Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

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Military Intelligence
In office
3 January 2010 – 12 August 2012
Preceded byMurad Muwafi
Succeeded byMahmoud Hegazy
Personal details
Born
Abd el-Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi

(1954-11-19) 19 November 1954 (age 69)
Egypt
Political partyIndependent
Spouse
Field marshal
UnitInfantry
Battles/wars

Abd el-Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi (

Field Marshal
in January 2014.

Sisi was born in Cairo in 1954. As a young man, he joined the Egyptian Army and held a post in Saudi Arabia before enrolling in the Egyptian Army's Command and Staff College. Sisi received additional training at the Joint Services Command and Staff College in the United Kingdom in 1992, and at the United States Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 2006. Before becoming director of military intelligence in 2010, he served as a mechanized infantry commander. He never saw active combat throughout his military service.[2][3]

After the

Rabaa massacre
which killed at least several hundreds of civilians.

On 26 March 2014, in response to calls from supporters to run for the presidency,

Field Marshal el-Sisi retired from his military career and announced that he would run as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election.[4] The election, held between 26 and 28 May, featured one opponent, Hamdeen Sabahi,[5] saw 47% participation by eligible voters, and resulted in Sisi winning in a landslide victory with 97% of the vote.[5][6][7] Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014.[8]

Sisi rules an authoritarian regime in

sex tape,[18][19][20] and the withdrawal of Khaled Ali and Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat due to the overwhelming obstacles presented, and violations committed, by the elections committee.[21][22][23]

He was sworn into office for a third term on 2 April 2024.[24]

Early life and military education

Sisi was born in Old Cairo on 19 November 1954[25] to Said Hussein Khalil al-Sisi and Soad Mohamed, both from Monufia Governorate.[26][27] He grew up in Gamaleya, near al-Azhar Mosque, in a quarter where Muslims, Jews and Christians resided and in which he later recalled how, during his childhood, he had heard church bells and watched Jews flock to synagogue unhindered.[28]

He later enrolled in the

Mohamed Hussein Tantawi and serve as the commander-in-chief and Minister of Defense and Military Production on 12 August 2012.[30]

Sisi's family origins were in the Monufia Governorate. He is the second eldest of eight siblings. His father, a conservative but not radical Muslim, who later had six additional children with a second wife,[31] owned an antiques shop for tourists in the historic bazaar of Khan el-Khalili.[32]

Sisi and his siblings studied at the nearby library at al-Azhar University. Unlike his brothers – one of whom is a senior judge, another a civil servant – el-Sisi went to a local army-run secondary school, where he developed a relationship with his maternal cousin, Entissar Amer. They were married upon Sisi's graduation from the Egyptian Military Academy in 1977.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39] He attended the following courses:

Military career (1977–2014)

El-Sisi received his commission as a military officer in 1977 serving in the

mechanised infantry, specialising in anti-tank warfare and mortar warfare. He became Commander of the Northern Military Region-Alexandria in 2008 and then Director of Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance. El-Sisi was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt. While a member of the Supreme Council, he made controversial statements regarding allegations that Egyptian soldiers had subjected detained female demonstrators to forced virginity tests. He is reported to have told Egypt's state-owned newspaper that “the virginity-test procedure was done to protect the girls from rape as well as to protect the soldiers and officers from rape accusations”.[25] He was the first member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to admit that the invasive tests had been carried out.[41]

Bright Star exercise
in 2009. Sisi was sitting on the left back seat.

Main command positions

  • Commander, 509th Mechanized Infantry Battalion[40]
  • Chief of Staff, 134th Mechanized Infantry Brigade[40]
  • Commander, 16th Mechanized Infantry Brigade[40]
  • Chief of Staff, 2nd Mechanized Infantry Division[40]
  • Chief of Staff, Northern Military Zone[40]
  • Deputy Director, Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance Department[40]
  • Director, Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance Department[40]

Also reported is commander of the 23rd Mechanized Division, Third Field Army.

Minister of Defense

Field Marshal
Sisi as Minister of Defense, 2013

On 12 August 2012, Egyptian President

Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, with then little-known el-Sisi. He also promoted him to the rank of colonel general.[42] Sisi was then described by the official website of FJP as a “Defense minister with revolutionary taste”.[43] El-Sisi also took the post of Minister of Defense and Military Production in the Qandil Cabinet
.

General al-Sisi (left) and then President Mohamed Morsi (right) listen to visiting U.S. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel (center) during a meeting with U.S. officials on 24 April 2013, just months before Sisi overthrew Morsi in a coup d'état.

