APG IV system
The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was published in 2016, seven years after its predecessor the APG III system was published in 2009, and 18 years after the first APG system was published in 1998.[1] In 2009, a linear arrangement of the system was published separately;[2] the APG IV paper includes such an arrangement, cross-referenced to the 2009 one.[1]
Compared to the APG III system, the APG IV system recognizes five new orders (
Short version
Detailed version
Key to symbols used:
- * = the family has been added or its circumscription changed since the APG III system of 2009
- † = the order has been added since the APG III system
Basal angiosperms
- AmborellalesMelikyan et al.
- AmborellaceaePichon, nom. cons.
- Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Hydatellaceae U.Hamann
- Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
- Nymphaeaceae Salisb., nom. cons.
- Austrobaileyales Takht. ex Reveal
- AustrobaileyaceaeCroizat, nom. cons.
- Trimeniaceae Gibbs, nom. cons.
- Schisandraceae Blume, nom. cons.
Magnoliids
- Canellales Cronq.
- Canellaceae Mart., nom. cons.
- Winteraceae R.Br. ex Lindl., nom. cons.
- Piperales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Saururaceae Rich. ex T.Lestib., nom. cons.
- Piperaceae Giseke, nom. cons.
- Aristolochiaceae Juss., nom. cons. * (including Asaraceae Vent., Hydnoraceae C.Agardh, nom. cons., Lactoridaceae Engl., nom. cons.)
- Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Myristicaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Magnoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- DegeneriaceaeI.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm., nom. cons.
- Himantandraceae Diels, nom. cons.
- EupomatiaceaeOrb., nom. cons.
- Annonaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Calycanthaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- Siparunaceae Schodde
- GomortegaceaeReiche, nom. cons.
- Atherospermataceae R.Br.
- Hernandiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
- Monimiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Lauraceae Juss., nom. cons.
Independent lineage: unplaced to more inclusive clade
- ChloranthalesMart.
- Chloranthaceae R.Br. ex Sims, nom. cons.
Monocots
- AcoralesMart.
- AcoraceaeMartinov
- Alismatales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Araceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Tofieldiaceae Takht.
- Alismataceae Vent., nom. cons.
- ButomaceaeMirb., nom. cons.
- Hydrocharitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- ScheuchzeriaceaeF.Rudolphi, nom. cons.
- AponogetonaceaePlanch., nom. cons.
- Juncaginaceae Rich., nom. cons. *
- MaundiaceaeNakai *
- Zosteraceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons
- PosidoniaceaeVines, nom. cons.
- RuppiaceaeHoran., nom. cons.
- Cymodoceaceae Vines, nom. cons.
- PetrosavialesTakht.
- Petrosaviaceae Hutch., nom. cons.
- Dioscoreales Mart.
- Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon
- Burmanniaceae Blume, nom. cons. (not monophyletic.)
- Dioscoreaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Triuridaceae Gardner, nom. cons.
- Velloziaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
- Stemonaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
- Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
- Pandanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Liliales Perleb
- Campynemataceae Dumort.
- Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons.
- Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
- PetermanniaceaeHutch, nom. cons.
- Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Colchicaceae DC., nom. cons.
- Philesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- RipogonaceaeConran & Clifford
- Smilacaceae Vent., nom. cons.
- Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Asparagales Link
- OrchidaceaeJuss., nom. cons.
- Boryaceae M.W.Chase et al.
- BlandfordiaceaeR.Dahlgren & Clifford
- Asteliaceae Dumort.
- LanariaceaeH.Huber ex R.Dahlgren
- Hypoxidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- DoryanthaceaeR.Dahlgren & Clifford
- IxioliriaceaeNakai (as 'Ixiolirionaceae'; spelling corrected)
- Tecophilaeaceae Leyb., nom. cons.
- Iridaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- XeronemataceaeM.W.Chase et al.
