Aberdeen
Aberdeen
Aiberdeen ( Scottish Gaelic) | ||
---|---|---|
City and council area | ||
MSPs
| ||
• MPs |
| |
Area UTC+1 (BST) | ||
Postcode areas | ||
Area code | 01224 | |
ISO 3166-2 | GB-ABE | |
GSS code | S12000033 | |
OS grid reference | NJ925065 | |
NUTS 3 | UKM50 | |
Primary Airport | Aberdeen Airport | |
Website | aberdeencity | |
Click the map for an interactive fullscreen view |
Aberdeen (
During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, which may sparkle like silver because of its high mica content.[10] Since the discovery of North Sea oil in 1969, Aberdeen has been known as the offshore oil capital of Europe.[11] Based upon the discovery of prehistoric villages around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don, the area around Aberdeen has been thought to have been settled for at least 6,000 years.[12]
Aberdeen received
In 2012, HSBC named Aberdeen as a leading business hub and one of eight 'super cities' spearheading the UK's economy, marking it as the only city in Scotland so designated.[16] In 2018, Aberdeen was found to be the best city in the UK to start a business in a study released by card payment firm Paymentsense.[17][18]
History
Early origins
The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years.[12] The city began as two separate burghs: Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, where the Denburn waterway entered the river Dee estuary.[19] The earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I.[20]
In 1214, Aberdeen Burgesses were granted a Royal Charter by
Wars of Scottish Independence
During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Aberdeen was under English rule, so Robert the Bruce laid siege to Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308, followed by executing the English garrison. The city was burned by Edward III of England in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended. The city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770.[24]
Aberdeen's medieval council registers survive from 1398 onwards and are exceptional for their quantity and continuity among surviving Scottish burgh records. The earliest eight volumes, from 1398 to 1511, have been included in the UNESCO UK Memory of the World Register, and have been edited in a digital edition.[25]
During the
Post-Napoleonic depression
The expensive infrastructure works led to the city becoming bankrupt in 1817 during the
Second World War
Over the course of the
Two books written in 2018 and 2022 using bombing records held in London identified that unexploded bombs from the 1943 raid were found in the 1950s and 1980s making the bombs dropped 129 in total. Damage from the raid can still be seen in some parts of Aberdeen.
Toponymy
The name given to Aberdeen translates as 'mouth of the river Don', and is recorded as Aberdon in 1172 and Aberden in c. 1180. The first element of the name is the Pictish word aber 'river mouth'. The second element is from the Celtic river goddess Devona.[34]
Aberdeen is usually described as within the historical Pictish territory, and became Gaelic-speaking at some time in the medieval period. Old Aberdeen is the approximate location of Aberdon, the first settlement of Aberdeen; this literally means "the mouth of the Don". The Celtic word aber means "river mouth", as in modern Welsh (Aberystwyth, Aberdare, Aberbeeg etc.).[35] The Scottish Gaelic name is Obar Dheathain (variation: Obairreadhain; *obar presumably being a loan from the earlier Pictish; the Gaelic term is inbhir), and in Latin, the Romans referred to the river as Devana. Medieval (or Ecclesiastical) Latin has it as Aberdonia.[36]
Governance and heraldry
Aberdeen is locally governed by
Aberdeen is represented in the
In the Scottish Parliament, the city is represented by three constituencies with different boundaries: Aberdeen Central and Aberdeen Donside are wholly within the Aberdeen City council area. Aberdeen South and North Kincardine includes the North Kincardine ward of Aberdeenshire Council. A further seven MSPs are elected as part of the North East Scotland electoral region. In the European Parliament the city was represented by six MEPs as part of the all-inclusive Scotland constituency.[42]
The arms and banner of the city show three silver towers on red. This motif dates from at least the time of Robert the Bruce and represents the buildings that stood on the three hills of medieval Aberdeen: Aberdeen Castle on Castle Hill (today's Castlegate); the city gate on Port Hill; and a church on St Catherine's Hill (now levelled).[43]
"Bon Accord" is the motto of the city and is French for "Good Agreement". Legend tells that its use dates from a password used by Robert the Bruce during the 14th century Wars of Scottish Independence, when he and his men laid siege to the English-held Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308.[22] It is still widely present in the city, throughout street names, business names and the city's Bon Accord shopping mall.[44]
The shield in the coat of arms is
Geography
Location and area
Being situated between two river mouths, the city has little natural exposure of bedrock. The small amount of geophysics done, and occasional building-related exposures, combined with small exposures in the banks of the River Don, suggest that it is actually sited on an inlier of Devonian "Old Red" sandstones and silts. The outskirts of the city spread beyond the (inferred) limits of the outlier onto the surrounding metamorphic/ igneous complexes formed during the Dalradian period (approximately 480–600 million years ago) with sporadic areas of igneous Diorite granites to be found, such as that at the Rubislaw quarry which was used to build much of the Victorian parts of the city.[46]