El-Sisi was appointed as Minister of Defense on 12 August 2012. He remained in office under the new government formed after the deposition of Morsi, and led by

Hazem al-Beblawi. He was also appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt. On 27 January 2014, he was promoted to the rank of field marshal.[44]

Civil uprising, coup d'état and transition

Demonstrations against President Morsi, June 2013
Main articles:
August 2013 Rabaa massacre

Mass demonstrations occurred on 30 June 2013 as Egyptians took to the streets to denounce Mohamed Morsi. Clashes took place around Egypt. Soon afterwards, the Egyptian Army issued a 48-hour ultimatum which aired on television that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the anti-Morsi demonstrators. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then.[45] On 3 July 2013, the Egyptian Armed Forces declared that as the political parties had failed to meet the deadline and Morsi had failed to build a national consensus for his leadership, the army had to overthrow Morsi in a coup d'état. The army then installed the Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour as the interim head of state in his place until a new president could be elected, and ordered the arrest of many members of the Muslim Brotherhood on charges of “inciting violence and disturbing general security and peace.”[46] El-Sisi announced on television that the president had “failed to meet the demands of the Egyptian people” and declared that the constitution would be temporarily suspended, which was met by acceptance from anti-Morsi demonstrations and condemnation from pro-Morsi supporters in Rabaa al-Adawiya.

On 24 July 2013, during a speech at a military parade, el-Sisi called for mass demonstrations to grant the

Islamists.[48][49]

The reactions to el-Sisi's announcement ranged from open support from the

Nour Party,[52] the Islamist Strong Egypt Party,[53] the liberal April 6 Youth Movement[54] and some western-backed human rights groups.[55]
During the
deaths of 638 people, of whom 595 were protestors and 43 were security forces, with at least 3,994 injured from both sides (according to the Ministry of Health). In addition to several violent incidents in various cities including Menya and Kerdasa against security forces which resulted in the Kerdasa massacre.[56][57] Writing for British newspaper The Independent in August 2013, Robert Fisk described then-General el-Sisi as being at a loss, but that a massacre - as Fisk called the sit-in dispersal - would go down in history as an infamy.[58] Writing for the American magazine Time, Lee Smith concluded that “Egypt's new leader is unfit to rule”, referring not to the actual head of government at the time, interim president Adly Mansour, but to Sisi.[59] In a file published by the State Information Services, the government explained the raids by stating that “police went on to use force dispersing the sit-in on 14 August 2013 with the least possible damage, causing hundreds of civilians and police to fall as victims, while Muslim Brotherhood supporters imposed a blockade for 46 days against the people in al-Nahda and Rabaa al-Adawiya squares under the name of sit-in where tens of protesters took to the street daily hindered the lives of the Egyptians, causing unrest and the death or injury of many victims as well as damage to public and private properties”.[60]

On 3 August 2013, el-Sisi gave his first interview since the overthrow of President Mohamed Morsi. Speaking to

Obama administration of disregarding the Egyptian popular will and of providing insufficient support amid threats of a civil war, saying, “You left the Egyptians. You turned your back on the Egyptians and they won't forget that.”[61]

On 6 October war anniversary in 2013, el-Sisi announced that the army was committed to the popular mandate of 26 July 2013: “We are committed, in front of

Cardiff, UK on 21 September 2013.

During the anniversary celebration that year, General el-Sisi invited the Emirati, Iraqi, Bahraini, Moroccan and Jordanian defense ministers to celebrate with him. During his speech he said in a warning way that the Egyptian people “will never forget who stood with them or against them”. El-Sisi described 6 October as “a day to celebrate for all Arabs”, hoping for the “unification of Arabs”. He also thanked “Egypt's Arab brothers, who stood by its side”. El-Sisi commented on the relationship between the Egyptian army and Egyptian people, saying that it is hard to break. El-Sisi said: “We would die before you [the Egyptian people] would feel pain”. He also compared the Egyptian army to the Pyramid, saying that “it cannot be broken”.[62]

Civil liberties

After Sisi had ousted president Morsi and disbanded the Shura Council, in September 2013 interim president Adly Mansour temporarily decreed that ministers could award contracts without a

request for tender. In the next month, the government awarded building contracts worth approximately one billion dollars to the Egyptian Army.[63]
In April 2014, the interim government's Investment Law banned appeals against government contracts.

