Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Background, early life and education
Abdullah was born in
Abdullah is a former student of
Political career
After graduating from the University of Malaya, he joined the Malaysian Administrative and Diplomatic Corps (the formal term for civil service). He served as Director of Youth at the Ministry of Youth and Sport as well as Secretary of the National Operations Council (MAGERAN). He resigned in 1978 to become a member of parliament for his constituency of Kepala Batas in northern Seberang Perai (which had also been represented by his father).
Early during Mahathir's tenure as prime minister, a bitter dispute erupted within the ruling UMNO party and it was divided into two camps, which were colloquially known as 'Team A', comprising Mahathir loyalists, and 'Team B', which supported former Minister of Finance
When UMNO (Baru) was formed in February 1988, Mahathir, the UMNO president and prime minister, brought Abdullah into the pro tem committee of UMNO (Baru) as the vice-president. In 1990, Abdullah retained his seat as vice president. During the Cabinet reshuffle in 1991, Mahathir brought him back into the Cabinet as foreign minister. He held this post until November 1999, when Syed Hamid Albar succeeded him. Even though he lost his vice presidency in the 1993 UMNO elections, he remained in the Cabinet and was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Prior to 1998, he also served as Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Minister of Education, Minister of Defence, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. On 7 January 1999, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad appointed him as deputy prime minister. Abdullah went on to succeed Mahathir as prime minister in 2003.
Premiership (2003–2009)
First term
Upon coming into power as prime minister, Abdullah Badawi promised to clamp down on corruption, thus empowering anti-corruption agencies and providing more avenues for the public to expose corrupt practices. He advocated an interpretation of Islam known as Islam Hadhari, which advocates the intercompatibility between Islam and economic and technological development.
In the
Economic policies
Under the Abdullah administration, the country is moving down to a value-chain economy by developing its inherent strengths in agriculture without losing its existing manufacturing base.[11] However, Abdullah has been criticised for his handling of the sudden hikes in the price of petrol and electricity through the restructuring of government subsidies, especially as it is detrimental to Malaysia's position as a traditional exporter.
50 years of nationhood
On 31 August 2007, Abdullah Badawi shouted '
Second term
Abdullah won a second term as prime minister by winning the 2008 general election, held in March 2008, with a reduced majority. In the 12th General Election, Barisan Nasional won a slim majority of seats but lost its two-thirds majority and also lost 5 states to Opposition Pact. He also lost four additional states to the opposition (Kedah, Penang, Perak and Selangor). Although his party, Barisan Nasional, suffered a major setback, Abdullah vowed to fulfil the promises in his manifesto amid calls from Mahathir, the opposition and even among UMNO members for him to resign. However, his deputy, Najib Razak, and others in his party voiced unreserved support for his leadership.[13] It took a while before open dissent started brewing at grassroots levels, with petitions and campaigns being launched to ask for his resignation.[14]
He was sworn in for a second term as prime minister on 10 March 2008.[15] Abdullah unveiled a streamlined 68-member Cabinet on 18 March 2008, dropping half the ministers in his previous administration and keeping the crucial finance portfolio for himself.[16]
Abdullah faced a political crisis not only from the onslaught of the Opposition which gained much ground by taking the richest and most important states (Selangor and Penang, which incidentally is the hometown of Abdullah Badawi). He also faced growing discontent from within his own ranks in the UMNO party. Mukhriz Mahathir, the son of the former prime minister Mahathir Mohamad, openly called for him to step down. The UMNO Youth chief, Hishammuddin Hussein, did not take any action against Mukhriz and dismissed it as a personal opinion.
Regarding the live telecast in Dewan Rakyat (the first time since after the 12th General Election),[17] Abdullah said he was ashamed at what had transpired in the Dewan Rakyat on 30 April 2008 (Wednesday) and agreed that the live telecast of the proceedings should be scrapped. He said what happened was just "too much."
"I felt ashamed if people watched television and saw what was happening in our Dewan. In my heart, I also felt that all this happened because there was a live broadcast at that time," said the Prime Minister.
