Abdullah II of Jordan
Abdullah II
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King of Jordan | |||||
Reign | 7 February 1999 – present | ||||
Enthronement | 9 June 1999 | ||||
Predecessor | Hussein | ||||
Heir apparent | Crown Prince Hussein | ||||
Prime ministers | See list
| ||||
Born | Amman, Jordan | 30 January 1962||||
Spouse | |||||
Issue Detail | |||||
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Antoinette Gardiner | |||||
Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Signature | |||||
Military career | |||||
Allegiance | Jordan | ||||
Service/ | Royal Jordanian Army Royal Jordanian Navy Royal Jordanian Air Force | ||||
Years of service | 1982–present | ||||
Rank | Field marshal | ||||
Commands held | Commander-in-chief |
Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein (
Abdullah was born in
Abdullah, a
Abdullah is known for promoting interfaith dialogue and a moderate understanding of Islam. The longest-serving current Arab leader, he is custodian of the Muslim and Christian religious sites in Jerusalem, a position held by his dynasty since 1924.[2] The 2021 Pandora Papers revealed Abdullah's vast hidden wealth through offshore entities, countered by the Royal Court citing privacy and security reasons, attributing the funds to inherited wealth.[3][4]
Early life
Abdullah was born on 30 January 1962 at Palestine Hospital in
As Hussein's eldest son, Abdullah became heir apparent to the Jordanian throne under the 1952 constitution.[8][13] Political instability caused King Hussein to appoint an adult heir in his place, choosing Abdullah's uncle Prince Hassan in 1965.[14][15] Abdullah began his schooling in 1966 at the Islamic Educational College in Amman, and continued at St Edmund's School in England. He attended middle school at Eaglebrook School and high school at Deerfield Academy in the United States.[5] He was the commencement speaker at Deerfield Academy's class of 2000 graduation.[16]
Abdullah has four brothers and six sisters:
Military career
He began his military career at the
Abdullah was admitted to Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1982, where he completed a one-year special-studies course in Middle Eastern affairs.[5] He joined the Royal Jordanian Army on his return home, serving as first lieutenant and then as platoon commander and assistant commander of a company in the 40th Armored Brigade.[19] Abdullah took a free-fall parachuting course in Jordan, and in 1985 he took the Armored Officer's Advanced Course at Fort Knox.[19] He became commander of a tank company in the 91st Armored Brigade, with the rank of captain.[19] Abdullah also served with the Royal Jordanian Air Force's anti-tank helicopter wing, receiving training to fly Cobra attack-helicopters.[19]
The prince then attended the
Abdullah met
In 1994, Abdullah assumed command of Jordan's Special Forces and of other elite units as a brigadier general, restructuring them into the
Reign
Accession and enthronement
Jordanian royal family |
---|
Extended royal family |
Abdullah joined his father on a number of missions, including meetings abroad with Soviet and American leaders.
King Hussein frequently traveled to the US for medical treatment after his diagnosis with cancer in 1992.[19] After Hussein returned from a six-month medical absence from Jordan in late 1998, he criticized his brother Hassan's management of Jordanian affairs in a public letter, accusing him of abusing his constitutional powers as regent.[19] On 24 January 1999, two weeks before his death, Hussein surprised everyone—including Abdullah who thought he would spend his life in the military—by replacing Hassan with his son as heir apparent.[19]
First year
As king, Abdullah retains wider executive and legislative authority than is normally the case for a
When Abdullah ascended to the throne as Jordan's fourth king, observers doubted his ability to manage the country's economic crisis—a legacy of the 1990 Gulf War.[28][29] The king maintained his father's moderate pro-Western policy, supporting the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty, and the royal transition prompted the United States and Arab states of the Persian Gulf to increase their aid.[28] In the early years of Abdullah's reign, which then ruled over a population of 4.5 million, it was reported that he frequently went undercover to see Jordan's challenges firsthand.[29][30] In 2000 he said about his incognito visits to government institutions, "The bureaucrats are terrified. It's great."[31]