Also in September 2013, the interim government removed pre-trial detention limits for certain crimes, allowing unconvicted political dissidents to remain

in detention indefinitely. In November 2013, el-Sisi's government banned protests in an attempt to combat the growing pro-Brotherhood unrest; the police arrested thousands of Egyptians using the new law.[63]

On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death,[64] following an attack on a police station in 2013, an act described by Amnesty International as “the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences we've seen in recent years […] anywhere in the world”.[65] The BBC reported that by May 2016, approximately 40,000 people, mostly Brotherhood members or loyalists, had been imprisoned since Morsi's overthrow.[66]

Cult of personality

The anti-Morsi demonstrators on the streets welcomed el-Sisi's announcement of the overthrow of Morsi with celebrations and carried posters of el-Sisi, chanting “The Army and the People are one hand” and supporting General el-Sisi. On social networks, thousands of Egyptians changed their profile pictures to pictures of el-Sisi, while others started campaigns requesting that El-Sisi be promoted to the rank of field marshal, while others hoped he would be nominated in the next presidential elections.[67]

Cupcakes, chocolate and necklaces bearing the “CC” initials were created, restaurants in Egypt named sandwiches after him, blogs shared his pictures, and columns, op-eds, television shows and interviews discussed the “new idol of the Nile valley” in the Egyptian mainstream media.[68][69][70][71] On 6 December 2013, el-Sisi was named “Time Person of the Year” in Time magazine's annual reader poll.[72] The accompanying article noted “Sisi's success reflected the genuine popularity of a man who led what was essentially a military coup in July against the democratically elected government of then President Mohammed Morsi”.[73]

The “Kamel Gemilak” (Finish Your Favor) and “El-Sisi for President” campaigns were started to gather signatures to press el-Sisi, who had said he had no desire to govern, to run for presidency.

human rights violations carried out during the period of the interim government. He also denounced what he deemed to be the transitional government's hostility toward the goals of the revolution.[84][85][86]

Kamel Gemilak claimed to have collected 26 million signatures asking Sisi to run for president.

against el-Sisi's presidential bid.[91][92] The presidential election, which took place between 26 and 28 May 2014, saw el-Sisi win 96 percent of votes counted;[6] it was held without the participation of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom & Justice Party
, which had won every prior post-Mubarak electoral contest.

Presidency (2014–present)

President Sisi was sworn into office on 8 June 2014. The event was marked by an impromptu public holiday in Egypt in conjunction with festivals held nationwide.

Egypt's Supreme constitutional court in front of the deputy head of the constitutional court, Maher Sami, who described el-Sisi as a “rebel soldier” and a “revolutionary hero”; ex-president Adly Mansour; other constitutional court members; and a group of Egypt's top politicians. Sisi later moved to the Heliopolis Palace, where a 21-gun salute welcomed the new president, before the ex-president received Sisi near the palace's stairway. Sisi then presided over a reception for the foreign presidents, emirs, kings, and official delegations who had been invited. No representatives of Turkey, Tunisia or Qatar were invited, reportedly because of their governments' critical stances regarding then-recent events in Egypt;[95] representatives of Israel were also not invited. In a ceremony at Heliopolis Palace, Sisi gave a speech to the attendees. He and the previous president, Adly Mansour, also signed a document officially transferring power to Sisi, which was the first time in Egyptian history that power had been transferred in this way. Sisi then went on to Koubbeh Palace, where the final ceremony was held. There, he gave the final speech of the day to 1,200 attendees representing a spectrum of the Egyptian people—from various walks of life and from each of the provinces of Egypt. He described the problems that he said Egypt was facing, and his plan for addressing them, and declared, “In its next phase, Egypt will witness a total rise on both internal and external fronts, to compensate for what we have missed and correct the mistakes of the past”. Sisi then issued his first presidential decree, conferring the Order of the Nile upon the previous president, Adly Mansour.[96]

Domestic policy

Further information: Human rights in Egypt

According to Freedom House, President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi has governed Egypt in an increasingly authoritarian manner. They claim that meaningful political opposition is virtually nonexistent and that security forces engage in human rights abuses with impunity.[97]

Sisi has expressed his personal concerns about the issue of sexual assault in the country. He was photographed during a hospital visit to a woman receiving treatment after an assault during celebrations in Cairo's Tahrir Square, ordering the army, the police, and the media to counter the issue.[98]

El-Sisi has called for the reform and modernisation of Islam;[99] to that end, he has taken measures within Egypt such as regulating mosque sermons and changing school textbooks (including the removal of some content on Saladin and Uqba ibn Nafi inciting or glorifying hatred and violence).[100][101] He has also called for an end to the Islamic verbal divorce; however, this was rejected by a council of scholars from Al-Azhar University.[102]

El-Sisi also became the first Egyptian president in the country's history to attend Christmas Mass

