Abadan, Iran
Abadan
40th | |
---|---|
Demonym | Abadani (en) |
Time zone | UTC+03:30 (IRST) |
Area code | (+98) 061 |
Climate | BSk |
Website | www |
Abadan (
Etymology
The earliest mention of the island of Abadan, if not the port itself, is found in the works of the Greek geographer Marcian, who renders the name "Apphadana".[6] Earlier, the classical geographer Ptolemy notes "Apphana" as an island off the mouth of the Tigris (which is where the modern Island of Abadan is located). An etymology for this name is presented by B. Farahvashi to be derived from the Persian word "ab" (water) and the root "pā" (guard, watch) thus "coastguard station").[7]
In Islamic times, a pseudo-etymology was produced by the historian
In the subsequent centuries, the Persian version of the name had begun to come into general use before it was adopted by official decree in 1935.[7]
History
Abadan is thought to have been further developed into a major port city under the
It was not until the 20th century that rich oil fields were discovered in the area. On 16 July 1909, after secret negotiation with the British consul,
During
In 1951, Iran nationalised all oil properties and refining ground to a stop on the island. Rioting broke out in Abadan, after the government had decided to nationalise the oil facilities, and three British workers were killed.
Abadan was not a major cultural or religious centre, but it played an important role in the
After the war, the biggest concern was the rebuilding of Abadan's oil refinery, as it was operating at 10% of capacity due to damage.[30] In 1993, the refinery began limited operation and the port reopened. By 1997, the refinery reached the same rate of production as before the war. Recently, Abadan has been the site of major labour activity as workers at the oil refineries in the city have staged walkouts and strikes to protest non-payment of wages and the political situation in the country.[31]
Recent events
To honor the 100th anniversary of the refining of oil in Abadan, city officials are planning an oil museum.[32] The Abadan oil refinery was featured on the reverse side of Iran's 100-rial banknotes printed in 1965 and from 1971 to 1973. Abadan today has been declared as a free zone city. The healthy relationship between Iran and Iraq has become one of the transit cities connecting both countries through a 40-minute drive.
Population
Year | People |
---|---|
1910 | 400 |
1949 | 173,000[33] |
1956 | 220,000[8] |
1980 | 300,000 |
1986 | 6 |
1991 | 84,774[9] |
2001 | 206,073 |
2006 | 217,988[34] |
2011 | 212,744[35] |
2016 | 231,476[3] |
The civilian population of the city almost disappeaed during the eight years of the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988). The 1986 census recorded only 6 people. In 1991, 84,774 people had returned to live in the city.[9] By 2001, the population had jumped to 206,073; the 2006 census put it at 217,988 people in 48,061 households.[34] The following census in 2011 counted 212,744 people in 55,318 households.[35] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 231,476 people in 66,470 households.[3][34] Abadan Refinery is one of the largest in the world.
Only 9% of managers (of the oil company) were from Khuzestan. The proportion of natives of
Geography
Climate
The climate in Abadan is
Climate data for Abadan (1991–2020, records 1951-present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
34.0 (93.2) |
41.1 (106.0) |
43.4 (110.1) |
49.4 (120.9) |
52.2 (126.0) |
53.0 (127.4) |
53.0 (127.4) |
50.1 (122.2) |
45.5 (113.9) |
37.7 (99.9) |
29.8 (85.6) |
53.0 (127.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
33.2 (91.8) |
40.2 (104.4) |
45.2 (113.4) |
46.8 (116.2) |
46.9 (116.4) |
43.4 (110.1) |
36.7 (98.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
20.3 (68.5) |
33.8 (92.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
20.1 (68.2) |
26.1 (79.0) |
32.5 (90.5) |
36.5 (97.7) |
37.8 (100.0) |
37.3 (99.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
27.7 (81.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
26.1 (79.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.9 (46.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.1 (57.4) |
19.6 (67.3) |
24.9 (76.8) |
27.8 (82.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
28.5 (83.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
20.3 (68.5) |
14.0 (57.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
19.2 (66.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −4.0 (24.8) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 32.9 (1.30) |
16.2 (0.64) |
19.5 (0.77) |
12.6 (0.50) |
2.7 (0.11) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
7.7 (0.30) |
23.2 (0.91) |
39.6 (1.56) |
154.5 (6.09) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.1 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 3 | 3.5 | 19.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
69 | 57 | 48 | 40 | 29 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 31 | 43 | 57 | 68 | 43 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) |
5.9 (42.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
9.3 (48.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.1 (55.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