There were many ideas from the government MPs and opposition MPs. Some MPs suggested that the live telecast should not be scrapped to let the people know what was really happening in the Dewan Rakyat and judge the MPs in conducting the people's voice in the parliament. The live telecast of the proceedings is to be continued to show that there is transparency and to let the people know how the MPs are behaving and debating.
On 19 May 2008, the dispute between Mahathir and Abdullah reached a critical stage when Mahathir, who had served as UMNO President for 22 years, announced that he was quitting the party after having lost confidence in Abdullah Badawi's leadership, and that he would only rejoin the party after Abdullah had stepped down as UMNO president and prime minister.[18]
On 15 September 2008, Abdullah's cabinet Minister in the Prime Minister Department Senator Zaid Ibrahim submitted his resignation letter to the prime minister. He tendered his resignation as a protest to the government's action in detaining a blogger, a member of parliament and a reporter under the Internal Security Act. Abdullah later accepted his resignation.[19]
Retirement and transfer of power
Abdullah was under heavy pressure to step down after many within his UMNO party including former prime minister Dr Mahathir Mohamad openly asked him to take full responsibility for the dismal performance during the 12th General Election in March 2008. On 10 July 2008, Abdullah announced he would step down as UMNO president and prime minister in mid-2009. He stepped down in favour of his successor, Najib Razak, during the UMNO General Assembly held on 1 April 2009. Nevertheless, shortly before he resigned, Najib gave promises to Abdullah that his constituency in Kepala Batas would continue to receive development funds, where he would continue to serve as its MP.[20]
Abdullah Badawi handed his resignation letter to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 2 April 2009. On 3 April 2009, he was succeeded by Najib Razak as prime minister.
Controversies and issues
Anti-Corruption
Abdullah Badawi's administration has been criticised for failing to assert its anti-corruption credentials. After moves to charge prominent figures such as Eric Chia and the then Land and Co-operative Development Minister, Kasitah Gaddam, with corruption, Abdullah Badawi's administration's efforts to combat corruption allegedly became less transparent. It was noted by the Economist that little progress has been made on curbing corruption.[24]
Traffic offences
In 2006, Abdullah was reported to have been charged with 11 traffic offences.[25] Five of the summons were issued for speeding, four for traffic obstruction and two for parking on the wrong side of the road.[26] Abdullah said he was unaware that he had 11 unpaid traffic summonses.[27]
Malaysia as an Islamic State
In 2007, Abdullah first called Malaysia an Islamic state. Earlier that month he had made another statement, saying Malaysia was neither a theocratic or secular state.[28] A similar statement was made by the Prime Minister on 12 March 2009, where he stated Malaysia was a "negara Islam".[29] The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), a political group representing Malaysian Chinese, expressed reservations over this announcement. The MCA's position is that Malaysia is a fully secular state, and that the law transcends religion.[29]
Iraq Oil-for-Food scandal
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi has been criticised for endorsing his relatives who were involved in abuses related to the Iraqi Oil-for-Food Programme.[30]
Nuclear proliferation
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi has been criticised after one of his son's companies was found to be producing components for centrifuges purported to be intended for use in Libya's secret uranium enrichment program.
Concerns and disputes by Mahathir Mohamad and UMNO
In 2005, it was alleged that under Abdullah Badawi's administration, there had been a significant increase in cases of cronyism regarding the distribution of import permits for foreign-manufactured vehicles. Former prime minister Mahathir had called for an investigation of the issue. Later, Mahathir Mohamad criticised Abdullah for cancelling a number of development projects that the former had started, such as the construction of a bridge to replace the causeway linking Malaysia and Singapore.[31]
Vote of no confidence to Abdullah Badawi in Parliament
On 18 June 2008, the Sabah Progressive Party, a member of the 14-party ruling Barisan Nasional coalition, said its two legislators in the federal parliament will move or back a motion of no-confidence against Abdullah.[32]
Malaysia has never experienced a serious no-confidence vote before and it is unclear what is the next step if, in the unlikely event, Abdullah loses the vote; whether a snap election is held, or whether the King dissolves parliament, or whether a new leader is given the opportunity to form a new government. No Malaysian Prime Minister has ever faced a vote of no-confidence presented by a member of his own coalition before. The Barisan Nasional has 140 lawmakers in the 222-member Parliament, enough to defeat any vote against Abdullah who is also president of the UMNO.