Coptic Orthodox Christmas service in Cairo in January 2015 calling for unity and wishing the Christians a merry Christmas.[103][104]

Human rights policy

Protesters outside 10 Downing Street against UK visit of President Sisi in November 2015

According to

Wilayah Sayna, an ISIS affiliate in North Sinai. In addition to prosecutions, travel bans and asset freezes against human rights defenders, and repressive new legislations that threaten to kill the independent civil society.[105] The government is also responsible for arbitrary arrests and torture of children as young as twelve.[106]

Mass demonstrations against his government broke out on 20 September 2019, protesting perceived corruption, repression and lack of freedom.[107][108] Sisi blamed political Islam for protests and instability. According to him, “As long as we have political Islam movements that aspire for power, our region will remain in a state of instability.” Sisi stated that public opinion in Egypt would not accept political Islam to return to government, referring to 30 June 2013 uprising and coup d'état against the Muslim Brotherhood rule.[109]

Economic reforms

El-Sisi listens as US Secretary of State Kerry addresses audience of several thousand attending the EEDC.

Sisi, who is reportedly facing a severe economic ordeal in Egypt, has decided to raise fuel prices by 78 percent as an introduction to cut the subsidies on basic food stuffs and energy, which use nearly a quarter of the state budget. The Egyptian government has always provided these subsidies as a crucial aid to millions of people who live in poverty, fearing people's anger in five years time.

Bread Riots of 1977.[113] Sisi, who had previously accepted only half of his own pay, called on Egyptians to make sacrifices, vowing to repair an economy growing at the slowest pace in two decades. Sisi warned Egyptians of more pain over the next two years from economic problems that he said had accumulated over the last four decades and needed to be fixed.[114] Egypt also paid more than $6 billion it owed to foreign oil companies within two months.[115] By March 2015 after 8 months of Sisi's rule, Egypt's external debt fell to $39.9 billion, a drop of 13.5 percent.[116]

As a result of the economic reforms, Moody's raised Egypt's credit ratings outlook to stable from negative[117] and Fitch Ratings upgraded Egypt's credit rating one step to “B” from “B−”.[118] Standard & Poor's rated Egypt B-minus with a stable outlook and upgraded Egypt's credit rating in November 2013. On 7 April 2015, Moody's upgraded Egypt's outlook from Caa1 to B3 with stable outlook expecting real GDP growth in Egypt to recover to 4.5% year-on-year for the fiscal year 2015, which ends in June, and then to rise to around 5%–6% over the coming four years[119] compared to 2.5% in 2014.

In May 2015, Egypt chose the banks to handle its return to the international bond market after a gap of five years marking a return of economic and political stability in the country after the revolution of 2011.[120] However, in early 2016 the Egyptian pound suffered from devaluation: in February when the pound was allowed to float briefly, its value reduced rapidly from £E7.83 per US dollar to £E8.95 per dollar, resulting in increased prices for everyday goods.[121]

Energy policy

Considered its worst in decades, Egypt's energy crisis that helped inflame the protests against former president Mohamed Morsi

power grids via submarine power cable of length around 1,619-kilometre (1,006 mi).[130][131]

National projects

In August 2014, President Sisi initiated a

new Suez Canal, a parallel channel running about one-third the length of the existing waterway,[132] which would double capacity of the existing canal from 49 to 97 ships a day. The new canal is expected to increase the Suez Canal's revenues by 259% from current annual revenues of $5 billion. The project cost around 60 billion Egyptian-pounds ($8.4 billion) and was fast-tracked over a year. Sisi insisted funding come from Egyptian sources only.[133] The new canal was inaugurated on schedule on 6 August 2015.[134]

Sisi also introduced the

Ismailia.[136]

Sisi also started the National Roads Project, which involves building a road network of more than 4,400 kilometres and uses 104 acres of land, promising that there are many development and reconstruction campaigns for Egypt to reduce the unemployment rate and increase the poor's income.[137]

An ambitious plan to build a new city near Cairo to serve as the country's new capital was announced during the

proposed new capital of Egypt is yet to be formally named and is intended to relieve population pressures from the greater Cairo area[138]

In 2016, President Sisi set a national goal of eliminating all unsafe slums in two years.[139] The first stage of the project was inaugurated on 30 May 2016 containing 11,000 housing units built at a cost of £E1.56 billion (US$177.8 Million). Funding was provided by the “Long Live Egypt” economic development fund in collaboration with civilian charitable organizations. The ultimate goal is the construction of 850,000 housing units with additional stages in processes funded in the same manner.[140]