Abdullah cracked down on the
2000s
On 23 June 2000, while vacationing in the
With the
The 2003 Jordanian general election was the first parliamentary election under Abdullah's rule.[41] Although the election was supposed to be held in 2001, it was postponed by the king due to regional political instability in accordance with the Jordanian constitution (which authorizes the monarch to postpone an election for a maximum of two years).[41] His postponement was criticized by the largest Islamist opposition party in the country, the Islamic Action Front (the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood), who accused Abdullah of impeding the democratic process.[41] He inherited a controversial single non-transferable vote electoral system, implemented by his father in 1991, which hobbled Islamic political parties after they obtained 22 of 80 seats in the 1989 elections.[41] Abdullah issued a royal decree before the election, introducing an amendment to the election law giving women a six-seat quota in Parliament.[41]
In 2004, Abdullah coined the term "
Russian president Vladimir Putin visited Jordan for the first time in February 2007 and was welcomed by Abdullah.[48] The leaders discussed prospects for the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, Iran's nuclear program and violence in Iraq.[48]
Abdullah established King's Academy near Madaba, the Middle East's first boarding school, in 2007 in appreciation of the education he received at Deerfield Academy.[49] He hired Deerfield headmaster Eric Widmer to oversee the school, which has students from throughout the region.[49]
In 2007, it was reported that Jordan hosted 800,000 Iraqi refugees who fled the insurgency following the American invasion;
2010s
Arab Spring 2010–2014
The Tunisian Revolution in December 2010 (which unseated that country's president) brought Egyptians into the streets, and by January 2011 they overthrew president Hosni Mubarak.[54] Protests in other Arab countries soon followed, resulting in civil wars in Libya, Syria and Yemen.[54] In Jordan, opposition groups including the Muslim Brotherhood, leftists, and retired army generals protested throughout the country.[55] By 1 February 2011, domestic unrest prompted Abdullah to sack Samir Rifai's government and pledge to follow a democratic trajectory.[55]
The
In November 2012, the government cut fuel subsidies, driving up prices.[58] The decision, later revoked, triggered large-scale protests across the country.[59] The regime calmed the unrest by introducing reforms, amending about one-third of the constitution and establishing a Constitutional Court and the Independent Election Commission.[60] Abdullah called for an early parliamentary election and appointed Abdullah Ensour to form a cabinet of intermittent government.[61] In the January 2013 election, pro-regime figures were victorious as opposition groups continued a boycott,[61] with Islamic Action Front claiming earlier that election was performed in absence of actual opposition.[61] Since December 2012, the king has published seven discussion papers outlining his vision of democracy and reform in Jordan.[62]
West Bank
In December 2012, Abdullah was the first head of state to visit the
An interview with Abdullah by
Another 2013 article in The Atlantic advised him to address governmental corruption, saying that there "is a growing perception that the degeneracy reaches the palace".[66] According to the article, Abdullah was accused of "illegally appropriating 'tribal' lands" shortly after his accession[66] and members of 36 Jordanian tribes issued a statement denouncing Queen Rania's "publicized and extravagant" 43rd birthday party in 2013.[66]
Regional turmoil 2014–2019
I was asked many questions by Jordanians that were getting just as frustrated seeing that 20 per cent of their country are now Syrian refugees, the impact it has on jobs, on property, on unemployment. And they ask me, "stop the Syrians coming into the country", and I say "How?" When you have a mother, a pregnant mother with a child in the hand trying to cross the border, how are we going to stop her? Do we sort of point bayonets at these people that are running away from horrible and threatening lives? There is a level of humanity that we have to reach out to each other.