Nevertheless, the motion was rejected by the Speaker on the basis that there were no grounds for the motion to be put forward.
Personal life
On 20 October 2005, Abdullah Badawi's wife, Endon Mahmood, died of breast cancer. Endon discovered the disease in 2003 while her twin sister Noraini, who had earlier been diagnosed with the same illness, died in January 2003. She received treatment in the United States and returned to Malaysia 18 days before her death. She is buried at a Muslim cemetery, at Taman Selatan, Precinct 20, Putrajaya.
On 6 June 2007, the Prime Minister's office announced Abdullah Badawi's marriage to
Abdullah has been criticised for allowing his son-in-law,
Abdullah also has been criticised for allowing his brother Fahim Ibrahim Badawi to buy 51 percent of the government-controlled MAS Catering Sdn Bhd. Fahim later sold this stake to Lufthansa's LSG Skychef at a huge profit.[35]
He is known also as a poet.[36] His poem I Seek Eternal Peace was translated into more than 80 languages and published as a book.[37]
On 11 September 2022, Khairy said that Abdullah was suffering from dementia, unable to recognize or remember family members, and requires the use of a wheelchair.[38]
Election results
Year | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1978 | P035 Kepala Batas, Penang | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 12,645 | 62.41% | Musa Mohd. Yatim ( PAS )
|
7,616 | 37.59% | 5,029 | ||||
1982 | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 16,759 | 68.51% | PAS )
|
4,115 | 16.82% | 25,277 | 12,644 | 80.29% | |||
Khoo Siew Hoe ( DAP )
|
3,589 | 14.67% | ||||||||||
1986 | P038 Kepala Batas, Penang | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 15,463 | 69.33% | Ahmad Hasan Salahuddin ( PAS )
|
6,841 | 30.67% | 22,900 | 8,622 | 75.81% | ||
1990 | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 17,025 | 70.35% | Ahmad Awang ( S46 )
|
7,174 | 29.65% | 24,931 | 9,851 | 80.25% | |||
1995 | P041 Kepala Batas, Penang | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 22,521 | 82.77% | Naser Mohd Radzi ( S46 )
|
4,687 | 17.23% | 28,301 | 17,834 | 78.39% | ||
1999 | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 19,985 | 69.40% | Abd Khalid Rasid ( PAS )
|
8,810 | 30.60% | 29,413 | 11,175 | 81.22% | |||
2004 | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 25,403 | 77.72% | Abd Khalid Rasid ( PAS )
|
7,281 | 22.28% | 33,356 | 18,122 | 84.19% | |||
2008 | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) | 23,445 | 65.78% | Subri Md Arshad ( PAS )
|
12,199 | 34.22% | 36,328 | 11,246 | 84.45% |
Honours and awards
Honours of Malaysia
- Malaysia :
- Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (1971)[41]
- Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (1975)[41]
- Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) – Tun (2009)[41]
- Federal Territory (Malaysia) :
- Grand Knight of the Order of the Territorial Crown (SUMW) – Datuk Seri Utama (2010)[42]
- Johor :
- First Class of the Royal Family Order of Johor (DK I) (2004)[43]
- Kelantan :
- Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Kelantan (DK) (2006)[44]
- Kedah :
- Recipient of the Kedah Supreme Order of Merit (DUK) (2006)
- Malacca :
- Knight Grand Commander of the Premier and Exalted Order of Malacca (DUNM) – Datuk Seri Utama (2004)
- Negeri Sembilan :
- Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SPNS) – Dato' Seri Utama (2000)
- Pahang :
- Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – Dato' Sri (1999)
- Member 2nd class of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang (DK II) (2006)[45]
- Penang :
- Member of the Order of Defender of the State (DJN) (1979)
- Companion of the Order of Defender of the State (DMPN) – Dato' (1981)
- Commander of the Order of Defender of the State (DGPN) – Dato' Seri (1997)
- Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Defender of the State (DUPN) – Dato' Seri Utama (2004)
- Perak :
- Ordinary Class of the Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah (SPSA) – Dato' Seri DiRaja (2003)[46]
- Perlis :
- Knight Grand Companion of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail (SSSJ) – Dato' Seri Diraja (2001)
- Sabah :
- Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (1999)
- Sarawak :
- Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DP) – Datuk Patinggi (2003)