An agricultural plan, under the name “New Delta Project”, aims to expand the Egyptian Delta and construct housing and farmlands westwards to increase Egypt's food sufficiency and general agricultural production.[141]

Opinion polls

In August 2014, Egypt's Baseera, the Centre for Public Opinion Research, said in a poll result that only eight percent of the sample were unhappy with El-Sisi's performance and ten percent of the sample said they could not identify their position. The poll showed that 78 percent of the sample said they would vote for Sisi should the presidential elections be held again the next day while 11 percent said they would not. Eighty-nine percent said that there was improvement in the security situation after Sisi's taking office. Seventy-three percent said that fuel has become regularly available since Sisi's election. Meanwhile, 35 percent of respondents believed price controls had improved, while 32 percent believed that they have become worse. Twenty-nine percent of the respondents did not see any change, and three percent were undecided.[142]

An April 2016 poll by Baseera after 22 months in office, indicated that Sisi garnered 79% approval rating while 8% were undecided and 13% disapprove of the president's performance. These numbers indicate a moderate drop from the last poll done in 2014.[143]

In October 2016, Baseera conducted a poll that reports 68% of respondents claim to support Sisi,[144] a 14% fall from the last poll created in August,[145] and it included that the reason for the fall was the ongoing price hikes.

According to an October 2016 survey fielded by Princeton University scholars found that “roughly 58% of respondents hold positive implicit attitudes toward Sisi”.[9]

Foreign policy

Main article: List of international presidential trips made by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Sisi with U.S. President Joe Biden at the GCC+3 summit in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 16 July 2022
Sisi with Indian PM Narendra Modi at the Hyderabad House in India, 25 January 2023

Africa

El-Sisi made an African tour, his first foreign visit since taking office a short visit to Algeria, seeking support to counter Islamist militancy in North Africa.[146] Shortly before Sisi arrived in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea to participate in the 23rd ordinary session of the African Union summit where he gave his speech blaming the AU for freezing Egypt's membership a year before. El-Sisi also announced the establishment of an Egyptian partnership agency for Africa's development.[147] He also concluded the tour with a few hours' visit to Sudan.[148]

The dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam escalated in 2021.[149] El-Sisi warned: “I am telling our brothers in Ethiopia, let's not reach the point where you touch a drop of Egypt's water, because all options are open.”[150]

Israel and Palestine

Further information: Egypt–Israel relations and Egypt–Palestine relations
Secretary Kerry and Egyptian Foreign Minister Shoukry discuss Gaza ceasefire with el-Sisi in Cairo.

2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. Egypt also criticised the IDF operation in the Gaza Strip as “oppressive policies of mass punishment rejecting 'the irresponsible Israeli escalation' in the occupied Palestinian territory, which comes in the form of 'excessive' and unnecessary use of military force leading to the death of innocent civilians”. It also demanded Israel adopt self-restraint and to keep in mind that being an “occupation force”, it has a legal and moral duty to protect civilian lives.[157]

After Egypt proposed an initiative for a ceasefire later accepted by Israel and rejected by Hamas, the Sisi administration urged the world to intervene and stop the crisis when it stated that its ceasefire efforts have been met with “obstinacy and stubbornness”.[158] Egypt also hosted several meetings with both Israeli and Palestinian officials in Cairo to mediate a ceasefire. President Sisi also ordered the Egyptian Armed Forces to transport 500 tons of aid, consisting of food and medical supplies, to Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. A statement was also released by the military saying that Egypt is pursuing its efforts to “stop the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip” under the president's supervision.[159][160] The conflict ended with an Egyptian-brokered ceasefire on 26 August 2014.

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, King Abdullah II of Jordan, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas sit together at the Congress Center in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, on 13 March 2015

Egypt also hosted the international donor conference in Cairo aiming to raise 4 billion (3.2 billion euros) to reconstruct the Gaza Strip.[161] Sisi described the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict as a great chance to end the 66-year-old conflict calling on Israel to reach a peace deal with the Palestinians and saying “I call on the Israeli people and the government: now is the time to end the conflict ... so that prosperity prevails, so that we all can have peace and security.”[161] Sisi mainly blames the Israeli–Palestinian conflict for the extremism in the Middle East describing it as a “fertile environment for the growth and spread of extremism, violence and terrorism”.[162] Sisi also promised that Egypt would guarantee Palestine would not violate the peace treaty when reached expressing Egypt's willingness to deploy Egyptian observer forces in the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[163]

Sisi also stipulated that the

Egyptian Revolution of 2011.[165]

In January 2020, in response to the Trump peace plan, the Sisi government issued a statement stating that it “recogniz[ed] the importance of considering the U.S. administration's initiative”, that it “call[ed] on the two relevant parties to undertake a careful and thorough consideration of the U.S. vision to achieve peace” and supporting the “restor[ation] to the Palestinian people [of] their full legitimate rights through the establishment of a sovereign independent state in the Palestinian occupied territories in accordance with international legitimacy and resolutions”.[166][167] Egypt's stance was different to those of Jordan,[168] Syria[169] and Lebanon,[170][171] which all opposed the plan in January 2020.