Abdullah's 23 November 2016 interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation[67]
The March 2011 outbreak of the
About the unrest in
In April 2014, the
Shortly after Jordan joined the
During a January 2016 BBC interview, Abdullah said that Jordan is at the "boiling point" because of the Syrian refugee influx, Jordan claims more than a million Syrians have sought refuge in Jordan.[83] The king noted pressure on the country's economy, infrastructure and services.[83] "Sooner or later, I think, the dam is going to burst", he warned.[83] Jordan has historically welcomed refugees—Palestinians in 1948 and 1967, Iraqis during the American invasion and now Syrians, who make up about 20 percent of Jordan's then 9.5 million population—and, according to Abdullah, "For the first time, we can't do it any more."[83][51]
The November 2016 Jordanian general election was the first election since 1989 primarily using a form of proportional representation; intervening elections had used the single non-transferable vote system.[84] Reforms encouraged opposition parties, including the Islamic Action Front (who had boycotted previous elections, including 2010 and 2013), to participate.[84] The election was considered fair and transparent by independent international observers.[85] Proportional representation is seen as the first step toward establishing parliamentary governments in which parliamentary blocs, instead of the king, choose the prime minister.[86] However, the underdevelopment of political parties in Jordan have slowed down such moves.[86]
Abdullah established a close cooperation between Jordan and the International Labour Organization (ILO).[87][88] Between 2013 and 2015, the ILO started programs in Jordan to support working opportunities for refugees in Jordan. In 2016, Jordan signed the Jordan Compact, which improved legal employments opportunities for refugees.[89]
After
On 4 June 2018, Prime Minister Hani Al-Mulki resigned from office.[95] Large protests against corruption, the economic policies and austerity plans as well as the tax increases, occurred before Hani Al-Mulki resigned.[96] Abdullah moved former education minister Omar Razzaz to the position of the new Prime Minister[95] and ordered him to conduct a review of the controversial tax system.[97]
On 25 June 2018, Abdullah made another official visit to Washington, DC. He was hosted by President Trump at the White House and they discussed "terrorism, the threat from Iran and the crisis in Syria, and working towards a lasting peace between Israelis and Palestinians".[98][99] In August 2018, after the Trump administration had announced to end all US funding for UNRWA,[100] Abdullah sought to replace the US funds. Jordan convened meetings of the Arab League and Western countries.[101][102]
2020s
In an interview with Der Spiegel in May 2020, Abdullah criticized Donald Trump's plans for peace in the Middle East including Israel annexing parts of the West Bank. He stated, "The two-state solution is the only way for us to be able to move forward", and noted a possible Israeli annexation of the West Bank causes conflicts.[103] In October 2020, Omar Razzaz resigned from his position due to the criticism of his handling of the
In April 2021, Abdullah ordered the arrest of his half-brother, Prince Hamzah bin Hussein, and twenty other courtiers for what was called "sedition".[106] Hamzah's removal as crown prince by Abdullah has been cited as a possible factor. 18 other Jordanian figures were also arrested,[107] including Abdullah's controversial former Chief of Staff, former Saudi Arabian envoy and Royal Court Chief Bassem Awadallah.[108][109] Royal family member Sharif Hassan Bin Zaid, who is hardly known in Jordan and whose father now resides in Saudi Arabia, was also among those arrested.[110] On 7 April, King Abdullah II spoke publicly for the first time since the alleged coup and hinted that the Jordanian royal feud was over, stating that the "sedition" that caused him "pain and anger" was now buried and that Hamzah was now "in his palace under my protection."[107][111] Abdullah also stated that the crisis began when Jordan's military chief of staff paid a visit to Hamzah and warned him to stop attending meetings with critics of the government.[107]
On 19 July 2021, during a two-week visit to the US, Abdullah was received at the White House by President Joe Biden.[112] They discussed the Middle East conflict, the battle against COVID-19, and the relationship between Jordan and the US.[113][114][115] Abdullah was the first leader from the Middle East to visit the White House since Biden's inauguration on 20 January 2021.[116]
On 3 October 2021, Abdullah held a telephone conversation with Syrian president Bashar al-Assad, the first contact since the start of the Syrian civil war.[117] They discussed bilateral relations after Amman fully opened borders with Syria.[118]
In October 2023, Abdullah condemned Israel's
Administrative reforms
Economic
King Abdullah proposed significant economic reforms to the country during the first decade of his reign.[126] Jordan, a relatively-small, semi-arid, almost-landlocked country, has one of the smallest economies in the region; its GDP was about $39 billion in 2016.[127][126] Insufficient natural resources, especially in water and oil (unlike its neighbors) have given the kingdom chronic government debt, unemployment and poverty[126] which led to a dependence on foreign aid from its Western and Arab allies in the Persian Gulf region.[126] Jordan embarked on an aggressive economic liberalization program when Abdullah was crowned in an effort to stimulate the economy and raise the standard of living, and its economy has improved under his reign.[126] He has been credited with attracting foreign investment, improving public-private partnerships and providing the foundation for the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority and Jordan's flourishing information and communications technology (ICT) sector.[128][129] Abdullah set up five other special economic zones: Irbid, Ajloun, Mafraq, Ma'an and the Dead Sea.[128] As a result of these reforms, Jordan's economic growth doubled (to 8% annually) between 2004 and 2008 compared with the latter half of the 1990s.[126] It also led to a steady increase in foreign investment by the West and the Persian Gulf countries.[130]
Abdullah negotiated a free-trade agreement with the United States, the third free-trade agreement for the US and its first with an Arab country.[131] Under the agreement, Jordanian exports to the United States increased from $63 million in 2000 to over $1.4 billion in 2015.[132] Jordan's foreign debt-to-GDP ratio fell from more than 210 percent in 1990 to 83 percent by the end of 2005, a decrease called an "extraordinary achievement" by the International Monetary Fund.[133] Abdullah's efforts have made Jordan the freest Arab economy and the ninth-freest economy in the world, according to a 2014 study by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Liberty.[134]
The king launched a number of initiatives to provide housing for Jordanian citizens, including teachers and those serving in the armed forces.[135] He established awards to encourage good citizenship, including the King Abdullah II Award for Physical Fitness, the King Abdullah II Award for Excellence in Government Performance and Transparency, the King Abdullah II Award for Excellence for the Private Sector and the King Abdullah II Award for Excellence for Business Associations.[135] To combat unemployment, Abdullah established the National Vocational Training Council and formed a committee to develop a national strategy for developing human resources to produce a skilled workforce.[135]
Jordan was dependent on subsidized Iraqi oil for its energy.
