Abaqa Khan
Abaqa Khan
| |
---|---|
Hulagu Khan | |
Mother | Yesuncin Khatun |
Religion | Buddhism |
Abaqa Khan (27 February 1234 – 4 April 1282,
Life
Abaqa was born in
Hulagu died from illness in 1265. Before his death, he had been negotiating with the Byzantine Emperor
It was Abaqa who decided that the permanent location for the Ilkhanate capital would be Tabriz, which was in the northwestern grasslands that the Mongols preferred.[5]
Abaqa took power four months after the death of his father, and then spent the next several months redistributing fiefs and governorships.[3]
Some of the coins from Abaqa's era display the Christian cross, and bear in Arabic the Christian inscription "In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, only one God".[6]
Military campaigns
Golden Horde
Since Hulagu's reign, the Mongols of the Ilkhanate had been at war with the Mongols of the Golden Horde. This continued into Abaqa's reign, and the Golden Horde invaded the Ilkhanate in the Spring after his accession. The invasion was partly due to an alliance between the Golden Horde and the Egyptian Mamluks. As part of this alliance, the Golden Horde attempted to distract Abaqa through attacks on his territories so as to keep him from invading Mamluk-held Syria.[3] The hostilities continued until the death of the Golden Horde's khan, Berke, in 1267. The Great Khan Kublai attempted to intervene to stop the civil war, and due to his influence, the Golden Horde's new khan, Möngke Temür did not launch a major invasion into Abaqa's territory.[7] However, Möngke Temür still established an alliance with the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Baibars promising that he would attack Abaqa and share any conquered territories.[8] But, at the same time, Möngke Temür sent envoys to congratulate Abaqa when the Ilkhan defeated Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq.[9] In 1270, he allowed Mengu-Timur to collect his revenues from workshops in Iran.[10]
Chagataids
In 1270,
Nizari Ismailis
Invasions of Syria
Diplomatic relations with Christians
Abaqa was one in a long line of Mongol rulers who attempted to secure Western co-operation against the Muslim
Campaign during the Ninth Crusade (1271)
In 1260
In response to the fall of Antioch, Edward I of England arrived in Acre in 1271, trying to lead a new Crusade. It was ultimately considered a military failure, but Edward was able to eventually secure a truce with the Mamluks before he had to return to England.
When Edward arrived in Acre, he had sent an embassy to Abaqa, led by Reginald Rossel, Godefroi of Waus and John of Parker, requesting military assistance from the Mongols.
"After talking over the matter, we have on our account resolved to send to your aid Cemakar (Samagar) at the head of a mighty force; thus, when you discuss among yourselves the other plans involving the aforementioned Cemakar be sure to make explicit arrangements as to the exact month and day on which you will engage the enemy."
— Letter from Abaqa to Edward I, 4 September 1271.[18]
The Mongols, including some auxiliary Seljuk troops, ravaged the land from Aleppo southward. Though the force was relatively small, they triggered an exodus of the Muslim population (who remembered the previous campaigns of the Mongol general Kitbuqa) as far south as Cairo.[19] Edward, for his part, was never able to muster his own forces to coordinate actions with the Mongols or even achieve any military victories, so Abaqa's forces eventually withdrew. When Baibars mounted a counter-offensive from Egypt on 12 November 1271, the Mongols had already retreated beyond the Euphrates.