The city extends to 185.6 km2 (71.7 sq mi),
Climate
Aberdeen features an
Two weather stations collect climate data for the area, Aberdeen/Dyce Airport, and Craibstone. Both are about 4+1⁄2 miles (7 km) to the northwest of the city centre, and given that they are in close proximity to each other, exhibit very similar climatic regimes. Dyce tends to have marginally warmer daytime temperatures year-round owing to its slightly lower elevation, though it is more susceptible to harsh frosts. The coldest temperature to occur in recent years was −16.8 °C (1.8 °F) during December 2010,[53] while the following winter, Dyce set a new February high-temperature station record on 28 February 2012 of 17.2 °C (63.0 °F),[54] and a new March high temperature record of 21.6 °C (70.9 °F) on 25 March 2012.[55]
The average temperature of the sea ranges from 6.6 °C (43.9 °F) in March to 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) in August.[56]
Climate data for Dyce-Aberdeen (ABZ),[a] elevation: 65 m (213 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1960–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 17.2 (63.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
23.7 (74.7) |
24.4 (75.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.7 (85.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
29.8 (85.6) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 12.2 (54.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) |
7.3 (45.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.2 (52.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
16.3 (61.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
12.2 (53.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
4.2 (39.6) |
5.6 (42.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
3.9 (39.0) |
8.8 (47.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) |
1.1 (34.0) |
2.1 (35.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
10.8 (51.4) |
9.1 (48.4) |
6.3 (43.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
0.9 (33.6) |
5.4 (41.6) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −5.4 (22.3) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
2.6 (36.7) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −19.3 (−2.7) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
−15.8 (3.6) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
−19.3 (−2.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 67.8 (2.67) |
59.4 (2.34) |
54.4 (2.14) |
57.6 (2.27) |
54.0 (2.13) |
68.9 (2.71) |
70.8 (2.79) |
68.3 (2.69) |
60.7 (2.39) |
99.9 (3.93) |
93.0 (3.66) |
77.7 (3.06) |
832.5 (32.78) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.5 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 10.3 | 11.6 | 12.2 | 10.8 | 10.4 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 12.8 | 142.9 |
Average snowy days | 8 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 34 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
83 | 81 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 80 | 81 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 80 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 60.5 | 85.4 | 125.5 | 153.9 | 202.7 | 163.5 | 162.4 | 156.7 | 125.1 | 95.0 | 68.1 | 48.5 | 1,447.3 |
Percent possible sunshine | 26 | 30 | 33 | 36 | 38 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 32 | 29 | 26 | 22 | 31 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI[60] |
Climate data for Aberdeen (Craibstone),[b] elevation: 102 m (335 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1958–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.0 (60.8) |
16.3 (61.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
26.8 (80.2) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.6 (83.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
28.8 (83.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.4 (59.7) |
12.0 (53.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
6.2 (43.2) |
11.5 (52.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) |
3.5 (38.3) |
5.0 (41.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.2 (57.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
5.8 (42.4) |
3.5 (38.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
1.6 (34.9) |
3.0 (37.4) |
5.2 (41.4) |
8.1 (46.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
5.7 (42.3) |
2.9 (37.2) |
0.8 (33.4) |
4.8 (40.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.5 (7.7) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
0.3 (32.5) |
1.7 (35.1) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−12.6 (9.3) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 71.2 (2.80) |
59.3 (2.33) |
63.8 (2.51) |
62.2 (2.45) |
59.6 (2.35) |
65.6 (2.58) |
65.7 (2.59) |
66.1 (2.60) |
71.9 (2.83) |
102.9 (4.05) |
98.1 (3.86) |
79.8 (3.14) |
866.2 (34.10) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.6 | 10.6 | 11.5 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 10.1 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 12.3 | 138.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 60.6 | 84.9 | 120.3 | 151.5 | 194.1 | 163.8 | 159.3 | 160.4 | 124.6 | 100.0 | 65.4 | 47.7 | 1,432.6 |
Source 1: Met Office[61] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI[62] |
Demography
UK Census 2011 |
Aberdeen | Scotland |
---|---|---|
Total population | 222,793 | 5,295,000 |
Population growth 2001–2011 |
5.0% | 5.0% |
Religion | ||
No Religion | 48.1% | 36.7% |
Christian | 30.9% | 54.0% |
Muslim | 1.9% | 1.4% |
Hindu | 1.0% | 0.3% |
The Aberdeen locality population estimate is 198,590 (mid-2020 est.).[4] For the wider settlement of Aberdeen including Cove Bay and Dyce, the population estimate is 220,690 (mid-2020 est.).[4] For Aberdeen City council area, the population estimate is 227,430 (2021).[5]