- Asphodelaceae Juss., nom. cons. prop. (including Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.)
- Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
- Asparagaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Arecales Bromhead
- Dasypogonaceae Dumort.
- Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (=Palmae Juss., nom. cons.)
- Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- HanguanaceaeAiry Shaw
- Commelinaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
- Philydraceae Link, nom. cons.
- Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
- Haemodoraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Zingiberales Griseb.
- Strelitziaceae Hutch., nom. cons.
- LowiaceaeRidl., nom. cons.
- HeliconiaceaeVines
- Musaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- CannaceaeJuss., nom. cons.
- Marantaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Costaceae Nakai
- Zingiberaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- Poales Small
- Typhaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Bromeliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Rapateaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Xyridaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.
- Eriocaulaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- MayacaceaeKunth, nom. cons.
- Thurniaceae Engl., nom. cons.
- Juncaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Cyperaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Restionaceae R.Br., nom. cons. * (including Anarthriaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw, Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons.)
- FlagellariaceaeDumort., nom. cons.
- Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm.
- Ecdeiocoleaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw
- Poaceae Barnhart, nom. cons. (= Gramineae Juss., nom. cons.)
Probable sister of eudicots
- CeratophyllalesLink
- Ceratophyllaceae Gray, nom. cons.
Eudicots
- Ranunculales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- EupteleaceaeK.Wilh., nom. cons.
- Papaveraceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Circaeasteraceae Hutch., nom. cons.
- Lardizabalaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Menispermaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Berberidaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Ranunculaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Sabiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
- Nelumbonaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
- Platanaceae T.Lestib., nom. cons.
- Proteaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- TrochodendralesTakht. ex Cronq.
- Trochodendraceae Eichler, nom. cons.
- Buxales Takht. ex Reveal
- Buxaceae Dumort., nom. cons. * (including Haptanthaceae C.Nelson)
Core eudicots
- Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal
- MyrothamnaceaeNied., nom. cons.
- Gunneraceae Meisn., nom. cons.
- Dilleniales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl †
- Dilleniaceae Salisb., nom. cons.
Superrosids
- Saxifragales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Peridiscaceae Kuhlm., nom. cons.
- PaeoniaceaeRaf., nom. cons.
- Altingiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- Hamamelidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- CercidiphyllaceaeEngl., nom. cons.
- DaphniphyllaceaeMüll.Arg., nom. cons.
- Iteaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
- GrossulariaceaeDC., nom. cons.
- Saxifragaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
- AphanopetalaceaeDoweld
- TetracarpaeaceaeNakai
- PenthoraceaeRydb. ex Britton, nom. cons.
- Haloragaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- CynomoriaceaeEndl. ex Lindl., nom. cons.
Rosids
- VitalesJuss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Vitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Fabids
- Zygophyllales Link
- KrameriaceaeDumort., nom. cons.
- Zygophyllaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Fabales Bromhead
- Quillajaceae D.Don
- Fabaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Leguminosae Juss., nom. cons.)
- Surianaceae Arn., nom. cons.
- Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.
- Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Rosaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- BarbeyaceaeRendle, nom. cons.
- DirachmaceaeHutch.
- Elaeagnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Rhamnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Ulmaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
- Cannabaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- Moraceae Gaudich., nom. cons.
- Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Fagales Engl.
- NothofagaceaeKuprian.
- Fagaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Myricaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
- Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
- Casuarinaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- TicodendraceaeGomez-Laur. & L.D.Gomez
- Betulaceae Gray, nom. cons.
- Cucurbitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Apodanthaceae Tiegh. ex Takht. *
- Anisophylleaceae Ridl.
- CorynocarpaceaeEngl., nom. cons.
- CoriariaceaeDC., nom. cons.
- Cucurbitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Tetramelaceae Airy Shaw
- DatiscaceaeDumort., nom. cons.
- Begoniaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.
COM clade; placement uncertain
- Celastrales Link
- Lepidobotryaceae J. Leonard, nom. cons.
- Celastraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Oxalidales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Huaceae A.Chev.
- Connaraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Oxalidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Cunoniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Elaeocarpaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- CephalotaceaeDumort., nom. cons.
- BrunelliaceaeEngl., nom. cons.
- Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
- Irvingiaceae Exell & Mendonça, nom. cons. * (including Allantospermum Forman)
- CtenolophonaceaeExell & Mendonça
- Rhizophoraceae Pers., nom. cons.
- Erythroxylaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
- Ochnaceae DC., nom. cons.
- Bonnetiaceae L.Beauvis. ex Nakai
- Clusiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Guttiferae Juss., nom. cons.)
- Calophyllaceae J.Agardh
- Podostemaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
- Hypericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Caryocaraceae Voigt, nom. cons.
- LophopyxidaceaeH.Pfeiff.
- Putranjivaceae Meisn.
- Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal
- Elatinaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Malpighiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- BalanopaceaeBenth. & Hook.f., nom. cons.
- Trigoniaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
- Dichapetalaceae Baill., nom. cons.
- EuphroniaceaeMarc.-Berti
- Chrysobalanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Humiriaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
- Achariaceae Harms, nom. cons.
- Violaceae Batsch, nom. cons.
- GoupiaceaeMiers
- Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel, nom. cons.
- Lacistemataceae Mart., nom. cons.
- Salicaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
- Peraceae Klotzsch *
- Rafflesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Euphorbiaceae Juss., nom. cons. *
- Linaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
- Ixonanthaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons. *
- Picrodendraceae Small, nom. cons.
- Phyllanthaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
Malvids
- Geraniales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Geraniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Francoaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. * (including Bersamaceae Doweld, Greyiaceae Hutch., nom. cons., Ledocarpaceae Meyen, Melianthaceae Horan., nom. cons., Rhynchothecaceae A.Juss., Vivianiaceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.)
- Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Combretaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Lythraceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
- Onagraceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Vochysiaceae A.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
- Myrtaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Melastomataceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Crypteroniaceae A.DC., nom. cons.
- AlzateaceaeS.A.Graham
- Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill., nom. cons.
- Crossosomatales Takht. ex Reveal
- AphloiaceaeTakht.
- GeissolomataceaeA.DC., nom. cons.
- Strasburgeriaceae Tiegh., nom. cons.
- Staphyleaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- GuamatelaceaeS.H.Oh & D.Potter
- StachyuraceaeJ.Agardh, nom. cons.
- Crossosomataceae Engl., nom. cons.
- PicramnialesDoweld
- Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn
- Huerteales Doweld
- GerrardinaceaeM.H.Alford
- PetenaeaceaeChristenh. et al. *
- Tapisciaceae Takht.
- Dipentodontaceae Merr., nom. cons.
- Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- BiebersteiniaceaeSchnizl.
- Nitrariaceae Lindl.
- Kirkiaceae Takht.
- Burseraceae Kunth, nom. cons.
- Anacardiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Sapindaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Xanthocerataceae Buerki et al., as 'Xanthoceraceae')
- Rutaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Simaroubaceae DC., nom. cons.
- Meliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Malvales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Cytinaceae A.Rich.
- Muntingiaceae C.Bayer et al.
- Neuradaceae Kostel., nom. cons.
- Malvaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Sphaerosepalaceae Bullock
- Thymelaeaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Bixaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
- Cistaceae Juss., nom. cons. * (including Pakaraimaea Maguire & P.S.Ashton)
- Sarcolaenaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
- Dipterocarpaceae Blume, nom. cons. *
- Brassicales Bromhead
- Akaniaceae Stapf, nom. cons.
- TropaeolaceaeJuss. ex DC., nom. cons.
- MoringaceaeMartinov, nom. cons.
- Caricaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Limnanthaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- SetchellanthaceaeIltis
- KoeberliniaceaeEngl., nom. cons.
