardh
- PhellinaceaeTakht.
- Rousseaceae DC.
- $DonatiaceaeB.Chandler)
- †EscallonialesR.Br.
- §TribelaceaeAiry Shaw)
- §
- †Bruniales Dumort.
- Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC.
- §DesfontainiaceaeEndl.)
- †ParacryphialesTakht. ex Reveal
- §SphenostemonaceaeP.Royen & Airy Shaw)
- §
- Dipsacales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Adoxaceae E.Mey.
- §Morinaceae Raf., ValerianaceaeBatsch)
- Apiales Nakai
- Apiaceae Lindl. (including Mackinlayaceae)
- Araliaceae Juss.
- GriseliniaceaeJ.R.Forst. & G.Forst. ex A.Cunn.
- Myodocarpaceae Doweld
- PennantiaceaeJ.Agardh
- Pittosporaceae R.Br.
- §MelanophyllaceaeTakht. ex Airy Shaw)
Taxa of uncertain position
- Apodanthaceae Takht. (three genera, now in Cucurbitales)
- CynomoriaceaeEndl. ex Lindl.
- GumilleaRuiz & Pav.
- Petenaea Lundell (now in Huerteales)
- Nicobariodendron (see Simmons, 2004; probably in Celastraceae).
Phylogeny
The APG III system was based on a phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms which included all of the 59 orders and 4 of the unplaced families. The systematic positions of the other 6 unplaced families was so uncertain that they could not be placed in any of the polytomies in the tree. They are shown in the classification table entitled "Detailed version" above, 4 in Euasterids I and 2 in Taxa of uncertain position.
The phylogenetic tree shown below was published with the APG III system,[1] but without some of the labels that are added here.
angiosperms
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subfamilies replacing discontinued families
A number of subfamilies have been proposed to replace some of the families which were optional (i.e. bracketed) in APG II, but have been discontinued in APG III.[8] These are shown in the table below.
APG II bracketed family | APG III family: subfamily |
---|---|
Agapanthaceae | Amaryllidaceae: Agapanthoideae |
Agavaceae | Asparagaceae: Agavoideae |
Alliaceae | Amaryllidaceae: Allioideae |
Amaryllidaceae | Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllidoideae |
Aphyllanthaceae | Asparagaceae: Aphyllanthoideae |
Asparagaceae | Asparagaceae: Asparagoideae |
Asphodelaceae | Xanthorrhoeaceae: Asphodeloideae |
Hemerocallidaceae | Xanthorrhoeaceae: Hemerocallidoideae |
Hesperocallidaceae | Asparagaceae: Agavoideae |
Hyacinthaceae | Asparagaceae: Scilloideae |
Laxmanniaceae | Asparagaceae: Lomandroideae |
Ruscaceae | Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae |
Themidaceae | Asparagaceae: Brodiaeoideae |
Xanthorrhoeaceae | Xanthorrhoeaceae: Xanthorrhoeoideae |
References
- ^ hdl:10654/18083
- ^ As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants, The Linnean Society of London, 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29
- ^ APG III tidies up plant family tree, Horticulture Week, 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29
- ^ Haston, E., Richardson, J.E., Stevens, P.F., Chase, M.W., Harris, D.J. (2009) The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161, 128–131.
- ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M., M. F. Fay, J. J. Clarkson, P. Gasson, J. Morales Can, J. B. Jimenez Barrios & M. W. Chase (2010). Petenaeaceae, a new angiosperm family in Huerteales with a distant relationship to Gerrardina (Gerrardinaceae), Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 164: 16-25. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01074.x/abstract
- ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M., M. W. Chase, & M.F.Fay (2011). Preface to "Linear sequence, classification, synonymy, and bibliography of vascular plants: Lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms", Phytotaxa 19: 4–6. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p006.pdf
External links
- The APG III paper: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III
- The LAPG III paper: The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III
- The phylogenetic classification of land plants paper: A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Website at the Missouri Botanical Garden website