In 1396, the population was about 3,000. By 1801, it had become 26,992, then 153,503 in 1901, and finally 182,467 in 1941.[65]
The 2011 census showed that there are fewer young people in Aberdeen, with 16.4% under 16, as opposed to the national average of 19.2%.[66] According to the 2011 census Aberdeen is 91.9% white, ethnically, 24.7% were born outside Scotland, higher than the national average of 16%. Of this population, 7.6% were born in other parts of the UK.[64] 8.2% of Aberdonians stated to be from an ethnic minority (non-white) in the 2011 census, with 9,519 (4.3%) being Asian, with 3,385 (1.5%) coming from India and 2,187 (1.0%) being Chinese. The city has around 5,610 (2.6%) residents of African or Caribbean origin, which is a higher percentage than both Glasgow and Edinburgh.[64]
In the household, there were 97,013 individual dwellings recorded in the city, of which 61% were privately owned, 9% privately rented and 23% rented from the council. The most popular type of dwellings are apartments which comprise 49% of residences followed by semi-detached at just below 22%.[67] The median income of a household in the city is £16,813 (the mean income is £20,292)[68] (2005) which places approximately 18% households in the city below the poverty line (defined as 60% of the mean income). Conversely, an Aberdeen postcode has the second highest number of millionaires of any postcode in the UK.[69]
Ethnicity
Ethnic Group | 1991[70][71] | 2001[72] | 2011[72][73] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
White: Total | 201,886 | 98.53% | 205,974 | 97.1% | 204,715 | 91.88% |
White: Scottish | – | – | 181,718 | 85.66% | 167,727 | 75.28% |
White: Other British | – | – | 16,682 | 7.86% | 16,910 | 7.6% |
White: Irish
|
1,251 | 0.61% | 1,531 | 0.7% | 2,213 | 1% |
White: Gypsy/Traveller[c]
|
– | – | – | – | 279 | 0.1% |
White: Polish[c] | – | – | – | – | 7,031 | 3.2% |
White: Other
|
– | – | 6,043 | 2.8% | 10,555 | 4.7% |
Asian British : Total
|
1,817 | 0.88% | 3,240 | 1.52% | 9,519 | 4.27% |
Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: Indian
|
303 | 0.1% | 837 | 0.4% | 3,384 | 1.5% |
Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: Pakistani
|
154 | 0.1% | 407 | 0.2% | 1,042 | 0.5% |
Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: Bangladeshi
|
165 | 0.1% | 336 | 0.2% | 587 | 0.3% |
Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: Chinese | 708 | 0.3% | 1,199 | 0.6% | 2,187 | 1% |
Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: Asian Other
|
487 | 0.2% | 461 | 0.2% | 2,319 | 1% |
Black British[d]
|
521 | 0.25% | 94 | – | – | – |
African: Total | – | – | 722 | 0.34% | 5,042 | 2.26% |
African: African British
|
– | – | 722 | 0.34% | 5,009 | 2.2% |
African: Other African
|
– | – | – | – | 33 | – |
Black : Total
|
– | – | 159 | - | 588 | 0.26% |
Caribbean
|
– | – | 159 | - | 296 | 0.1% |
Black
|
– | – | - | - | 214 | 0.1% |
Caribbean or Black: Other
|
– | – | - | - | 78 | – |
Mixed or multiple ethnic groups : Total
|
– | – | 863 | 0.4% | 1,488 | 0.66% |
Other: Total | 661 | 0.32% | 1,073 | 0.5% | 1,441 | 0.64% |
Other: Arab[c] | – | – | – | – | 993 | 0.44% |
Other: Any other ethnic group | 661 | 0.32% | 1,073 | 0.5% | 448 | 0.2% |
Total: | 204,885 | 100% | 212,125 | 100% | 222,793 | 100% |
Religion
Christianity is the main religion practised in the city. Aberdeen's largest denominations are the
In the
Numerous other Protestant denominations have a presence in Aberdeen.
There are also four
Economy
Traditionally, Aberdeen was home to fishing, textile mills, shipbuilding and paper-making. These industries have been largely replaced. High technology developments in the electronics design and development industry, research in agriculture and fishing and the
Until the 1970s, most of Aberdeen's leading industries dated from the 18th century; mainly these were textiles, foundry work, shipbuilding and paper-making, the oldest industry in the city, with paper having been first made there in 1694. Paper-making has reduced in importance since the closures of Donside Paper Mill in 2001 and the Davidson Mill in 2005 leaving the Stoneywood Paper Mill with a workforce of approximately 500. Textile production ended in 2004 when Richards of Aberdeen closed.[83]
Grey granite was
In-shore fishing was once the predominant industry but was surpassed by deep-sea fisheries, which derived a great impetus from improved technologies throughout the 20th century. Catches have fallen because of overfishing and the use of the harbour by oil support vessels,[85] and so although still an important fishing port it is now eclipsed by the more northerly ports of Peterhead and Fraserburgh. The Fisheries Research Services are headquartered in Aberdeen, and there is a marine research laboratory there.[86]
Aberdeen is well regarded for the agricultural and soil research carried out at
As oil reserves in the North Sea decrease there is an effort to rebrand Aberdeen as "Energy Capital of Europe" rather than "Oil Capital of Europe", and there is interest in the development of new energy sources, and technology transfer from oil into renewable energy and other industries is underway. The "Energetica" initiative led by Scottish Enterprise has been designed to accelerate this process.[89] Aberdeen has become a major world centre for undersea petroleum technology.[90][91]
North Sea oil and gas
Aberdeen had been a major maritime centre throughout the 19th century, when a group of local entrepreneurs launched the first steam-powered trawler. The steam trawling industry expanded and by 1933 Aberdeen was Scotland's top fishing port, employing nearly 3,000 men with 300 vessels sailing from its harbour. By the time oil was coming on stream, much of the trawling fleet had relocated to Peterhead.[92]