- BataceaeMart. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
- Salvadoraceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- EmblingiaceaeAiry Shaw
- TovariaceaePax, nom. cons.
- PentadiplandraceaeHutch. & Dalziel
- Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
- Resedaceae Martinov, nom. cons. * (including Borthwickiaceae J.X.Su et al., Stixidaceae Doweld as 'Stixaceae', Forchhammeria Liebm.)
- Capparaceae Juss., nom. cons. *
- Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
- Brassicaceae Burnett, nom. cons. (= Cruciferae Juss., nom. cons.)
Superasterids
- Berberidopsidales Doweld
- AextoxicaceaeEngl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
- Berberidopsidaceae Takht.
- Santalales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Olacaceae R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic; including Aptandraceae Miers, Coulaceae Tiegh., Erythropalaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons., Octoknemaceae Soler. nom. cons., Strombosiaceae Tiegh., Ximeniaceae Horan.)
- Opiliaceae Valeton, nom. cons.
- Balanophoraceae Rich., nom. cons.
- Santalaceae R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic if Balanophoraceae are embedded; including Amphorogynaceae Nickrent & Der, Cervantesiaceae Nickrent & Der, Comandraceae Nickrent & Der, Nanodeaceae Nickrent & Der, Thesiaceae Vest, Viscaceae Batsch)
- MisodendraceaeJ.Agardh, nom. cons.
- Schoepfiaceae Blume
- Loranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Caryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- FrankeniaceaeDesv., nom. cons.
- Tamaricaceae Link, nom. cons.
- Plumbaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Polygonaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Droseraceae Salisb., nom. cons.
- NepenthaceaeDumort, nom. cons.
- DrosophyllaceaeChrtek et al.
- Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw, nom. cons.
- AncistrocladaceaePlanch. ex Walp., nom. cons.
- RhabdodendraceaePrance
- Simmondsiaceae Tiegh.
- PhysenaceaeTakht.
- AsteropeiaceaeTakht. ex Reveal & Hoogland
- Macarthuriaceae Christenh. *
- MicroteaceaeSchäferhoff & Borsch *
- Caryophyllaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, nom. cons.
- Amaranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- StegnospermataceaeNakai
- LimeaceaeShipunov ex Reveal *
- Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal
- KewaceaeChristenh. *
- BarbeuiaceaeNakai
- GisekiaceaeNakai
- Aizoaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- Phytolaccaceae R.Br., nom. cons. *
- Petiveriaceae C.Agardh * (including Rivinaceae C.Agardh)
- SarcobataceaeBehnke
- Nyctaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Molluginaceae Bartl., nom. cons. *
- Montiaceae Raf.
- Didiereaceae Radlk., nom. cons.
- Basellaceae Raf., nom. cons.
- HalophytaceaeS.Soriano
- Talinaceae Doweld
- Portulacaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Anacampserotaceae Eggli & Nyffeler
- CactaceaeJuss., nom. cons.
Asterids
- Cornales Link
- Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort., nom. cons.
- HydrostachyaceaeEngl., nom. cons.
- Hydrangeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Loasaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- CurtisiaceaeTakht.
- GrubbiaceaeEndl. ex Meisn., nom. cons.
- Cornaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
- Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Balsaminaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
- Marcgraviaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
- Tetrameristaceae Hutch.
- FouquieriaceaeDC., nom. cons.
- Polemoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Lecythidaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
- Sladeniaceae Airy Shaw
- Pentaphylacaceae Engl., nom. cons.
- Sapotaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Ebenaceae Gürke, nom. cons.
- Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
- Theaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
- Symplocaceae Desf., nom. cons.
- Diapensiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- Styracaceae DC. & Spreng., nom. cons.
- Sarraceniaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- RoridulaceaeMartinov, nom. cons.
- Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm., nom. cons.
- Clethraceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.
- Cyrillaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- Ericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- MitrastemonaceaeMakino, nom. cons. (placement in order unclear)
Lamiids
- Icacinales Tiegh. †
- OncothecaceaeKobuski ex Airy Shaw
- Icacinaceae Miers, nom. cons. *
- MetteniusalesTakht. †
- Metteniusaceae H.Karst. ex Schnizl. *
- Garryales Mart.
- EucommiaceaeEngl., nom. cons.
- Garryaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Rubiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Gentianaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart., nom. cons.
- Gelsemiaceae L.Struwe & V.A.Albert * (including Pteleocarpaceae Brummitt)
- Apocynaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Boraginales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl †
- Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Codonaceae Weigend & Hilger)
- VahlialesDoweld †
- VahliaceaeDandy
- Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Convolvulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Solanaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Montiniaceae Nakai, nom. cons.
- SphenocleaceaeT.Baskerv., nom. cons.
- HydroleaceaeR.Br.
- Lamiales Bromhead
- PlocospermataceaeHutch.
- Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw
- Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.
- Tetrachondraceae Wettst.
- Calceolariaceae Olmstead
- Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss., nom. cons. * (the position of Peltanthera Benth. is problematic and here considered unplaced to family)
- Plantaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Stilbaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
- Linderniaceae Borsch et al.
- ByblidaceaeDomin, nom. cons.
- Martyniaceae Horan., nom. cons.
- Pedaliaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Acanthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Bignoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Lentibulariaceae Rich., nom. cons.
- Schlegeliaceae Reveal
- ThomandersiaceaeSreem.
- Verbenaceae J.St.Hil., nom. cons.
- Lamiaceae Martinov, nom. cons. (= Labiatae Juss., nom. cons.)
- Mazaceae Reveal
- Phrymaceae Schauer, nom. cons. *
- Paulowniaceae Nakai
- Orobanchaceae Vent., nom. cons. * (including Lindenbergiaceae Doweld, Rehmanniaceae Reveal)
Campanulids
- Aquifoliales Senft
- Stemonuraceae Kårehed
- Cardiopteridaceae Blume, nom. cons.
- PhyllonomaceaeSmall
- HelwingiaceaeDecne.
- AquifoliaceaeBercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
- Asterales Link
- Rousseaceae DC.
- Campanulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- PentaphragmataceaeJ.Agardh, nom. cons.
- Stylidiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw
- PhellinaceaeTakht.
- Argophyllaceae Takht.
- Menyanthaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Goodeniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich., nom. cons.
- Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Compositae Giseke, nom. cons.)
- EscallonialesLink
- Escalloniaceae R.Br. ex Dumort., nom. cons.
- Bruniales Dumort.
- Columelliaceae D.Don, nom. cons.
- Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC., nom. cons.
- ParacryphialesTakht. ex Reveal
- Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw
- Dipsacales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Adoxaceae E.Mey., nom. cons. (= Viburnaceae Raf., nom. cons. prop.)
- Caprifoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Apiales Nakai
- PennantiaceaeJ.Agardh
- Torricelliaceae Hu
- GriseliniaceaeTakht., nom. cons. prop.
- Pittosporaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Araliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Myodocarpaceae Doweld
- Apiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Umbelliferae Juss., nom. cons.)
Phylogeny
Like the earlier APG systems, the APG IV revision is based on a phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms, as shown below.[4]
angiosperms
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
core eudicots
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
Bibliography
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, hdl:10654/18083
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV",
- Haston, E.; Richardson, J.E.; Stevens, P.F.; Chase, M.W. & Harris, D.J. (2009), "The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 128–131,
- RBG Kew, archived from the originalon 2016-08-05, retrieved 2016-06-12
- Cole, Theodor C.H.; Hilger, Hartmut H. & Stevens, Peter F. (2019), Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster - Flowering Plant Systematics (PDF), retrieved 2023-06-16