Sisi welcomed the Trump-brokered

Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan on the deal.[172]

On 22 March 2022, Sisi met with

Russian invasion of Ukraine.[173][174]

In October 2023, during the

Palestinian refugees, leading many in the pro-Palestine movement to support him[citation needed
].

Turkey

Further information: Egypt–Turkey relations
Sisi and Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev, who is a close ally of Turkey, 28 January 2023

Relations between Egypt and Turkey deteriorated significantly after Morsi's ousting. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, then Prime Minister, was the only leader to call Morsi's ouster a coup, calling for the immediate release of Morsi and insisting he is the legitimate president of Egypt. Turkish Minister for European Affairs Egemen Bagis also called for the UN Security Council to “take action” in Egypt.[177] Erdoğan was said not to recognise Sisi as president of Egypt and called him an “illegitimate tyrant”[178] in response to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict and alleged Egyptian support for Israel in its war against Hamas.[179][180] In response to Erdoğan's remarks, the Egyptian Foreign Ministry warned that the Egypt–Turkey relationship would be worsened[181] while Sisi refused to respond. Egypt's foreign ministry accused Erdogan of provocation and interfering in Egypt's internal affairs. In November 2013, Egypt told the Turkish ambassador to leave the country, a day after Erdoğan called for Morsi to be freed. Relations with Ankara were also lowered to chargé d'affaires.[182] The Egyptian foreign ministry also said that Egypt has cancelled joint naval drills with Turkey over Turkey's interference in Egypt's domestic affairs.[183] In September 2014, Egypt's foreign minister cancelled a meeting with now-President Erdoğan requested by Turkey after Erdoğan made a speech critical of Egypt in the UN General Assembly.[184] An advisor to the Turkish president denied that the countries' leaders were planning to meet. Sisi's administration also decided to cancel the “Roll-on/roll-off” agreement with Turkey, blocking Turkey from transporting Turkish containers to the Gulf via Egyptian ports.[185] In 2014, an intense campaign started by Egypt and Saudi Arabia against Turkey made it lose its predicted easy victory of membership in the United Nations Security Council.[186] In March 2021, Erdoğan said that Turkey was “keen on strengthening relations with Egypt”.[187] Egypt appreciated Turkey's comments,[188] but said that Turkey must turn the chapter and start taking action.[189] Turkey has ordered Muslim Brotherhood channels based in the country to calm criticism of Egypt and its president, or even completely stop it.[190]

Arab world

Further information:
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
Sisi, King Salman of Saudi Arabia and U.S. President Donald Trump at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi Arabia

military intervention in Yemen.[192]

In April 2016, King

NEOM megacity.[193][194][195][196]

In November 2016, Sisi said that he supported the presidency of Bashar al-Assad in Syria for the sake of stability.[197] In a February 2017 article in Foreign Affairs, Oren Kessler, the Deputy Director for Research at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, suggests there are three reasons for Sisi's pro-Assad position: Egypt's common enemies with Syria (ISIS and the Muslim Brotherhood) as opposed to Saudi Arabia's antagonism with Iran; Egypt and Syria's shared opposition to the policies of President Erdoğan of Turkey; and Egypt's growing relations with Russia, a close ally of Syria.[197] Kessler concludes that the sentiment of “revolution fatigue” amplifies Sisi's support for Assad.[197]

On 24 June 2022, Sisi met with Qatar's Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani on his first official visit to Egypt since 2015. They discussed diplomatic and economic relations after Qatar and Egypt had signed investments contracts worth more than US$5 billion in March 2022.[198][199][200]

Russia

Further information: Egypt–Russia relations
President Sisi with President Vladimir Putin and Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu, August 2014

Both military and political relations between Egypt and Russia witnessed significant improvements after Morsi's overthrow coinciding with the deterioration in relations between the United States and Egypt, once considered its important ally in the Middle East.[citation needed] Unlike the US, Russia supported Sisi's actions from the start, including his presidential bid.[82] Russia reportedly offered Egypt a huge military weapons deal after the US had suspended some military aid and postponed weapons delivery to Egypt. The Russian President Vladimir Putin was the first to congratulate Sisi on his inauguration. Sisi made Russia his first destination abroad as defense minister after being promoted to the rank of Field Marshal where he met with the Russian President Vladimir Putin and the Russian Minister of Defense General Sergei Shoigu to negotiate an arms deal with Russia instead of the United States.