Geologists had speculated about the existence of oil and gas in the North Sea since the middle of the 20th century, but tapping its deep and inhospitable waters was another story. With the Middle Eastern oil sheiks becoming more aware of the political and economic power of their oil reserves and government threats of rationing, the industry began to consider the North Sea as a viable source of oil. Exploration commenced in the 1960s and the first major find in the British sector was in November 1970 in the Forties field, 110 miles (180 km) east of Aberdeen.[11]
By late 1975, after years of intense construction, the necessary infrastructure was in place. Oil flowed through the Forties pipeline system directly to the refinery at far-away Grangemouth.[93]
Business
In 2011, the Centre for Cities named Aberdeen as the best placed city for growth in Britain, as the country looked to emerge from the recent economic downturn.[94] With energy still providing the backbone of the local economy, recent years have seen very large new investment in the North Sea owing to rising oil prices and favourable government tax incentives.[95] This has led to several oil majors and independents building new global offices in the city.[96]
Five of Scotland's top ten businesses are based in Aberdeen with a collective turnover of £14 billion, yielding a profit in excess of £2.4 billion. Alongside this 29 of Scotland's top 100 businesses are located in Aberdeen with an employment rate of 77.9%, making it the second highest UK city for employment.[97]
Figures released in 2016 ranked Aberdeen as having the second highest number of patents processed per person in the UK.[98]
Shopping
The traditional shopping streets are Union Street and George Street, now complemented by shopping centres, including the Bon Accord Centre and the Trinity Shopping Centre. A £190 million retail development, Union Square, reached completion in late September/early October 2009.[99] Major retail parks away from the city centre include the Berryden Retail Park, the Kittybrewster Retail Park and the Beach Boulevard Retail Park. Aberdeen Market has been rebuilt twice, but closed in 2020.[100]
In March 2004, Aberdeen was awarded
Landmarks
Aberdeen's architecture is known for its principal use during the Victorian era of granite, which has led to its local nickname of the Granite City.[102]
Amongst the notable buildings in the city's main street,
In addition to the many fine landmark buildings, Aberdeen has many prominent public statues, three of the most notable being William Wallace at the junction between Union Terrace and Rosemount Viaduct, Robert Burns on Union Terrace above Union Terrace Gardens, and Robert the Bruce holding aloft the charter he issued to the city in 1319 on Broad Street, outside Marischal College.[105]
Aberdeen has long been famous for its 45[106] parks and gardens, and citywide floral displays which include two million roses, eleven million daffodils and three million crocuses. The city has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Britain in Bloom 'Best City' award ten times,[106] the overall Scotland in Bloom competition twenty times[106] and the large city category every year since 1968.[106] However, despite recent spurious reports, Aberdeen has never been banned from the Britain in Bloom competition.[107] The city won the 2006 Scotland in Bloom "Best City" award along with the International Cities in Bloom award. The suburb of Dyce also won the Small Towns award.[108][109]
Duthie Park opened in 1899 on the north bank of the River Dee. It was named after and given to the city by Miss Elizabeth Crombie Duthie of Ruthrieston in 1881.[110] Hazlehead Park, is large and forested, and located on the outskirts of the city.[111] Johnston Gardens is a small park of one hectare in the west end of the city. In 2002, the garden was named the best garden in the British Islands.[106] Seaton Park, formerly the grounds of a private house, is on the edge of the grounds of St Machar's Cathedral and was acquired for the city in 1947.[112]
Aberdeen has hosted several theatres throughout its history, some of which have subsequently been converted or destroyed. The most famous include:
- His Majesty's Theatre (HMT), on Rosemount Viaduct[113]
- The Tivoli, on Guild Street[114]
- Capitol Theatre, on Union Street[115]
- Aberdeen Arts Centre, on King Street[116]
- The Palace Theatre, on Bridge Street[117]
- The main concert hall is the Music Hall on Union Street, built in 1822.[118]
Transport
Aberdeen Airport (ABZ), in Dyce in the north of the city, serves domestic and international destinations including France, the Netherlands, Spain, Ireland and Scandinavian countries. The heliport which serves the oil industry and rescue services is one of the world's busiest commercial heliports.[14]
Aberdeen has two railway stations.
There are six major roads in and out of the city. The A90 is the main arterial route into the city from the north and south, linking Aberdeen to Edinburgh (via the M90), Dundee, Brechin and Perth in the south and Ellon, Peterhead and Fraserburgh in the north. The A96 links Elgin and Inverness and the northwest. The A93 is the main route to the west, heading towards Royal Deeside and the Cairngorms. After Braemar, it turns south, providing an alternative tourist route to Perth. The A944 also heads west, through Westhill and on to Alford. The A92 was the original southerly road to Aberdeen prior to the building of the A90, and is now used as a tourist route, connecting the towns of Montrose and Arbroath and on the east coast. The A947 exits the city at Dyce and goes on to Newmachar, Oldmeldrum and Turriff finally ending at Banff and Macduff.[119] In 2019, the Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route bypass was completed.