Jordan's total foreign debt in 2012 was $22 billion, 72 percent of its GDP.[58] In 2016, the debt reached $35.1 billion, 95 percent of the country's GDP.[136][141] The increase was attributed to regional challenges, which decreased tourist activity and foreign investment and increased military spending; attacks on the Egyptian pipeline; the collapse of trade with Iraq and Syria; the expense of hosting Syrian refugees, and accumulated loan interest.[136] According to the World Bank, Syrian refugees cost Jordan more than $2.5 billion a year (six percent of its GDP and 25 percent of the government's annual revenue).[142] Foreign aid covers only a portion of these costs, 63 percent of which are borne by Jordan.[143] An austerity program was adopted by the government which aims to reduce Jordan's debt-to-GDP ratio to 77 percent by 2021.[144]
Political
Abdullah was criticized during his early years for focusing on economic, rather than political reform.[145] A committee was formed in February 2005 to formulate a blueprint for political reform in the country for the next decade.[145] This National Agenda, finalized about nine months later, was never implemented.[145] It included incorporating proportional representation into general elections, improving the judicial branch and respect for human rights, and tackling issues related to employment, welfare, education and infrastructure.[145] The Agenda was reportedly never implemented due to conservative opposition.[146] After the Arab Spring, a new election law in 2012 was enacted and used in the 2013 elections.[147] It incorporated elements of proportional representation, and 27 of the 150 House of Representatives members could be elected accordingly.[147] A number of political reforms were undertaken to curtail some of the king's powers, including amending about one-third of the constitution, establishing a constitutional court and the Independent Election Commission and improvements to laws governing human rights and freedom of speech and assembly.[148]
In 2014 and 2016, several constitutional amendments sparked controversy despite their overwhelming approval by senators and representatives.[149] The amendments gave the king sole authority to appoint his crown prince, deputy, the chief and members of the constitutional court, the heads of the military and paramilitary forces and the country's General Intelligence Director.[150] Proponents said that the amendments solidified the separation of powers, while critics claimed they were unconstitutional.[150]
Reforms introduced in the 2016 general election led Freedom House, a US-funded non-governmental organization, to upgrade Jordan to "partly free" from "not free" in its Freedom in the World 2017 report.[151] According to the report, Jordan became the third most free Arab country, and that the change was "due to electoral law changes that led to somewhat fairer parliamentary elections."[151]
In September 2016, Abdullah formed a royal committee to make recommendations which would improve the country's judiciary.[152] The committee finalized its report, which revolved around strengthening judicial independence and improving criminal justice, in February 2017.[152] The Parliament approved the recommendations which included increased protection for women against violence and better trial procedures.[152] A new law for people with disabilities was also enacted.[152] Human Rights Watch praised the reforms.[152]
On 15 August 2017, local elections were held for municipal councils, local councils, and governorate councils, which were added by a new decentralization law.[153] The law intends to cede some central-government power to elected councils, increasing citizen participation in municipal decision-making.[153] In a 15 August 2016 interview, Abdullah described the new decentralization law as "a very important link in the chain of reforms".[154]
On 10 June 2021, Abdullah announced the introduction of a new committee of 92 members chaired by former prime minister Samir Rifai. The tasks of the committee are to modernise the political system and to propose new laws for local governments.[155] On 4 October 2021, the committee handed over its recommendations to Abdullah. The committee proposed draft laws for political parties and elections, as well as 22 amendments to the Jordan constitution regarding parliamentary work and empowering women and youth.[156] In November 2021, Abdullah ordered the government to push for political modernization. The Cabinet of Jordan submitted draft laws to the parliament following the committee's recommendations.[157] In December 2021, a parliamentary discussion on the constitutional amendment that would give more rights to women resulted into a fistfight between members of parliament.[158][159] On 3 January 2022, the Jordan parliament passed an amendment to Article 40 of the constitution, which allows Abdullah to appoint or dismiss the chief justice, the head of the Sharia judicial council, the Grand Mufti of Jordan, the chief of the Royal Court, the minister of the court, and the advisors to the king.[160][161] On 6 January 2022, Jordan parliament approved constitutional reforms by a majority of 104-8 including improvement of women's rights, lowering the minimum age for elected deputies to 25 and the prime minister being elected by the assembly's largest single party.[162][163]
Military
Due to his military background, Abdullah believes in a powerful military and has followed a "quality over quantity" policy.