Russia–Africa Summit
in Sochi, 24 October 2019

Sisi also visited Russia as an Egyptian President at the invitation of Russian President Vladimir Putin. The visit was described by Putin as reflective of “the special nature” of the relation between the two countries. Sisi was welcomed by General Sergei Shoigu who showed him different Russian-made military vehicles and weapons in the airport. Moscow's Vedemosti business daily reported that Russia and Egypt are nearing a $3 billion (2.2 billion euro) weapons agreement.[201] President Putin also accompanied him to visit the Russian cruiser Moskva before they gave a joint televised statement. Sisi announced in his statement that there was a new plan of “renewing and developing” giant projects established by the former Soviet Union. President Putin announced that an agreement has been reached to increase Egypt's supply of agricultural goods to Russia by 30 percent while his country will provide Egypt with 5 to 5.5 million tons of wheat. In addition, a free trade zone was also being discussed.[201]

On 11 December 2017, during President Vladimir Putin's visit to Cairo, the two countries signed agreements in which Russia would build Egypt's first nuclear reactor, and supply nuclear fuel for the same. It was also agreed that a “Russian Industrial Zone” would be built along the Suez Canal, explained by Putin as being “the biggest regional center for producing Russian products onto the markets of the Middle-East and North Africa”.[202] In July 2023, Sisi attended the 2023 Russia–Africa Summit in Saint Petersburg and met with Vladimir Putin.[203]

United States

Further information: Egypt–United States relations
US Defense Secretary Jim Mattis meets with President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi during a meeting held at the Pentagon in Washington.

Relations between Egypt and the United States witnessed tensions after the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi.

unrest in Ferguson, echoing language the US used to caution Egypt previously as it cracked down on Islamist protesters.[204] Egyptian security checked US Secretary of State John Kerry and his top aides through a stationary metal detector as well as with a handheld wand before meeting with el-Sisi in what was considered an unusual screening for a senior State Department official.[208] Sisi also skipped President Obama's invitation to the American-African summit.[209]

US President Donald Trump welcomes el-Sisi, 3 April 2017.

Despite evidence of tensions, a 2014 news story, BBC reported: “The US has revealed it has released $575m in military aid to Egypt that had been frozen since the ousting of President Mohammed Morsi last year.”[210] In September 2014 Sisi visited the US to address the UN General assembly in New York. An extensive media campaign produced billboards which were distributed all over New York City, welcoming the Egyptian president.[211] In August 2015, Secretary of State John Kerry was in Cairo for a “U.S.-Egypt strategic dialogue”.[212]

Following the election of Republican Donald Trump as the President of the United States, the two countries looked to improve the Egyptian-American relations. El-Sisi and Trump had met during the opening of the seventy-first session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2016.[213] The absence of Egypt in President Trump's travel ban towards seven Muslim countries was noted in Washington, although the Congress has voiced human rights concerns over the handling of dissidents.[214] On 22 March 2017, it was reported that el-Sisi would be traveling to Washington to meet with Trump on 3 April 2017.[215] Trump praised el-Sisi, saying that el-Sisi had “done a tremendous job under trying circumstance”.[216] On 26 August 2019, Trump met with el-Sisi, along with other global leaders, in the 45th G7 summit in Biarritz, France. Trump continued his earlier praise of el-Sisi, saying that “Egypt has made tremendous progress under a great leader's leadership”.[217]

Sisi and US President Joe Biden at the United States–Africa Leaders Summit in Washington, December 2022

El-Sisi criticized Donald Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital. According to el-Sisi, the Trump administration's decision “would undermine the chances of peace in the Middle East”.[218] El-Sisi was praised by Trump.[219]

The Biden administration pressed Sisi to improve Egypt's poor human rights record, but nonetheless approved in February 2021 a $197 million sale of Rolling Airframe Missiles for the Egyptian Navy's coastal defenses, citing the country's role in regional security as a major non-NATO ally.[220]

Political opposition

President Sisi speaking at the UK-Africa Investment Summit in London, 2020

In late 2019, there were numerous direct calls for el-Sisi to immediately resign.[221][222]