Aberdeen Harbour is important as the largest in the north of Scotland and serves the ferry route to Orkney and Shetland. Established in 1136, the harbour has been referred to as the oldest business in Britain.[120]
FirstGroup operates the city buses under the name First Aberdeen, as the successor of Grampian Regional Transport (GRT) and Aberdeen Corporation Tramways. Aberdeen is the global headquarters of FirstGroup plc, having grown from the GRT Group. First is still based at the former Aberdeen Tramways depot on King Street, which has now been redeveloped into a new headquarters and bus depot.[121]
Aberdeen is connected to the UK National Cycle Network, and has a track to the south connecting to cities such as Dundee and Edinburgh and one to the north that forks about 10 miles (15 km) from the city into two different tracks heading to Inverness and Fraserburgh respectively. Two popular footpaths along old railway lines are the Deeside Way to Banchory (which will eventually connect to Ballater) and the Formartine and Buchan Way to Ellon, both used by a mixture of cyclists, walkers and occasionally horses.[123]
The Dee Estuary, Aberdeen's harbour, has continually been improved. Starting out as a fishing port, moving onto steam trawlers, the oil industry, it is now a major port of departure for the Baltic and Scandinavia.[124]
Education
Universities and colleges
Aberdeen has two universities, the ancient University of Aberdeen, and Robert Gordon University, a modern university often referred to as RGU. Aberdeen has a higher proportion of students of 11.5%, higher than the national average of 7%.[125]
The University of Aberdeen began as King's College, Aberdeen, which was founded in 1495[124] by William Elphinstone (1431–1514), Bishop of Aberdeen and Chancellor of Scotland. Marischal College, a separate institution, was founded in "New" Aberdeen by George Keith, fifth Earl Marischal of Scotland in 1593.[124] These institutions were merged by order[Act?] of Parliament in 1860 to form the University of Aberdeen.[124] The university is the fifth oldest in the English-speaking world[126] and offers degrees in a full range of disciplines. Its main campus is in Old Aberdeen in the north of the city and it currently has approximately 14,000 students. The university's debating society is the oldest in Scotland, founded in 1848 as the King's College Debating Society.[127] Today, Aberdeen is consistently ranked among the top 200 universities in the world[128] and is ranked within the top 20 universities in the United Kingdom.[129][130] Aberdeen was also named the 2019 Scottish University of the Year by The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide.[131] In early 2022, Aberdeen opened the Science Teaching Hub.[132]
Aberdeen is also home to two artistic schools:
The Aberdeen College of Performing Arts also provides full-time Drama and Musical Theatre training at Further Education level.[135]
Schools
There are currently 15 secondary schools and 54 primary schools which are run by the city council. There are a number of private schools in Aberdeen:
State primary schools in Aberdeen include
State secondary schools in Aberdeen include
Independent primary schools in Aberdeen include Albyn School, Robert Gordon's College, St Margaret's School for Girls, and the International School of Aberdeen.[136]
Culture
The city has a wide range of cultural activities, amenities, and museums,
Galleries and museums
The
The
Provost Skene's House on Flourmill Lane dates from 1545 and is the oldest surviving townhouse in the city. It reopened in October 2021 after significant refurbishment costing £3.8m.[144] One of the new exhibitions is a Hall of Heroes featuring 100 Aberdonians who have made a significant contribution to the city.[145][144]
The Tollbooth Museum on the Castlegate (currently closed to visitors) is a former jail, which first opened as a public museum in 1995.[146]
The Aberdeen Treasure Hub is a storage facility for Aberdeen Museums and Galleries containing over 100,000 items.[147] The store is open for infrequent tours, for example as part of Doors Open Day.[148]
Marischal Museum holds the principal collections of the University of Aberdeen, comprising some 80,000 items in the areas of fine art, Scottish history and archaeology, and European, Mediterranean and Near Eastern archaeology. The permanent displays and reference collections are augmented by regular temporary exhibitions, and since its closure to the public it now has a virtual online presence[149] It closed to the public in 2008.[150] The King's Museum acts as the main museum of the university now.[151]
Festivals and performing arts
Aberdeen is home to a number of events and festivals including the Aberdeen International Youth Festival (the world's largest arts festival for young performers), Aberdeen Jazz Festival, Aberdeen Alternative Festival, Rootin' Aboot (a folk and roots music event), Triptych, the University of Aberdeen's annual May Fest (formerly the Word festival) and DanceLive, Scotland's only festival of contemporary dance, produced by the city's Citymoves dance organisation.[152]
The Aberdeen Student Show, performed annually without interruption since 1921, under the auspices of the Aberdeen Students' Charities Campaign, is the longest-running of its kind in the United Kingdom. It is written, produced and performed by students and graduates of Aberdeen's universities and higher education institutions. Since 1929—other than on a handful of occasions—it has been staged at His Majesty's Theatre.[153]