Energy sector
Vandalism of the Egyptian pipeline supplying Jordan strained the country's electrical company, whose debt increased substantially; this prompted Abdullah to urge the government to formulate a 10-year plan (2015–2025) to diversify the kingdom's energy sources.[172][173]
In 2007, Abdullah said that Jordan intends to benefit from its large uranium reserves by building nuclear reactors to generate electricity; the country is one of the few non-petroleum-producing nations in the region.
The country has 330 days of sunshine per year, and wind speeds exceed 7 m/s in mountainous areas.
In 2014, a declaration of intent was signed by Jordan's national electrical company and Noble Energy to import gas from Israel's offshore Leviathan gas field, a 15-year deal estimated at $10 billion.[182] The move provoked outrage by opponents, including the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement, which said that the agreement favored Israel and its occupation of the West Bank and accused the government of ignoring renewable-energy options.[182] The agreement, effective in 2019, was signed in September 2016.[182] Separately, Abdullah opened a liquefied natural gas port in Aqaba in 2015, allowing Jordan to import LNG.[183] LNG-generated electricity saves Jordan about $1 million a day, and is reportedly better for the environment.[183]
Religious affairs
Our faith, like yours, commands mercy, peace and tolerance. It upholds, as yours does, the equal human dignity of every person – men and women, neighbours and strangers. Those outlaws of Islam who deny these truths are vastly outnumbered by the ocean of believers – 1.6 billion Muslims worldwide. In fact, these terrorists have made the world's Muslims their greatest target. We will not allow them to hijack our faith.
Abdullah's 15 March 2015 speech before the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France[184]
In response to
The
In 2016, it was announced that Abdullah would fund the restoration of the Tomb of Jesus in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
In 2014, Abdullah received Pope Francis in Jordan, the third papal visit of his reign.[11] The king, Queen Rania and Prince Ghazi accompanied the pope to Al-Maghtas, the site of Jesus' baptism, on the east bank of the Jordan River.[195]
Abdullah led The 500 Most Influential Muslims' 2016 list, published by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center, and was third on its 2018 list.[196] Queen Rania was 35th on the 2016 list.[196]
Leaders of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre sent out a letter of support to Abdullah on 1 March 2018 after Israel shelved a proposed bill that aimed to propose new tax measures to churches in the West Bank. "Your defence of religious freedom and Your leadership, in ensuring that the Status Quo is respected and maintained, has been crucial in our ongoing attempts to guard and protect the Christian presence especially in the Holy City of Jerusalem", the letter read.[197]
Successor
On 28 November 2004, Abdullah removed the title of crown prince from his half-brother,
Personal life
King Abdullah met Rania Al-Yassin at a dinner party in January 1993. On 10 June 1993, they were married at Zahran Palace.[200] King Abdullah and Queen Rania have four children: Crown Prince Hussein (born 28 June 1994), Princess Iman (born 27 September 1996), Princess Salma (born 26 September 2000), and Prince Hashem (born 30 January 2005).[5] The ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed Al-Maktoum, was married to Abdullah's half-sister Princess Haya.[201]
Abdullah published an autobiography, Our Last Best Chance: The Pursuit of Peace in a Time of Peril, in 2010.[202] He documents the first decade of his rule in a manner similar to his father's 1962 book, Uneasy Lies the Head.[202] Abdullah's book contains insights into his childhood and behind-the-scenes accounts of encounters with political figures.[202]
Interests
Abdullah has listed
The king promotes tourism in Jordan, and was a tour guide for
Abdullah also enjoys stand-up comedy. When Gabriel Iglesias, Russell Peters and a number of other stand-up comedians visited Jordan for a 2009 comedy festival, the king invited them over for dinner.[207] In 2013, a video of Abdullah helping push a car stuck in snow in Amman during the 2013 Middle East cold snap went viral.[208] In 2017, another amateur video that went viral showed Abdullah wearing pyjamas helping in extinguishing a fire in a wood near the royal palace.[209]
Wealth
Abdullah owns an international network of real estate properties, valued in excess of $100 million. His ownership of the properties was disguised through a series of offshore companies incorporated in the
Titles, honours and awards
Titles