Campaigns of 1280–1281
The Mamluk leader
Abaqa and
The Mongols finally retreated, pledging to come back for the winter of 1281. They informed the Franks that they would bring 50,000 Mongol horsemen and 50,000 Mongol infantry, but apparently this pledge did not receive a response.[22]
Campaign of Autumn 1281
The
The announced Mongol invasion started in September 1281. They were joined by the
On 30 October 1281, 50,000
Death and succession
Abaqa died at
After Abaqa's death, his widow Maria fled back to Constantinople where her father, apparently wishing to spare his capital the fate that befell Baghdad, tried to marry her off again to another Mongol khan. Maria would not accept the offer, became a
Abaqa was succeeded by his brother
A younger son, Gaykhatu, assumed the throne in 1291.[29][30][31]
Family
Abaqa had sixteen consorts and children with several of them:
Inherited from
- Öljei Khatun, mother of Möngke Temür
- Tuqtani (or Toqiyatai) (d. 20 February 1292) — former concubine, raised to be a khatun, was given Dokuz Khatun's encampment
Principal wives:
- Dorji Khatun
- Nukdan Khatun — from Tatar tribe; replaced Dorji after her death
- Eltuzmish Khatun — daughter of Qutlugh Timur Güregen of Khonggirad, sister of Taraghai Güregen; replaced Nukdan after her death
- Padishah Khatun — daughter of Qutb-ud-din Muhammad, ruler of Kirman and Kutlugh Turkan; was given Yesunchin Khatun's (d. January/February 1272) encampment
- Mertei Khatun — sister of Taghai Timur (renamed Musa) of Khongirad (son of Shigu Güregen, son of Alchi Noyan; and Tümelün Bekhi, daughter of Genghis Khan and Borte)
- Todai Khatun — a lady from Khongirad, who afterwards married Tekuder and after him Arghun
- Yul Qutlugh Khatun — married firstly to Eljidei Qushchi, married secondly to Emir Elbasmish
- Taghai Khatun — married firstly to Ahmad, brother of Qunchuqbal, married secondly to Doladi Idachi;
- Despina Khatun — daughter of Michael VIII Palaiologos
- Theodora Ara Qutlugh (Byzantine Greek: Θεοδώρα Ἀραχαντλούν)[32]
- Theodora Ara Qutlugh (
- Buluqhan Khatun (died 20 April 1286) — a lady from the Bayaut tribe
- Malika Khatun — married to Toghan, son of Nogai Yarghuchi of Bayaut
Concubines:
- Bulughachin Aghachi
- Qaitmish Egachi — a lady from the Öngüd tribe
- Bulujin Egachi
- Vakhtang II of Georgia, married secondly to David VIII of Georgia
- El Qutlugh Khatun — married to Ghurbatai Güregen of the Hushin tribe
- Shirin Egachi
- Altai Egachi
- Kawkabi Egachi
- Toghanchuq Khatun (died 1291) — married to Nawruz, son of Arghun Aqa
Notes
- ^ a b "ABAQA – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
- JSTOR 4299907.
- ^ a b c d Runciman, p. 320.
- ^ Van Millingen (1912), p. 273.
- ^ Morgan, p. 142.
- ^ Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, Jean-Paul Roux, p. 380.
- ^ J. J. Saunders The history of Mongol conquests
- ^ Reuven Amitei Press Mamluk-Ilkhanid war 1260-1281
- Rashid ad-DinThe history of World
- ^ Салих Закиров - Зол, Peter Jackson The Mongol Empire and its legacy, p. 31.
- ^ Knobler
- ^ Jackson, pp. 167–168.
- ^ Peter Jackson, Mongols and the West, p. 167.
- ^ Amin Maalouf, p. 267.
- ^ Amin Maalouf, p. 268 (in French)
- ^ Runciman, pp. 325–327.
- Eracles, p. 461) explaining that Edward contacted the Mongols "por querre secors" ("To ask for help")
- ^ Quoted in Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks, p. 98.
- ^ Histoire des Croisades III, René Grousset, p. 653.
- ^ a b Richard, pp. 465–466.
- ^ Runciman, p. 387.
- ^ a b Runciman, p. 390.
- ^ Grousset, p. 688.
- ^ Grousset, p. 687.
- Knights Hospitallers, called al-osbitar by the Arabs, "These monk-knights had supported the Mongols wholeheartedly, going so far as to fight alongside them during a fresh attempted invasion in 1281."
- ^ a b "Mangu Timur commanded the Mongol centre, with other Mongol princes on his left, and on his right his Georgian auxiliaries, with King Leo and the Hospitallers", Runciman, pp. 391–392.
- ^ P. Jackson: "Abaqa" in Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 1 (1983), p. 63.
- ^ Tyerman, p. 817.
- ^
Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. ISBN 9781576070918. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
- ^
Ann K. S. Lambton (1988). Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic, and Social History, 11th-14th Century. ISBN 9780887061332. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
- ^ "Padishah Khatun (Safwat al-Din Khatun): 13th Century". Women in World History. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
- )
References
- Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995). Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260-1281. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-46226-6.
- Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9.
- Roux, Jean-Paul, Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, Fayard, ISBN 2-213-03164-9
- ISBN 2-213-59787-1.
- ISBN 978-0-14-013705-7.
- ISBN 0-674-02387-0.