National festivals which visited Aberdeen in 2012 included the
Aberdeen is home to Spectra, an annual light festival hosted in different locations across the city.[155]
Aberdeen is home to Nuart, a festival showcasing street art around the city. The festival has run since 2017.[156]
Dialect
The local dialect of Lowland Scots is often known as Doric and is spoken not just in the city, but across the northeast of Scotland. It differs somewhat from other Scots dialects: most noticeable are the pronunciation "f" for what is normally written "wh" and "ee" for what in standard English would usually be written "oo" (Scots "ui"). Every year the annual Doric Festival takes place in Aberdeenshire to celebrate the history of the north-east's language.[157]
Media and music
Aberdeen is home to Scotland's oldest newspaper
There are three commercial radio stations operating in the city,
Music venues include
Food
The Aberdeen region has given its name to a number of dishes, including the Aberdeen buttery (also known as "rowie")[164] and Aberdeen Sausage.[165]
In 2015, a study was published in
Public services
The public health service in Scotland, NHS Scotland provides for the people of Aberdeen through the NHS Grampian health board. Aberdeen Royal Infirmary is the largest hospital in the city and one of the largest in Europe[167][168] (the location of the city's A&E department), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, a paediatric hospital, Royal Cornhill Hospital for mental health, Aberdeen Maternity Hospital, an antenatal hospital, Woodend Hospital, which specialises in rehabilitation and long-term illnesses and conditions, and City Hospital and Woolmanhill Hospital, which host several out-patient clinics and offices. Albyn Hospital is a private hospital located in the west end of the city.[169]
Aberdeen City Council is responsible for city-owned infrastructure which is paid for by a mixture of Council Tax and income from the Scottish Government. Infrastructure and services run by the council include: nursery, primary and secondary education, roads, clearing snow in winter, city wardens, maintaining parks, refuse collection, economic development, public analyst, public mortuary, street cleaning and street lighting. Infrastructure in private hands includes electricity, gas and telecoms. Water and sewerage services are provided by Scottish Water.[170]
- Police: Policing in Aberdeen is the responsibility of Police Scotland (the British Transport Police has responsibility for railways).
- Ambulance: The North East divisional headquarters of the Scottish Ambulance Service is located in Aberdeen.[171]
- Fire and rescue: This is the responsibility of the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service.[172]
- Lifeboat: The Royal National Lifeboat Institution operates Aberdeen Lifeboat Station. It is located at Victoria Dock Entrance in York Place.[173]
Sport
Football
The first ever recorded game of football, was outlined by teacher David Wedderburn in his book "Vocabula" written in 1633, during his time teaching at Aberdeen Grammar School.[174]
There are two Aberdeen-based football clubs in the
After 8 seasons in charge, the most recent of Managers Derek McInnes, was relieved of his duties, the club's failure to achieve anything more than 1 trophy in 24 competitions during his tenure and a recent run of games which saw 1 goal in ten matches ultimately proved costly for the Manager and his Assistant Tony Docherty. Under the management of McInnes the team won the
The other senior team is Cove Rangers of League One, who play at Balmoral Stadium in the suburb of Cove Bay. Cove won the Highland Football League championship in 2001, 2008, 2009, 2013 and 2019, winning the League Two play-offs in 2019 and earning promotion. At the point at which the 2019/20 League Two season was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Cove was sitting top of the League Two table and were promoted as Champions.[177]
Local junior teams include
Rugby Union
Aberdeen hosted Caledonia Reds, a Scottish rugby team, before they merged with the Glasgow Warriors in 1998. The city is also home to the Scottish Premiership Division One rugby club Aberdeen GSFP RFC who play at Rubislaw Playing Fields, and Aberdeenshire RFC which was founded in 1875 and runs Junior, Senior Men's, Senior Ladies and Touch sections from the Woodside Sports Complex[179] and also Aberdeen Wanderers RFC.[180]
In 2005 the President of the SRU said it was hoped eventually to establish a professional team in Aberdeen.[181] In November 2008 the city hosted a rugby international at Pittodrie between Scotland and Canada, with Scotland winning 41–0.[182] In November 2010 the city once again hosted a rugby international at Pittodrie between Scotland and Samoa, with Scotland winning 19–16.[183]
Rugby League
Aberdeen Warriors rugby league team play in the Rugby League Conference Division One. The Warriors also run Under 15's and 17's teams. Aberdeen Grammar School won the Saltire Schools Cup in 2011.[184]
Golf
The
There are new courses planned for the area, including world-class facilities with major financial backing, the city and shire are set to become important in golf tourism. In Summer 2012, Donald Trump opened a new state of the art golf course at Menie, just north of the city, as the Trump International Golf Links, Scotland.[188]
