Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh

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Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh
Bornbefore 1115
Died7 June 1154
near Eilat
NationalityFatimid Caliphate
Occupation(s)Military commander, governor of Cairo, vizier
Years activebefore 1149 – 1154

Abu’l-Faḍl ʿAbbās ibn Abī al-Futūḥ al-Ṣinhājī (

honorific al-Afḍal Rukn al-Dīn (lit.'Most Excellent Pillar of the Faith'),[1] was a prince of the Zirid dynasty of Ifriqiya who served as vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate
in 1153–1154.

Abbas' family fled to Egypt when he was an infant. He grew up in the household of the Fatimid general and governor

Crusaders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, he instead arranged the murder of Ibn al-Sallar and became vizier himself. Along with his son, Nasr, Abbas was then responsible for the murder of Caliph al-Zafir in April 1154, and the accession of the infant al-Fa'iz to the throne. This provoked the women of the Fatimid harem to call upon the governor Tala'i ibn Ruzzik for aid. Ibn Ruzzik overthrew Abbas, who with a few followers fled to Syria
. The party was intercepted by the Crusaders, and Abbas was killed on 7 June 1154. Nasr was handed over to the Fatimids, who had him executed.

Life

Abbas was born shortly before 1115, to Abu al-Futuh, a prince of the

In 1115, when Abbas was still an infant, his father was banished to

al-Amir (r. 1101–1130).[4] When Abu al-Futuh died, Abbas' mother, Bullara, married a second time, to the powerful Fatimid general and governor of Alexandria, al-Adil ibn al-Sallar.[1][4]

Under Ibn al-Sallar

Map of the Middle East showing the Christian states of c. 1140 in colour
Political map of the Levant in c. 1140

In 1149, the new caliph, the 16-year-old al-Zafir (r. 1149–1154), appointed his father's long-standing chief secretary, Ibn Masal, to the vacant vizierate.[5] This appointment was opposed by Ibn al-Sallar, who marched on Cairo and forced al-Zafir to appoint him as vizier instead.[1][4] Abbas likely accompanied his stepfather during his uprising, and was then tasked with the pursuit of Ibn Masal, who had fled the capital to rally troops in Lower Egypt.[1][4]

Ibn Masal managed to gather an army of

Bahnasa, on 19 February 1150. Abbas returned to Cairo, bringing Ibn Masal's severed head with him.[4][6] Thus rid of his rival, Ibn al-Sallar made a triumphal entry into Cairo on 24 March.[1] Few details are known about Abbas' life during the next four years of his stepfather's vizierate; according to Ibn al-Dawadari and Ibn Taghribirdi, Abbas may have served as governor of one half of Cairo during this time (although the two authors differ on which half, eastern or western).[4] It is also during this time that Abbas's son, Nasir al-Din Nasr, became a favourite of Caliph al-Zafir.[1]

Abbas reappears in the sources in early 1153, when he was appointed to lead an expedition to

Bilbays Abbas halted and decided to instead overthrow his stepfather and usurp the vizierate. Most medieval historians, apparently drawing from the same account, report that Usama ibn Munqidh, a friend to both Abbas and Ibn al-Sallar, was involved. Abbas and Usama are said to have been discussing the pleasures of Egypt, and their reluctance to abandon them. At the instigation of Usama, Abbas resolved to secretly send his son, Nasr, who had the ear of the caliph, to Cairo in order to ask al-Zafir to depose Ibn al-Sallar. This was easily achieved, as Ibn al-Sallar's rule was regarded as oppressive, and the caliph apparently had already sought to get rid of his over-mighty vizier. Ibn al-Sallar was killed in his sleep by Nasr on 3 April 1153, and Abbas quickly returned to Cairo and was named as vizier.[1][4][7] Abandoned to its fate, Ascalon surrendered to the Crusaders on 20 August 1153.[1][7]

Vizierate and downfall

Abbas' tenure as vizier was troubled from the outset.[4] Ibn al-Sallar's supporters threatened to kill Usama for his rumoured role in the vizier's downfall,[4] while Abbas and Nasr, according to Usama's memoirs, were now suspicious of each other, so that Usama had to mediate between them.[1] A major issue was Nasr's close, and widely suspected to be sexual, relationship with the caliph, which aroused negative reactions among the court, while Usama also claims that al-Zafir incited Nasr to kill his own father.[4] The veracity of Usama's claims is impossible to verify, but his version has been taken up by most medieval sources. There are a few diverging accounts, such as Ibn Taghrirbirdi, who rejects any sexual relationship between Nasr and the caliph, but claims that Nasr plotted to murder and replace his father on his own account.[4]

In the end, Abbas and Nasr, urged by Usama, turned on al-Zafir: on the night of 16 April 1154, Nasr invited the caliph to the vizieral palace of Dar Yunis, and murdered him.

al-Fa'iz.[1][9][8]

The court and populace now had enough of the incessant plotting, culminating in the murder of a caliph.[4] The terrified women of the Fatimid harem called upon the Armenian-born governor of Asyut, Tala'i ibn Ruzzik, for assistance, reportedly sending their own cut hair in supplication.[8][10] Ibn Ruzzik readily agreed and marched on Cairo. Abbas tried to resist, but faced general opposition: most of the troops were reluctant to support him or defected outright, and the remainder found themselves under attack by the populace with stones. In the end, on 29 May Abbas had to force his way out of the capital with his son and a handful of followers.[8][11]

The party made for the Levant, but was intercepted on 7 June by the Crusaders near

Bab Zuwayla gate.[4][12]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Becker & Stern 1960, p. 9.
  2. ^ Brett 2017, pp. 85, 112ff..
  3. ^ Brett 2017, p. 184.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Sajjadi 2015.
  5. ^ Halm 2014, p. 223.
  6. ^ a b Canard 1971, p. 868.
  7. ^ a b c Brett 2017, p. 282.
  8. ^ a b c d Brett 2017, p. 283.
  9. ^ Halm 2014, p. 237.
  10. ^ Halm 2014, p. 238.
  11. ^ Halm 2014, pp. 238–239.
  12. ^ a b Halm 2014, p. 240.

Sources

  • OCLC 495469456
    .
  • Brett, Michael (2017). The Fatimid Empire. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. .
  • .
  • .
  • Sajjadi, Sadeq (2015). "ʿAbbās b. Abī al-Futūḥ". In
    ISSN 1875-9831
    .
Preceded by Vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate
1153–1154
Succeeded by