- Selangor :
- Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (DSSA) – Dato' (1992)[47]
- Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (SPMS) – Dato' Seri (2000)[48]
- Terengganu :
- Supreme Class of the Order of Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu (SUMZ) – Dato' Seri Utama (2005)
International honours
- Brunei :
- Family Order of Brunei 1st Class (DK) – Dato Laila Utama (2010)[49]
- Indonesia:
- Star of the Republic of Indonesia (2nd Class) (2007)[50]
- South Korea :
- Grand Gwanghwa Medal of the Order of Diplomatic Service Merit
References
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- ^ "Abdullah's boon to Kepala Batas folk". The Star. 2 April 2009. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ "New Malaysian PM sworn in", Al Jazeera. Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Exit PM Pak Lah, enter Tun Abdullah". Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Najib sworn in, Tunship for Abdullah and wife, 2009/04/03, New Straits Times Online Archived 19 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Malaysia | Cleaning up? Economist.com
- ^ "Abdullah has 11 outstanding summonses". New Sunday Times. 11 June 2006.
- ^ "Malaysia's PM faces 11 traffic summons". oneindia. 11 June 2006.
- ^ "PM: I didn't know I had 11 unpaid summonses" (PDF). The Star. 11 June 2006.
- ^ "Malaysia: Prime Minister declares, "Yes, we ARE an Islamic state" | Women Reclaiming and Redefining Cultures". Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ^ a b "MCA: Malaysia is a secular state". 17 March 2009.
- ^ Asia Times Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The velvet gloves come off Malaysia Today Archived 16 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "SAPP's vote of no confidence against PM". The Star Online. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
- ^ "Prime Minister To Wed Jeanne Abdullah Badawi Saturday". Bernama. 6 June 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007.
- ^ Goh, Melissa (18 November 2006). Khairy says he does not influence government decisions. Channel News Asia. Archived 4 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Malaysia Chronicle: Mahathir and Badawi in 2 separate abuse-of-power cases". 26 August 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Abdullah's poem holds personal meaning". The Star. 2 November 2003. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ISBN 9789675148026
- ^ "Khairy: Pak Lah is suffering from dementia". New Straits Times. 11 September 2022.
- ^ "Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri" (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 February 2017. Percentage figures based on total turnout.
- ^ "Malaysia General Election". undiinfo Malaysian Election Data. Malaysiakini. Retrieved 4 February 2017. Results only available from the 2004 election.
- ^ a b c "SEMAKAN PENERIMA DARJAH KEBESARAN, BINTANG DAN PINGAT". Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
- ^ "Tun Abdullah Ketuai Senarai Penerima Darjah Kebesaran Wilayah". www.mstar.com.my. 31 January 2010.
- ^ "Abdullah tops Johor Sultan's birthday list". The Star. 8 April 2004. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
- ^ "Abdullah heads honours list". The Star. 30 March 2006. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
- ^ "Abdullah heads awards list". The Star. 24 October 2006. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ "SPSA 2003". pingat.perak.gov.my. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
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- ^ "Former Malaysian PM leaves Brunei". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ANTARA(in Indonesian). 22 February 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
Further reading
- Bridget Welsh & James Chin (ed) Awakenings: The Abdullah Badawi Years in Malaysia (KL: SIRD 2013)
External links
- Official Website of the Government of Malaysia
- Profile: Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, BBC News, 8 October 2008
- The loyal Abdullah wins his rival Anwar's job
- thesundaily.com, Full statement from PM Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
- Video of discussion with Abdullah Ahmad Badawi at the Asia Society, New York 10/19/2009
- Abdullah Ahmad Badawi collected news and commentary at The New York Times