Other sports
The City of Aberdeen Swim Team (COAST) was based in Northfield swimming pool, but since the opening of the Aberdeen Aquatics Centre in 2014, it is now based there, as it has a 50 m pool as opposed to the 25 m pool at Northfield. It has been in operation since 1996. The team comprises several smaller swimming clubs and has enjoyed success throughout Scotland and in international competitions. Three of the team's swimmers qualified for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.[189] There are four boat clubs that row on the River Dee: Aberdeen Boat Club (ABC), Aberdeen Schools Rowing Association (ASRA), Aberdeen University Boat Club (AUBC) and Robert Gordon University Boat Club (RGUBC).[190]
The city has one national league side, Stoneywood-Dyce. Local "Grades"[191] cricket has been played in Aberdeen since 1884. Aberdeenshire were the 2009 and 2014 Scottish National Premier League and Scottish Cup Champions.[192]Aberdeen Lynx are an ice hockey team that plays in the Scottish National League and is based at the Linx Ice Arena.[193] Aberdeen University Shinty Club (Scottish Gaelic: Club Camanachd Oilthigh Obar Dheathain) is the oldest constituted shinty club in the world, dating back to 1861.[194]
The city council operates public tennis courts in various parks including an indoor tennis centre at Westburn Park. The Beach Leisure Centre is home to a climbing wall, gymnasium and a swimming pool. There are numerous swimming pools dotted around the city notably the largest, the
The Aberdeen Roughnecks American football club is a new team that started in 2012 and is the first team that Aberdeen has witnessed since the Granite City Oilers that began in 1986 and were wound up in the mid-1990s.[197]Aberdeen Oilers Floorball Club was founded in 2007. The club initially attracted a range of experienced Scandinavian and other European players who were studying in Aberdeen. Since their formation, Aberdeen Oilers have played in the British Floorball Northern League and went on to win the league in the 2008/09 season. The club played a major role in setting up a ladies league in Scotland. The Oilers' ladies team ended up second in the first ladies league season (2008/09).[198]
Twin cities
Aberdeen is
- Stavanger, Norway, since 1990[199]
- Regensburg, Germany, since 1955[199]
- Clermont-Ferrand, France, since 1983[199]
- Gomel, Belarus, since 1990[199]
- Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, since 1986[199]
- Houston, Texas, US, since 1979, is twinned with the former region of Grampian of which Aberdeen is the regional centre[200]
- Kobe, Japan, since 2022, is twinned with Aberdeen for its hydrogen work.[201]
Notable people and residents
- William Alexander (1826 - 1894), journalist and author of Johnny Gibb of Gushetneuk.
- Leslie Benzies, Former president of Rockstar North, creators of the critically acclaimed Grand Theft Auto series.
- Scott Booth, former football player, played for Aberdeen F.C., FC Twente, Borussia Dortmund and the Scotland national football team.
- Alf Burnett, footballer who played for Dundee United
- Lord Byron FRS (1788–1824), poet, was raised (age 2–10) in Aberdeen.
- Andrew Cant, (1584–1663) Presbyterian minister and leader of the Scottish Covenanters
- David Carry, swimmer, 2x 2006 Commonwealth Games gold medallist.
- Henry Cecil, one of the most successful horse trainers of all time.
- Oswald Chambers, author of My Utmost for His Highest
- Alexander Christie, portrait painter.
- Dan Crenshaw, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 2nd district.
- Dr Finlay's Casebook
- John Mathieson Dodds, apprentice and engineer with Metrovick, Manchester and radar pioneer in Chain Home defence system for 1940 Battle of Britain.
- 2012 Paralympic Games gold and silver medalist.[202]
- Simon Farquhar, playwright.
- Graeme Garden, author, actor, comedian, artist, TV presenter, famous for The Goodies.
- Martin Gatt, principal bassoonist English Chamber Orchestra, LPO and LSO.
- MLS.
- James Gibbs, 18th-century architect.
- Quentin Gibson FRS (1918–2011), physiologist and biochemist
- Arecibo Observatory.
- David Gregory FRS (1659–1708), Scottish mathematician and astronomer. Attended Aberdeen Grammar School and Marischal College, University of Aberdeen. A professor of mathematics. Based on his uncle James Gregory's work, he extended or discovered the method of quadratures by infinite series. His principle work "Astronomiae physicae et geometricae elementa" (1702) was the first text-book on gravitational principles.
- Michael Gove, politician and MP.
- George Jamesone, Scotland's first eminent portrait-painter.
- Reginald Victor Jones, physicist, Chair of Natural Philosophy at the University of Aberdeen, author.
- John Michael Kosterlitz, physicist, professor of physics at Brown University. Awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 2016.
- Denis Law, former football player, played for Manchester City, Manchester United and the Scotland national team, joint all-time record Scotland goalscorer with 30 goals.
- Paul Lawrie, golfer, winner of the 1999 Open Championship.
- Annie Lennox, musician, winner of eight Brit Awards.
- Rose Leslie, actress, best known for playing Ygritte in HBO's Game of Thrones.
- John Macleod FRSE FRS LLD (1876–1935) Biochemist and Physiologist. For his role in the discovery and isolation of insulin he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1923.