- 30 January 1962 – 1 March 1965: His Royal Highness the Crown Prince of Jordan
- 1 March 1965 – 24 January 1999: His Royal Highness Prince Abdullah of Jordan
- 24 January 1999 – 7 February 1999: His Royal Highness the Crown Prince of Jordan
- 7 February 1999 – present: His Majesty the King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Honours
National honours
- Jordan:
- Grand Master of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali.[citation needed]
- Grand Master of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance.[citation needed]
- Grand Master of the Order of the Hashemite Star.[214]
- Grand Master of the Order of Military Gallantry.[215]
- Grand Master of the Order of the Star of Jordan.[citation needed]
- Grand Master of the Order of Independence.[citation needed]
- Grand Master of the Order of Military Merit.
- Grand Master of the Order of Al Hussein
- Founding Grand Master of the Order of King Abdullah II bin Al Hussein for Excellence.
- Founding Grand Master of the Order of the State Centennial.
- Sovereign of the Al-Hussein Medal of Excellence.[215]
- Sovereign of the Long Service Medal.
- Sovereign of the Administrative & Leadership Competence Medal.
- Sovereign of the Administrative & Technical Competence Medal.
- Sovereign of the Administrative & Training Competence Medal.
Foreign honours
- Algeria: Grand Collar of the National Order of Merit (4 December 2022).[216]
- Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (January 2001).[215]
- Bahrain: Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of Al-Khalifa (4 November 1999).[217]
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (18 May 2016).[218]
- Brunei: Recipient of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (13 May 2008).[219]
- Cyprus: Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III (17 December 2021)
- Czech Republic: Member 1st Class of the Order of the White Lion (11 February 2015).[220]
- Order of the White Rose (2010).[221]
- Georgia: Recipient of the Order of the Golden Fleece (29 May 2022)
- Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic (10 October 2002).[217]
- Guinea Bissau: Recipient of the Medal of Amílcar Cabral (20 February 2023)[222]
- Italy:
- Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (9 February 2001).
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (15 January 1987).[223]
- Japan:
- Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (30 November 1999).[224]
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (November 1993).[225]
- Kazakhstan: Recipient of the 10 Years of Astana Medal, (18 May 2008)[226]
- Lebanon: Member Extraordinary Grade of the Order of Merit of Lebanon (14 September 1999)[citation needed]
- Libya: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Grand Conqueror (1 September 1999)[citation needed]
- Montenegro: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Republic of Montenegro (2017)[227]
- Morocco:
- Collar of the Order of Muhammad
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Throne
- Netherlands:
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (30 October 2006)[228]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange (7 December 1994)[citation needed]
- Norway: Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (4 April 2000)[citation needed]
- Oman: Member Special Class of the Civil Order of Oman (4 October 2022)[229]
- Palestine: Grand Cordon of the Order of Jerusalem (21 November 2015)[230]
- Peru: Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru (31 May 2005)[231]
- Poland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle (26 September 1999)[citation needed]
- Portugal:
- Grand Collar of the Order of Saint James of the Sword (16 March 2009)[232]
- Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (5 March 2008)[232]
- Grand Collar of the
- Romania: Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania (20 December 2005)[233]
- Slovenia: Gold Medal of the Order of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia (2002)[234]
- South Korea: Recipient of Grand Order of Mugunghwa (4 December 1999)[citation needed]
- Spain:
- Knight of the Collar of the Order of Charles III (21 April 2006)[citation needed]
- Knights of the Collar of the Order of Isabel the Catholic (18 October 1999)[citation needed]
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit, with white distinctive (15 September 1995)[citation needed]
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Aeronautical Merit, with white distinctive (23 December 1999)[235]
- Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (7 October 2003)[236]
- Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic
- Ukraine:
- Member 1st Class of the Order of Merit (22 June 2011)[237]
- Member 1st Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (23 April 2002)[238]