In September 2019, building contractor Mohamed Ali, in exile in Spain, published videos online that directly criticised el-Sisi, claiming corruption and ineffectiveness. Ali's videos sparked off the September 2019 Egyptian protests, which el-Sisi responded to in several speeches.[221] In response to the street protests calling for el-Sisi to resign, 4300 protestors and non-protestors were arrested.[223]

In November 2019, member of the House of Representatives Ahmed Tantawi submitted a formal parliamentary proposal and a YouTube video online for el-Sisi to finish his term in 2022 rather than 2024, and for consultation on institutional reforms to take place, in order to allow change to take place by political methods.,[222] Tantawi also announced his Candidacy against El-Sisi in the 2023 Egyptian presidential election, But as a result of Tantawi not getting enough endorsements, He Withdrew from the elections.

On 28 December 2019, Mohamed Ali released the “Egyptian Consensus Document” with a list of four key principles and four key actions for replacing el-Sisi's system of government, which Ali claimed represented the consensus of a wide range of the Egyptian opposition.[224] The following day, the Egyptian National Action Group (ENAG) including Ayman Nour as spokesperson[225] was launched, with a similar claim of representing the consensus of a broad array of the Egyptian opposition (“centrists, liberals, leftists [and] Islamists”) with a consensus program for replacing el-Sisi's governmental system.[224][226]

Personal life and public image

Sisi and his wife Entissar Amer in 2018

Unlike Hosni Mubarak, el-Sisi is protective of the privacy of his family,[227] even though two of his sons hold positions in the government.[228][221] He is married to his cousin Entissar Amer, and is the father of three sons and one daughter.[229] One of his sons is married to the daughter of former Egyptian army chief Mahmoud Hegazy.[230]

El-Sisi comes from a religious family and frequently quotes

Quranic verses during informal conversations;[231] El-Sisi's wife wears the hijab, though usually a casual kind that covers the hair but not the neck. El-Sisi is known to be quiet and is often called the Quiet General. Even as a young man he was often called “General Sisi” due to his perceived orderly demeanor.[227]

According to Sherifa Zuhur, a professor at the War College, when el-Sisi attended, many American officers expressed doubts that Muslims could be democratic. El-Sisi disputed this opinion; he and others were critical of decisions made in Iraq and Libya. El-Sisi wrote his term paper at the War College on democracy and its applications in the Middle East. In his paper, he argues in favour of democracy based on its past successes.[232] Zuhur also had the impression that el-Sisi supported a gradual move towards pluralism.[233] While at the War College, Sisi sometimes led Friday prayers at the local mosque.[234]

Sisi described himself as “a doctor whose diagnoses are sought after by top philosophers and prominent world leaders”.[235][236] Upon his ascension to the presidency, Sisi's public persona was characterized by The Guardian as one marked by “calmness and piety with a mixture of austerity and warmth”.[237]

In 2013, El-Sisi became one of the most popular political figures in Egypt.[

Palestinian refugees enter Egypt.[240] El-Sisi has been nicknamed "the Mexican" by Egyptians critical of his leadership, owing to the similarity between his name and the word "El-Meksisi."[241][242]

Recognition

Military

 
  
  • 30 June 2013 Revolution Medal[40]
  • 25 January 2011 Revolution Medal[40]
  • Silver Jubilee of Liberation of Sinai Medal (2007)[40]
  • Golden Jubilee of 23 July 1952 Revolution (2002)[40]
  • Silver Jubilee of October War 1973 Medal (1998)[40]
  • Longevity and Exemplary Service Medal[40]
  • October War 1973 Medal (1973)[40]
  • Kuwait Liberation Medal[40]
  • Kuwait Liberation Medal (Egypt)
  • Liberation of Sinai Decoration (1982)[40]
  • Distinguished Service Decoration[40]
  • Military Duty Decoration, Second Class[40]
  • Military Duty Decoration, First Class[40]
  • Military Courage Decoration
  • Republic's Military Decoration
  • Training Decoration
  • Army Day Decoration

Civil

Publications

  • El-Sisi, Abdel Fattah (15 March 2006). Democracy in the Middle East (PDF) (Thesis).
    U.S. Army War College. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 1 May 2016.

See also

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Further reading

External links

Government offices
Preceded by Director of Military Intelligence
2010–2012 		Succeeded by
Military offices
Preceded by
Mohamed Hussein Tantawi
 General Commander of the Armed Forces
2012–2014 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by
Mohamed Hussein Tantawi
Minister of Defence

2012–2014 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt
2013–2014 		Vacant
Preceded by President of Egypt
2014–present 		Incumbent
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Chairperson of the African Union
2019–2020 		Succeeded by
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