- John Alexander MacWilliam FRS (1857–1937), Professor of the Institutes of Medicine (later Physiology) at the University of Aberdeen. Pioneer in the field of cardiac electro-physiology & ventricular fibrillation of the heart. First to propose ventricular fibrillation as the most common cause of sudden death through heart attack. First to propose use of life saving electrical de-fibrilators. His work laid the frame work for the development of the pace maker.
- Laura Main, actress, best known for playing Sister Bernadette/Shelagh Turner in the BBC's Call the Midwife
- James Clerk Maxwell FRSE FRS (1831–1879), Chair of Natural Philosophy at Marischal College, University of Aberdeen from 1856 to 1860. Formulated the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation.
- Robert Morison (1620–1683), a Scottish botanist and taxonomist. He elucidated and developed the first systematic classification of plants. Gained his Master of Arts from the University of Aberdeen at the age of eighteen. For ten years Director of Louis XIV's royal gardens at Blois, France, then physician, botanist & superintendent of all royal gardens for Charles II of Scotland.
- (1917–1998), Scottish artist and teacher famous for his landscapes of Scotland and abroad.
- Andy Nisbet (1953–2019), a Scottish mountaineer, guide, climbing instructor, and editor of climbing guidebooks. A pioneer of mixed rock and ice climbing techniques over 45 years. Developed over 1,000 new winter climbing routes in Scotland.
- Ara Paiaya, film producer and director of Skin Traffik, Instant Death and Purge of Kingdoms.
- Robbie Renwick, swimmer, 1x 2010 Commonwealth Gamesgold medalist.
- Professor Sir C. Duncan Rice, historian, former principal of the University of Aberdeen.
- Lawson Robertson (1883–1951), born in Aberdeen, competed for the U.S. Olympic Team at the 1904 Olympics in St. Louis, winning the bronze medal in the standing high jump. Head coach of U.S. track team at 4 successive Olympic games, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936.
- Archibald Simpson, architect, one of Aberdeen's major architects.
- John Smith, architect, Aberdeen's other major architect and official City Architect
- Nicol Stephen, former Scottish Liberal Democrats leader, former Deputy First Minister of Scotland
- John Strachan, first Anglican Bishop of Toronto.
- Annie Wallace, actress in Hollyoaks.
- Ron Yeats, former football player, captain of the first great Liverpool team of the 1960s, also played for the Scotland national team.
Aberdeen in popular culture
- Stuart MacBride's crime novels Cold Granite, Dying Light, Broken Skin, Flesh House, Blind Eye and Dark Blood (a series with main protagonist, DS Logan McRae) are all set in Aberdeen.[203]
- A large part of the plot of the World War II thriller Eye of the Needle by Welsh author, Ken Follett, takes place in wartime Aberdeen, from which a German spy is trying to escape to a submarine waiting offshore.[204]
- A portion of Black and Blue (1997) is set in Aberdeen, where its nickname "Furry Boots" is noted.[205]
- Songs titled "Aberdeen" have been recorded by the music groups Danny Wilson,[206] Royseven,[207] and Cage the Elephant.[208]
- The Scottish rock band The Xcerts released the song "Aberdeen 1987" on their debut album In the Cold Wind We Smile, released on 30 March 2009. The first verse contains the line "15, sitting in a graveyard talking about their history". The graveyard referenced in the song is the graveyard of the Kirk of St Nicholas on Union Street.[209]
- The character Scotty from Star Trek: The Original Series references spending his youth in Aberdeen, though it is debated whether it is his birthplace.[210]
See also
- Aberdeen Bestiary
- Aberdeen City Youth Council
- Aberdeen Safer Community Trust
- Aberdeen typhoid outbreak 1964
- Aberdonia (disambiguation)
- List of places in Aberdeen
- List of places in Scotland
- Our Lady of Aberdeen
- Voluntary Service Aberdeen
- Freedom of the City of Aberdeen
Notes
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{{cite web}}
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Further reading
- Carter, Jennifer (1994). Crown and Gown: Illustrated History of the University of Aberdeen, 1495–1995. Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 978-1-85752-240-2.
- Fraser, W. Hamish (2000). Aberdeen, 1800 to 2000: A New History. Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-86232-175-5.
- Keith, Alexander (1987). A Thousand Years of Aberdeen. Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 978-0-900015-29-8.
- Shepherd, Mike (2015). Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil. Luath Press. ISBN 978-1910745212
- Stuart, John, ed. (1871). Extracts from the Council register of the burgh of Aberdeen 1625–1642. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Scottish Burgh Records Society.
- Stuart, John, ed. (1871). Extracts from the Council register of the burgh of Aberdeen 1643–1747. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Scottish Burgh Records Society.
External links
- Aberdeen City Council
- Aberdeen at Curlie
- A collection of historic maps of Aberdeen from the 1660s onward at National Library of Scotland
- A selection of archive films relating to Aberdeen at the Scottish Screen Archive
- Engraving of Aberdeen in 1693 by John Slezer at National Library of Scotland
- Texts on Wikisource:
- "Aberdeen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 47–49.
- "Aberdeen (Scotland)". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.