Abies alba

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Abies alba
In Silesian Beskids, Poland

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Abies
Species:
A. alba
Binomial name
Abies alba
Distribution map:
  ✖ Native range and isolated population.
  ▲ Introduced and naturalized (synanthropic) area and isolated population.
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Abies argentea Chambray
  • Abies baldensis (Zuccagni) Zucc. ex Nyman
  • Abies candicans Fisch. ex Endl.
  • Abies chlorocarpa Purk. ex Nyman
  • Abies duplex Hormuz. ex Beissn.
  • Abies metensis Gordon
  • Abies miniata Knight ex Gordon
  • Abies minor Gilib.
  • Abies nobilis A.Dietr.
  • Abies pardei Gaussen
  • Abies rinzii K.Koch
  • Abies taxifolia Duhamel
  • Abies taxifolia Desf.
  • Abies taxifolia Raf.
  • Abies tenuirifolia Beissn.
  • Abies vulgaris Poir.
  • Peuce abies Rich.
  • Picea kukunaria Wender.
  • Picea metensis Gordon
  • Picea pectinata (Lam.) Loudon
  • Picea pyramidalis Gordon
  • Picea rinzi Gordon
  • Picea tenuifolia Beissn.
  • Pinus baldensis Zuccagni
  • Pinus heterophylla K.Koch
  • Pinus lucida Salisb.
  • Pinus pectinata Lam.
  • Pinus picea L.

Abies alba, the European silver fir or silver fir,[3] is a fir native to the mountains of Europe, from the Pyrenees north to Normandy, east to the Alps and the Carpathians, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and south to Italy, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Albania and northern Greece; it is also commonly grown on Christmas tree plantations in the North East region of North America spanning New England in the US to the Maritime provinces of Canada.[1]

Silver fir trunk and bark of a tree in Vallombrosa State Forest (Italy)
Illustration of several parts of the plant
Immature cone
Seedlings

Description

Abies alba is a large evergreen coniferous tree growing to 40–50 m (130–160 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). The largest measured tree was 60 m (200 ft) tall and had a trunk diameter of 3.8 m (12 ft). It occurs at altitudes of 300–1,700 m (980–5,580 ft) (mainly over 500 m (1,600 ft)), on mountains with rainfall over 1,000 millimetres (39 in) per year.[3]

The

stomata below. The leaf is usually slightly notched at the tip. The cones are 9–17 cm (3.5–6.7 in) long and 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) broad, with about 150-200 scales, each scale with an exserted bract and two winged seeds; they disintegrate when mature to release the seeds.[citation needed] The wood is white, leading to the species name alba.[3]

When cultivated on Christmas Tree plantations, the tree naturally forms a symmetrical triangle shape. The trees are full and dense with smell of resin, and are known to be one of the longest lasting after being cut. In the forest the evergreen tends to form stands with other firs and beeches.

Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo) of Spain and Morocco and Sicilian fir (Abies nebrodensis) in Sicily, differing from these and other related Euro-Mediterranean firs in the sparser foliage, with the leaves spread either side of the shoot, leaving the shoot readily visible from above. Some botanists treat Bulgarian fir and Sicilian fir as varieties of silver fir, as A. alba var. acutifolia and A. alba var. nebrodensis, respectively.[citation needed
]

Ecology

Silver fir is an important component species in the

Balkan Peninsula.[citation needed
]

In Italy, the silver fir is an important component of the mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest of the Apennine Mountains, especially in northern Apennine. The fir prefer a cold and humid climate, in northern exposition, with a high rainfall (over 1500 mm per year). In the oriental Alps of Italy, silver firs grow in mixed forests with Norway spruce, beech, and other trees.

Its cone scales are eaten by the

tortrix moth Cydia illutana, while C. duplicana feeds on the bark around injuries or canker.[citation needed
]

Chemistry and pharmacology

The bark and wood of silver fir are rich in antioxidative

epicatechin and catechin tetramethyl ether) and eight lignans (taxiresinol, 7-(2-methyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydropyran-5-yloxy)-taxiresinol, secoisolariciresinol, lariciresinol, hydroxymatairesinol, isolariciresinol, matairesinol and pinoresinol).[6][4]
The extract from the trunk was shown to prevent atherosclerosis in guinea pigs[7] and to have cardioprotective effect in isolated rat hearts.[8] Silver fir wood extract was found to reduce the post-prandial glycemic response (concentration of sugar in the blood after the meal) in healthy volunteers.[9]

Uses

In Roman times the wood was used to make wooden casks to store and transport wine and other substances.[10]

A resinous essential oil can be extracted. This pine-scented oil is used in perfumes, bath products, and aerosol inhalants.[3] Its branches (including the leaves, bark and wood) were used for production of spruce beer.[11]

Silver fir is the species first used as a

Norway spruce (which is much cheaper to grow), and other species.[citation needed
]

The

timber is mainly used as construction wood, furniture, plywood, pulpwood and paper manufacture.[12]

The honeydew which is produced by aphids sitting on the silver fir is collected by honey bees. The resulting honey is marketed as "fir honey".[13]

Etymology

Abies is derived from Latin, meaning 'rising one'. The name was used to refer to tall trees or ships.[14]

Alba means 'bright' or 'dead white'.[14]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42270A83978869.en
    . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Abies alba". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 October 2016 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-671-73489-3
    .
  4. ^
    S2CID 90833072
    .
  5. ^ Vasincu A, Creţu E, Geangalău I, Amalinei RL, Miron A. Polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of an extractive fraction from Abies alba bark. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2013 Apr-Jun;117(2):545-50.
  6. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.005
    .
  7. PMID 26220633
    .
  8. PMID 27756448
    .
  9. ^ Debeljak, J.; Ferk, P.; Čokolič, M.; Zavratnik, A.; Tavč Benković, E.; Kreft, S.; Štrukelj, B.: Randomised, double blind, cross-over, placebo and active controlled human pharmacodynamic study on the influence of silver fir wood extract (Belinal) on post-prandial glycemic response. Die Pharmazie - An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 71, Number 10, October 2016, pp. 566-569(4)
  10. ISBN 0941936163
  11. ^ The London Medical Gazette. Longman. 1837.
  12. ^ Wolf, Heino. "Silver fir - Abies alba" (PDF). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  13. ^ "Fir Honey".
  14. ^
    ISBN 9780521685535
    (paperback). pp 32, 41

External links

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