9.7 (49.5) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.5 (49.2) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 201 | 205 | 244 | 243 | 297 | 343 | 341 | 342 | 305 | 270 | 214 | 201 | 3,206 |
Mean daily daylight hours | 10.4 | 11.1 | 12 | 12.9 | 13.7 | 14.1 | 13.9 | 13.2 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 12.1 |
Average ultraviolet index | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 7 |
Source 1: NOAA NCEI[40]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[38] Weather atlas(Daylight-UV)[41] |
Climate data for Abadan (1951–2010, records 1951-present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
34.0 (93.2) |
41.1 (106.0) |
43.4 (110.1) |
49.4 (120.9) |
52.2 (126.0) |
53.0 (127.4) |
53.0 (127.4) |
50.1 (122.2) |
45.5 (113.9) |
37.7 (99.9) |
29.8 (85.6) |
53.0 (127.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
20.9 (69.6) |
25.9 (78.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
39.2 (102.6) |
43.8 (110.8) |
45.4 (113.7) |
45.4 (113.7) |
42.5 (108.5) |
36.1 (97.0) |
26.8 (80.2) |
19.9 (67.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
25.2 (77.4) |
31.2 (88.2) |
35.2 (95.4) |
36.7 (98.1) |
36.3 (97.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
25.5 (77.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
8.7 (47.7) |
18.1 (64.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −4.0 (24.8) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 35.5 (1.40) |
20.0 (0.79) |
19.2 (0.76) |
14.4 (0.57) |
3.2 (0.13) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
3.9 (0.15) |
20.5 (0.81) |
36.4 (1.43) |
153.3 (6.04) |
Average rainy days | 4.7 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 4.6 | 22.3 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
70 | 61 | 51 | 44 | 33 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 34 | 45 | 58 | 69 | 45 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 180.6 | 195.0 | 222.3 | 221.6 | 262.9 | 292.1 | 305.1 | 290.4 | 290.4 | 263.4 | 202.4 | 182.5 | 2,908.7 |
Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[38] (temperatures),[42] (precipitation),[43] (humidity),[44] (days with precipitation),[45] (sunshine)[46][47][39] |
Economics and education
The Abadan Institute of Technology was established in Abadan in 1939.[14] The school specialized in engineering and petroleum chemistry, and was designed to train staff for the refinery in town. The school's name has since changed several times, but since 1989 has been considered a branch campus of the Petroleum University of Technology, centred in Tehran. Abadan University of Medical Sciences, It was founded by Ministry of Health and Medical Education in September 1941 as a Nursing Faculty and in 2012 it became an independent faculty of medical school. Program study of this school is similar to curriculum that applies most Iranian medical faculties.
Abadan was chosen for constructing a refinery because of its strategic position and proximity to other resources. The Abadan Refinery construction project started in 1909 and its operation began in 1962 by a production capacity of 2500 barrels per day.
There is an international
Today, Abadan is known for its lively fish market where locals buy fresh catch of the day used in the many delicious seafood dishes of the city. Abadan is also part of the Arvand Free Zone, a 155 square kilometer industrial and security zone.[49]
Major corporations
|
|
University
- Petroleum University of Technology
- Abadan University of Medical Sciences
- Islamic Azad University of Abadan
- MehrArvand University
- PNU of Abadan
Main sights
Bridge
- Bahmanshir Bridge at Istgah-e Haft
- Imam Reza Cable Bridge
Mosques
- Rangooniha Mosque
Museums
- Abadan Museum
- Historical and Handwritten Documents Museum
- Abadan Gasoline House Museum
- Oil Museum of Abadan
Church
Cinema
- Cinema Naft
- Shirin Movie Theater
Notable people
- Nasser Taghvai – director
- Amir Naderi – director
- Ahmad Reza Abedzadeh – football player
- Najaf Daryabandari – writer
- Hamid Farrokhnezhad – actor
- Bahman Golbarnezhad – paralympic racing cyclist
- Abie Nathan – peace activist
- Gholam Hossein Mazloumi – football coach
- Firoozeh Dumas – writer
- Zoya Pirzad – writer
- Martik – singer
- Parviz Dehdari – football coach
- Cyma Zarghami – TV producer
- Patrik Baboumian – strongman
- Bizhan Emkanian – actor
- Hossein Vafaei – snooker player
- Mehdi Hasheminasab – football player
- Manouchehr Mohammadi – film producer
- Sussan Babaie – art historian
- Hossein Nassim – water polo coach
- Mohsen Bayatinia – football player
- Hossein Kanaanizadegan – football player
- Mojahed Khaziravi – football player
- Abdolhassan Kazemi – retired football player
- Parviz Mazloumi – football coach
- Farhad Hasanzadeh – poet
- Hamid Rashidi – lawyer
Transportation
By plane
The city is served by
By train
The nearest railway station is in Khorramshahr, about 10 km north of Abadan. Daytime trains from Ahvaz as well as overnight trains from Tehran and Mashhad are available.
Sport
Sanat Naft Abadan F.C., is one of the Iranian football clubs that is currently competing with other teams in the Iranian Football Premier League. Takhti Stadium, the main stadium is the city and the team.