- United Arab Emirates:
- Collar of the Order of Zayed (1 November 2023)[239]
- United Kingdom:
- Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, Military Class (6 November 2001)[240]
- Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (12 May 1999)[240]
- Honorary Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (26 March 1984)[241]
- Recipient of the Sandhurst Medal
Honorary degrees
- 1 January 2001: Doctorate in political sciences, University of Jordan.[242]
- 3 September 2004: Doctorate, International Relations Institute in Moscow.[243]
- 21 March 2005: Doctor of Humane Letters for socioeconomic development in Jordan and promoting interfaith dialogue, Georgetown University.[244]
- 15 December 2005: Doctorate in political sciences, Chulalongkorn University in Thailand.[245]
- 4 June 2008: Doctorate in civil law, University of Oxford.[246]
- 8 November 2011: Doctorate in humanitarian sciences for efforts in defending Jerusalem's holy sites, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas).[247]
Honorary military appointments
- Since 19 August 2003: Colonel-in-Chief of The Light Dragoons, British Army[248]
Awards
- 16 March 2002: Young Presidents Organisation's Global Leadership Award (California).[249]
- 30 September 2003: Sorbonne Association for Foreign Policy award for political courage in France.[250]
- 20 October 2003: Pioneer in E-Business award, Arab Business magazine (United Arab Emirates).[251]
- 16 April 2004: INFORUM 21st-Century Award from the Commonwealth Club of California, awarded to young leaders who strive for positive change.[252]
- 9 June 2004: Golden Shield Award (Chicago) for efforts to stabilize the Middle East.[253]
- June 2004: Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award for Achievement.[254][255]
- On 21 March 2005: Franklin Delano Roosevelt International Disability Award, United Nations.[256]
- 21 June 2005: Simon Wiesenthal Center Tolerance Award.[257]
- 21 December 2005: Golden Medal of Athens Award.[258]
- 8 May 2007: Peacemaker Award, Seeds of Peace.[259]
- 8 October 2016: Peace of Westphalia Prize, Germany;[260] German president Joachim Gauck said that Abdullah and the Jordanians set "standards for humanity" with their response to the refugee crisis.[260]
- 16 November 2016: Peace prize (Kazakhstan) for contributions to security and nuclear disarmament.[261]
- 19 January 2017: Abu Bakr Al Siddeiq Medal (First Class) from the Arab Red Crescent and Red Cross Organisation for Jordan's support of the Palestinian people and efforts on behalf of Syrian refugees.[262]
- 27 June 2018: Templeton Prize for promoting inter-faith dialogue, the awarding statement said that Abdullah "has done more to seek religious harmony within Islam and between Islam and other religions than any other living political leader."[263]
- 21 November 2019: Scholar-Statesman Award from The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.[264]
- 9 May 2022: Path to Peace award from the Path to Peace Foundation of the Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations. [265]
Writings
- Abdullah II of Jordan (2012). Our Last Best Chance: The Pursuit of Peace in a Time of Peril. ISBN 978-0-14-104879-6.
- Abdullah II of Jordan, "Document Papers", Encyclopedia, Official website of King (Jordan)
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-7486-9144-9.
- ^ a b "Jerusalem deal boosts Jordan in Holy City: analysts". The Daily Star. 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
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ignored (help) - ^ a b "The Washington Post . Jordan's King Abdullah uses shell companies to buy lavish overseas homes, records show". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 October 2021.(subscription required)
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g "His Majesty King Abdullah II ibn Al-Hussein". kingabdullah.jo. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
- ^ "Our Founder". مستشفى فلسطين – Palestine Hospital. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ Jawad Anani (23 November 2015). "Enacting laws". The Jordan Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
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{{cite web}}
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Bibliography
- Robins, Philip (2004). A History of Jordan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521598958.
- George, Alan (2005). Jordan: Living in the Crossfire. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1842774717.
- ISBN 978-1400078288.
External links
Official
- Official website
- Abdullah II of Jordan on Twitter
Media coverage
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Abdullah II of Jordan collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Op-Eds