Sister cities
See also
- Abadan Crisis
- Abadan crisis timeline
- Battle of Abadan
- Bechari House
- Bostan
- Iran–Iraq War
- Khorramshahr
- Shadegan
- Susangerd
- Tidal irrigation at Abadan island, Iran
Explanatory notes
Citations
- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (20 July 2023). "Abadan, Abadan County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ شهردار آبادان انتخاب شد irna.ir (in Persian)
- ^ a b c "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 06. Archived from the original (Excel) on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Habibi, Hassan. "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Khuzestan province, centered in the city of Ahvaz". Islamic Parliament Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political and Defense Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ a b Hoiberg 2010, p. 6
- ^ Hoeschel et al. 1600, p. 48
- ^ a b c Elwell-Sutton & de Planhol 1982, p. 52
- ^ a b Hoiberg 2010, p. 7
- ^ a b c Lagassé 2000, p. 2
- ^ Elwell-Sutton & de Planhol 1982, p. 53
- ^ Ferrier 1991, pp. 641–42
- ^ Greaves 1991, pp. 418–19
- ^ a b Abrahamian 2008, p. 56
- ^ a b c Ferrier 1991, pp. 647–48
- ^ a b c MacPherson 1989, p. 164
- ^ Issawi 1991, pp. 606–07
- ISBN 1-84212-526-5.
- ^ Ferrier 1991, p. 651
- ^ "Document Detail for IRISNUM= 00190278". Air Force History Index. 3 April 1987. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
- ^ Wilber 1984, p. 141
- ^ Melamid 1997, p. 6
- ^ a b Chelkowski 1991, p. 800
- ^ a b Abrahamian 2008, p. 159
- ^ a b c Axworthy 2013, pp. 108–09
- ^ a b Daniel 2001, pp. 167–68
- ^ Satrapi 2003, pp. 14–15
- ^ Keddie 2003, p. 231
- ^ Daniel 2001, p. 208
- ^ MacPherson 1989, p. 154
- ^ Axworthy 2013, p. 309
- ^ Mather 2009
- ^ "Southern Iran Craves for an Oil Museum". Petro Energy Information Network. 22 October 2005. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
- ^ Hein & Sedighi 2016.
- ^ a b c "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 06. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 06. Archived from the original (Excel) on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Elwell-Sutton & de Planhol 1982, pp. 55–56
- ^ Burt 2004, p. 36
- ^ a b c * "Highest record temperature in Abadan by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- "Lowest record temperature in Abadan by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ a b "40831: Abadan (Iran)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
- NOAA. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ "Climate and monthly weather forecast Abadan, Iran". weather atlas. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ * "Average Maximum temperature in Abadan by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- "Average Mean Daily temperature in Abadan by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- "Average Minimum temperature in Abadan by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Monthly Total Precipitation in Abadan by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Average relative humidity in Abadan by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Abadan by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Monthly total sunshine hours in ABADAN by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 8 April 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "40831: Abadan (Iran)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 2 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ Flightradar24. "Flightradar24.com – Live flight tracker!". Flightradar24.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Abadan city Book. 187.1.1
General references
- ISBN 978-0-521-52891-7.
- ISBN 978-0-19-932226-8.
- Burt, Christopher C. (2004). Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32658-1.
- Chelkowski, Peter (1991). "21: Popular Entertainment, Media and Social Change in Twentieth-century Iran". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.
- Daniel, Elton L. (2001). The History of Iran. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. LCCN 00-033132.
- Elwell-Sutton, L. P.; de Planhol, X. (1982). "Ābādān". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I: Āb-Abd-al-HamĪd. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 51–57. ISBN 978-0710090904. Archivedfrom the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
- Ferrier, Ronald (1991). "18: The Iranian Oil Industry". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.
- Greaves, Rose (1991). "11: Iranian Relations with Britain and British India, 1798–1921". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.
- Hein, Carola; Sedighi, Mohamad (2016). "Iran's Global Petroleumscape: The Role of Oil in Shaping Khuzestan and Tehran". Architectural Theory Review. 21 (3): 349–374. .
- Hoeschel, David; Heracleensis, Marcianus; von Karyanda, Skylax; Messenius, Dicaearchus; Characenus, Isidorus (1600). Geographica Marciani Heracleotae, Scylacis caryandensis, artemidoriephesii, dicaearchi messenii, isidori characeni. Augsburg.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Ābādān". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. pp. 6–7. LCCN 2002113989.
- Issawi, Charles (1991). "16: European Economic Penetration, 1872–1921". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.
- Keddie, Nikki R. (2003). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution (Revised ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09856-3.
- Lagassé, Paul, ed. (2000). "Abadan". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. LCCN 00-027927.
- MacPherson, Angus (1989). "3: The Economy". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Iran: A Country Study. Area Handbook Series (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
- Mather, Yassamine (19 November 2009). "Workers organise against regime". Weekly Worker. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
- Melamid, Alexander (1997). "Abadan". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P. F. Collier.
- NOAA (2013). "Abadan Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
- Satrapi, Marjane (2003). Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-375-71457-3.
- Vadahti, M. (2006). "سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1385 (بدون احتساب خانوارهاي موسسه اي و غيرساكن)" [Census of Population and Housing 1385 (excluding institutional households and nomads)]. Archived from the original (Excel) on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- Wilber, Donald N. (1984) [1948]. Iran: Past and Present: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic (9th ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00025-1.
Further reading
- Axworthy, Michael (2008). A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00888-9.